5GEE7-PERFORM.pdf

Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique...

Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Medium of Instruction: □ F2F □ Virtual Course: GEE 7 Arts and Humanities Title: Filipino Performing Arts Subtopics: A. Filipino Music B. Filipino Dance and Dance Culture C. Filipino Theatre I. Introduction Filipino Performing Arts In the Philippines, performing arts is shaped by the country’s long history of colonization and characterized by the diverse cultural practices within the nation. In general, Philippine performing arts have its roots in the indigenous practice of rituals. It is believed that the rituals of early Filipino ancestors are the very origins of theatre arts in the country. The performing arts range from vocal and instrumental music, dance and theatre to pantomime, sung verse and beyond. They include numerous cultural expressions that reflect human creativity and that are also found, to some extent, in many other intangible cultural heritage domains. Music is perhaps the most universal of the performing arts and is found in every society, most often as an integral part of other performing art forms and other domains of intangible cultural heritage including rituals, festive events or oral traditions. Dance, though very complex, may be described simply as ordered bodily movements, usually performed to music. Apart from its physical aspect, the rhythmic movements, steps and gestures of dance often express a sentiment or mood or illustrate a specific event or daily act, such as religious dances and those representing hunting, warfare or sexual activity. Traditional theatre performances usually combine acting, singing, dance and music, dialogue, narration or recitation but may also include puppetry or pantomime. These arts, however, are more than simply ‘performances’ for an audience; they may also play crucial roles in culture and society such as songs sung while carrying out agricultural work or music that is part of a ritual. II. Discussion Filipino Music Music of the Philippines includes musical performance arts in the Philippines or by Filipinos composed in various genres and styles. The compositions are often a mixture of different Asian, Spanish, Latin American, American, and indigenous influences. The Philippines music is a mix of European, American and native sounds. Influenced by the music of the Philippines 377 year-long heritage of colonial Spain, Western rock and roll, hip-hop and popular music from the United States, the folk music of population Austronesian and Indo-Malayan music Gamelan.  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 The Philippines is undoubtedly one of the many countries known for its rich musical culture originated from the diverse local ethnic tribes and indigenous people from various regions of the country. Origin Filipino music tells the story of the Philippines’ always-international history though its melodies, rhythms and choice of instruments. While some Filipino styles, such as Philippine gong music, retain distinct Asian origins, many traditional Philippine styles either originated during the Spanish period or became popular during Spanish rule by blending local traditions with Spanish melodies and rhythms. Traditional Music in the Philippines, like the traditional music of other countries, reflects the life of common folk, mainly living in rural areas rather than urban ones. Like its counterparts in Asia, a lot of traditional songs from the Philippines have a strong connection with nature. Like the culture of the country itself, traditional Philippine music is a melting pot of the country's historic past. Philippine Traditional Music is influenced by all the music with which it came into contact, so it is not surprising that it may sometimes sound as 'Chinese' as it is 'Indian' or even 'European'. Traditional Music in the Philippines is either Western or non-Western. And while having more subdivisions, each form will surely reflect the culture of a specific group. Through its Traditional Music, one can clearly see how Filipinos have a deep reverence to God, close family ties, and pay attention to nature. Philippine music today is regarded as a unique blending of two great musical traditions – the East and the West. Being innately musical, the Filipinos, from the earliest to contemporary times, have imbibed these traditions and have woven their musical creations along these mainstreams musical thoughts. History The history of Filipino songs or music can be traced back to the time when Spaniards colonized Philippines. Filipino songs and music is a fusion of American, European and indigenous sounds. It is influenced by Spanish colonization, pop music, rock and roll and hip hop music from US. The native sounds include Austronesian population and the Indo-Malayan Gamelan Music. Philippine Music is divided into four eras or traditions, namely the Ethnic, Spanish Colonial, American Colonial and Contemporary