Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Handout PDF

Module Outline Overview of Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids...

Module Outline Overview of Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Structural Components Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Primary Structure MTY1107 | BIO1