tradition. The majority of Philippine Music revolves around cultural influences from the West, due primarily to the Spanish and American rule for over three centuries. Oriental (ethnic) musical backgrounds are still alive, but mainly thrive in highland and lowland barrios where there is little Western influence (Pantig, 2007). Ethnic Tradition The diversity of ethnic musical traditions arises from several significant historical events. The Philippines had proto-Malays as the first inhabitants, followed by settlers from mainland and insular Southeast Asia. In essence, the separate regional settlements in the country were a result of this wave of migration. Ethnic music in the Philippines was started by different groups and is premised on an admiration of native instruments which are used in the various ritual and worldly activities of these peoples. Spanish Colonial Tradition  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Spanish musical influence is mainly intended to bring the Christian faith closer to the natives. The Spanish regime gave new form to Philippine music in particular. Songs, epics, native drums and gongs were overshadowed by the Christian chants and the harmony of new Western instruments – namely the organ, harp and the guitar. Since Christianity proved to be a very powerful force in the Colonial period, the influence of Church music extended to everyday living. When the Hispanics occupied the Philippines, they greatly influenced its music. The music developed during this period is one of the roots for modern Filipino music. It was during this period that guitars became popular. Because of this, almost all the musical forms in this period made use of the guitar. American Colonial Tradition After the 400-year reign of the Spaniards, the American colonists brought with them a new breed of music. During this era, vaudeville (bodabil), cabaret (kabaret) and kundiman became the most popular forms of music. When the Americans came, they brought the blues, folk, R&B, and rock and roll. They also made music a part of the educational curriculum. This developed the musical skills of the Filipinos who used this skill to imitate Western music and to create local versions of Western music. Songs became a hybrid of other forms of music that were popular then such as the kundiman. Nevertheless, the influence of the Americans in Filipino music proved to be evident during the 1960’s (during the popularity of the Beatles) and 1970’s (“disco fever”) (Anupol, 2007). Contemporary Tradition In the 21st century, bands such as Parokya ni Edgar, Rivermaya, and Sandwich have all made their names known in the music industry with their brand of music and style. More new forms of Filipino music are emerging and hopefully will continue to flourish in the future. The demand for the local popular music was further enhanced by the Broadcast Media Council when it passed Resolution B76-31 requiring all radio stations to broadcast at least one Filipino composition every hour. Original Pilipino Music or OPM flourished especially in the 1980s and the onset of the 90’s. Pinoy rock is the offshoot of the rock boom of the 1960’s, when groups were equipped with electronic instruments. After the music world was aroused by the success of rock operas, the local pop music scene saw the creation of Pinoy counterparts. Manifestations Beyond the melodies of everyday life, singing was also our way to celebrate, to mourn, and, through our hymns and anthems, to express our love for God and country. Music also figured in our healing traditions; the babaylan used chants and songs to cure. It will also seem that music has long been a way to our hearts, from the harana and the kundiman to the latest OPM songs. Music has the ability to shift the vibes in a room, it can bring people together through similar interests, or it can help people when during painful or incredible moments in life. For these reasons and more, music is the incredible medium to at least assist with the mindset shifts that need to occur to have a  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 successful manifestation practice. Plus, depending on how you use your music manifestation sessions and what your goals are, it can even ground and balance you for a more productive day. Forms and Types of Philippine Music 1. Primal music -A series of recordings made on music played on the spot is primal music. It does not have to be repeated and has to be performed only once. 2. Indigenous / Traditional music -Reflects the life of the common, mostly rural Filipinos. -Example is “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan”of Lucio San Pedro that recalls about the loving touch of mother to her child. Another great composer who’s known as patriotic composer, Antonio Buenaventura. ❖ Gong music Philippine gong music can be divided into two types: the flat gong commonly known as gangsà and played by the groups in the Cordillera region. bossed gongs played among the Islam and animist groups in the southern Philippines. Gong is a percussion instrument that takes the form of a flat circular metal disc which is hit with a mallet. 3. Hispanic-influenced music -Hispanic influence in Filipino culture is ubiquitous. This influence can be easily seen in folk and traditional music, especially in the Tagalog and Visayan regions, where Spanish influence was greatest. ❖ Rondalla music A traditional string orchestra comprising two-string, mandolin-type instruments such as the banduria and laud; a guitar; a double bass; and often a drum for percussion. The rondalla has its origins in the Iberian rondalla tradition, and is used to accompany several Hispanic-influenced song forms and dances. ❖ Harana and Kundiman Are popular lyrical songs dating back to the Spanish period, and are customarily used in courtship rituals. The Harana is rooted in the Mexican-Spanish tradition and based on the rhythmic patterns of the habanera. The Kundiman, meanwhile, has pre-colonial origins from the Tagalophone parts of the country, uses a triple meter rhythm, and is characterised by beginning in a minor key and shifting to a major one in the second half. 4. Original Pilipino Music -Original Philippine music or OPM, originally referred only to Philippine pop songs, particularly ballads, such as those popular after the collapse of its predecessor, the Manila Sound of the late 1970s. ❖ Pop music  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 OPM pop has been regularly showcased in the live band scene. Groups such as Neocolours, Side A, Introvoys, The Teeth, Yano, True Faith, Passage and Freestyle popularized songs that clearly reflect the sentimental character of OPM pop. In the new millennium up to the 2010s, famous Filipino pop music artists included Sarah Geronimo, Erik Santos, Yeng Constantino, Mark Bautista, KZ Tandingan and Christian Bautista, among many others. ❖ Choir music Has become an important part of Philippine music culture. In the middle of the 20th century, performing choral groups started to emerge and increasingly become popular as time goes by, not just in churches but in universities, schools and local communities. The Philippine Madrigal Singers (originally the University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers) is one of the most famous choral groups not only in the Philippines, but also worldwide. ❖ Rock and Blues music Originally came from the United States and introduced it during their occupation to Filipinos. The medium was Tagalog, time when the Filipino adapted this music way back 1950s but later on they began writing in English in 1970 and local languages and Taglish (Tagalog and English in early 1970s. “Ang Miss Universe ng Buhay ko” is an example of this. Philippine rock musicians added folk music and other influences, helping to lead to the 1978 breakthrough success of Freddie Aguilar. Aguilar’s “Anak” (“Child”), his debut recording, is the most commercially successful Filipino recording, and was popular throughout Asia and Europe, and has been translated into numerous languages by singers worldwide. ❖ Hip-hop Music Is hip hop music performed by musicians of Filipino descent, both in the Philippines and overseas, especially by Filipino-Americans. The Philippines is known to have had the first hip-hop music scene in Asia since the early 1980s, largely due to the country’s historical connections with the United States where hip-hop originated. Rap music released in the Philippines has appeared in different languages such as Tagalog, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano and English. In the Philippines, Francis M, Gloc-9, Abra (rapper), Michael V., and Andrew E. are cited as the most influential rappers in the country, being the first to release mainstream rap albums. National Artist in Music Antonio Jesús Naguiat Molina Filipino composer, conductor and music administrator. named as National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 1973  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Levi Celerio composer and lyricist was the youngest member of the Manila Symphony Orchestra named as National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 1997 José Montserrat Maceda was a Filipino ethnomusicologist and composer. named a National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 1998. Ryan Cayabyab Filipino musician, composer and conductor. named as National Artist of the Philippines for Music in 2018. Filipino Theatre Origin Pre-colonial Time During the pre-historic times, theatre in the Philippines was in the form of indigenous rituals, verbal jousts or games, or songs and dances to praise gods. According to early chronicles, pre-historic dramas consisted of three elements – myth, mimesis, and spectacle. History Spanish Regime When the Spaniards reached our shores, they used dramas such as zarzuelas as a pedagogical tool to influence the pagan tribes and teach them about Christianity and religion. American Colonization When American colonial rule was established, the United States introduced the American way of life through education, media, and language. Their influence on Philippine theatre is most apparent through the bodabil (vaudeville) and the plays and dramas staged or translated into English. In 1898, the first bodabil was produced by the Manila Dramatic Guild for the sole purpose of entertaining American soldiers and other Americans residing in Manila. It was also the first theatrical performance since the revolution. The Japanese Occupation By the 1940s, when the Japanese took over the Philippines from the Americans, movie actors and actresses could no longer appear in films, as the Japanese confiscated all film equipment. However, the comedia, zarzuela, and bodabil remained in the country as forms of entertainment and expression.  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 7 types of Theatre in the Philippines 1. Epic poetry - Is considered the highest point of Filipino folk literature, and dates back to the pre- colonial period. These epics, usually of romance or adventure, are commonly presented during festivals and gatherings such as weddings, baptisms, and wakes. 2. Duplo - duplo is a poetic debate presented through song and dance, which originated from indigenous courtship customs. Poets used proverbs and riddles to present their suit to the woman of their choice. This ultimately evolved into a more formal debate on issues, and started to be called the balagtasan. 3. Moro-moro - It is a street drama that usually lasted for several days, and presented both secular themes like love and vengeance, and the Spanish-influenced religious theme of the conflict between Christians and Moors. The moro-moro only survives in isolated towns today, and though an integral part of Filipino art history, it may not bear too much close scrutiny these days with its less than admirable depictions of intolerance. 4. Senakulo - Another performing art stemming from religious custom is the senakulo or Passion Play. This is the dramatization of the life and death of Jesus Christ and is usually presented as a community activity during the Lenten season. 5. Traditional Folk Dance - With its varied cultures and communities throughout its 7000 islands, the Philippines has a diverse collection of folk dances. Some of the most popular folk dances are the Singkil, a folk dance that originated from the Maranao people of Lake Lanao in Mindanao, from the epic legend Darangen; the Itik-Itik, which originated as an improvised dance in Surigao del Sur and was discovered by National Artist for Dance Francisca Reyes-Aquino; and the Tinikling, which is similar to Singkil with its use of bamboo poles that dancers must weave through. It is supposed to mimic the movement of the local tikling birds. 6. Bodabil - It sounds like “vaudeville” This form of theater was an American import in the pre-war era, but became uniquely Filipino with the indigenization of the name. Like its American counterpart, bodabil featured a variety of musical numbers, comedic and dramatic skits, and song and dance numbers. Bodabil Stars ww have, Bayani Casimiro, Dely Atay-atayan, Togo and Pugo, Chichay, Rogelio Dela Rosa, Dolphy Quizon, Katy Dela Cruz and Luis Borromeo. 7. Sarsuwela - The sarsuwela is a type of melodrama, usually in three acts, that uses alternately spoken and sung words. It was the Spanish influence that started the sarsuwela, but it was also this colonization that led Filipinos to incorporate nationalistic overtones in the art. The Filipino Zarzuela Artists are Maria Carpena, Atang Dela Rama, Hermogenes Ilagan and Precioso Palma. Famous Theatrical Plays in the Philippines Some of the famous Theatrical Plays in the Philippines are, Orosman at Zafira by Francisco Baltazar, wherein it’s about the conflict between the Moros and the Christians. Tanikalang Guinto by Juan Abad wherein it’s considered as the best example of ‘Drama Simboliko (allegorical drama). Walang Sugat by  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Severino Reyes, this sarswela is credited with dislodging the Komedya as the dominant theater form in Manila, it revolves around the love story of Tenyong and Julia amidst the war with Spain and later with the Americans. Bagong Cristo by Aurelio Tolentino, this play called by its author as a drama socialista (socialist drama), represents one of the early attempts to interpret the Christ Story according to contemporary conditions. Dalagang Bukid by Hermogenes Ilagan, the most popular sarswela of it’s time, also became the basis for the first full – length Filipino feature film. Half an hour in a Convent by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, this play is seen as the first local drama to tackle the subject of suicide and repression within Catholic schools in the country. Lastly in our list is, The love of Leonor Rivera by Severino Montano, this play is about the love of Leonor Rivera for Jose Rizal and how it persisted all through her journey to Europe. The first five plays of the Famous Theatrical Plays in the Philippines are during the Spanish colonization wherein we can see a hint of Spanish Influences on the play, on the other hand the last two plays span the period when theater largely flourished within the American – influenced educational system. The next plays are from the Martial Law period, when Filipino playwrights turned to exploration and experimentation of themes and forms that reflected the social realities around them. It was also a way to throw the government and its police-military arm off the scent as far as the real intent of some of these plays were concerned, some examples of this plays during this span are “Hanggang Dito na Lamang at Maraming Salamat” by Orlando. Nadres and “Bayan-Bayanan” by Bienvenido Noriega Jr. Philippine National Artist for Theater 1.) Lamberto Vera Avellana - Named National Artist for Film in 1976. 2.) Honorata “Atang” Marquez de la Rama-Hernandez - Named National Artist in 1987, was a star of Bodabil in the 30s. 3.) Wilfrido Marie Barredo Guerrero - Named National Artist in 1997. 4.) Rolando Santos Tinio - Named National Artist in 1997 5.) Daisy Pardo Hontiveros-Avellana - Named National Artist in 1999 6.) Severino Tabat Montana - Named National Artist in 2001 7.) Salvador Floro Bernal - Named National Artist in 2003 8.) Amelia Ramolete Lapeña Bonifacio - Named National Artist in 2018 Filipino Theater Artists Salvador Bernal Atang De La Rama  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Severino Montano Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio Lea Salonga Nora Aunor Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo Patrick Adiarte Rachelle Ann Go Filipino Dance and Dance Culture Origin Ballet is one of the world’s most popular dance genres. Ballet dancers are renowned for their grace, flexibility and athleticism. Ballet isn’t often seen as a ‘cultural’ dance – but it began as a European court dance, which looked drastically different from the art form we know and love today. This widespread dance genre originated in Italy during the Renaissance and was introduced to the French court by Catherine de Medici, wife of King Henry II History Ballet Philippines has done over 500 choreographic works, each painstakingly mastered to showcase filipino talent, artistry and heritage. Its unparalleled repertoire is considered one of the best in Asia, which includes full-length classical ballet, no-ethnic works and ground breaking contemporary pieces. Ballet Philippines began in 1969 with a vision for professionalizing dance in the Philippines. It is the first residence company of the Culture Center of the Philippines. Since its founding, it has continuously strengthened its position as the leader in classical ballet and contemporary dance. Maniya Barredo, who became the first and only prima ballerina from the Philippines at 26 years old, has had a magnificent dancing career. Ballroom in the Philippines With the coming of the Spanish to our shores, the dancing did not stop; it only took a different form. From Europe were introduced the Court dances such as the Waltz, the Mazurka, the Polka, and various forms of quadrilles which became standard dances in all social occasions of the privileged class. Some of the major ballroom dances done by the members of the Filipino community are: Cha-Cha-Cha, Rumba, Jive, Samba, Paso-doble, Salsa, Merengue, Bachata and Cumbia  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Pinoy ballroom dancers raised the country’s flag in Japan, winning 2 golds and 2 silvers at the Asian Dancesport Games 2019 The Philippine National Dancesport Team, composed of dance couple Angelo Marquez and Stephanie Sabalo and dance partners Billy John Parcon and Norien Anne Palma, reaped 4 medals in the competition held on July 7 at Takasaki Angelo Marquez and Stephanie Sabalo won three medals – 2 gold for Jive and Pasodoble, and 1 silver for Chachacha. Meanwhile, Billy John Parcon and his dance partner Norien Anne Palma aced the Salsa dance category and won silver at the tilt organized by Japan Dancesport Federation. Folkdance -celebrates the cultural roots of a particular group of people -is typically performed as a form of ritualistic entertainment at social gatherings. Some kinds of folk dance tell a culture's foundational stories, while others may simply emphasize cultural pride. TINIKLING -One of the most popular folk dances in the Philippines, originated in Leyte.The movements of this Filipino folk dance imitate the movements of the tikling bird as it walks around through tall grass and between tree branches. People use bamboo poles to perform this Filipino traditional dance, and is considered to be the oldest in the country and considered as one of most difficult to perform Francisca Reyes-Aquino Fondly called the “Mother of Philippine Dancing,” Francisca Reyes-Aquino lived a life dedicated to preserving Filipino heritage through studying and teaching folk dances. Reyes- Aquino is the first National Artist for Dance. Tap dance - is a performance art that relies on dancers creating catchy rhythms with their feet. Rhythm tap - incorporated more percussive heel drops and lower-body movement rather than emphasizing toe taps and upper-body movement. It is more grounded and focuses more on acoustic rather than the aesthetic qualities. Contemporary  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 Developed during the mid-twentieth century, contemporary dance is now one of the most popular and technical forms of dance studied and performed professionally, especially in the US and Europe. Drawing on classical, modern and jazz dance styles, contemporary dance has evolved to incorporate many characteristics of a broader range of dance forms. Hip-Hop Hip-hop dancing refers to a range of street dances that developed in relation to hip hop music and culture. Hip-hop dancing dates back to the early 1970s in New York and California, evolving out of Funk and the development of break beat. Another world-renowned hip-hop powerhouse that needs no introduction is the Philippine Allstars. Formed in 2005 with a mission to elevate the country on the global stage, this illustrious team has delivered different jaw-dropping performances and dominated hip-hop competitions abroad, including in the United States, Italy, and Switzerland. III. Reaction The performing arts in education play a hugely significant role in helping students develop their creative skills and overall personality, Performing arts being an integral part of education provide students with the opportunity to engage the mind, the body, and emotions. Students can explore and express great themes and ideas through their performance. The students can explore to better understand ideas and concepts, and try out different points of view. It provides them an opportunity to recreate and reenact situations using different perspectives to reach conclusions. Most importantly, Performing Arts allow children to be playful and creative. It enables them to explore their curiosity and try out new things, and new ways of thinking or behaving. IV. Conclusion Every country has their own unique style of arts depending on different factors, such as values, customs, belief, rituals, or even their locations. This unique of performing arts making us identify their unity among other countries, which every country has their own symbols and way to propagate it out. Performing arts in the form of drama, music, and dance that perform in front of an audience to entertain them by using all of those physical movements depending on the different culture and tradition of each country.  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 We can obviously see the difference among those performing arts through their locations. This difference creates the beauty of arts, which there is no predominance over one another. There is no such thing that we can judge which culture is better than the other one because every country is equal, not referring to the economy and politics, and each of the countries has their own true value that shape who they are and they no need to be like other people because we believe that every country has their own charming and attractiveness. V. References REFERENCE AND FURTHER READINGS Unesco. Performing arts (such as traditional music, dance and theatre). UNESCO. Retrieved from https://ich.unesco.org/en/performing-arts-00054 Quipper (2018). Performing Arts in the Philippines 0- The material or medium… Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/philippine-normal-university/philosophy/performing-arts-in-the-philippines- 0/17950335 www.hisour.com. Music of the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.hisour.com/music-of-the-philippines-37444/amp/ Wikipedia (2022) National Artist of the Philippines – Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Artist_of_the_Philippines Osal R. (2012)Filipino Folk Music - World Federation of Music Therapy. Retrieved from https://wfmt.info/2012/12/29/filipino-folk-music/ Wikipilipinas (2021) Traditional Philippine Music – Wikipilipinas. Retrieved from https://en.wikipilipinas.org/view/Traditional_Philippine_Music themusichistory.com(2012) Filipino Music History. Retrieved from http://www.themusichistory.com/filipino-music-history.html allaroundthisworld.com. The Philippine Music- Online education for kids. Retrieved from https://www.allaroundthisworld.com/learn/east-and-southeast-asia/the-philippines/the-philippines-music/ Lasco G.(2018) I know why Filipinos sing - Inquirer Opinion. Retrieved from  Republic of the Philippines UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE College of Business and Accountancy Sibalom, Antique First Semester, 2022 – 2023 https://opinion.inquirer.net/112565/know-filipinos-sing Caanan et al.(2012) Philippine Music. 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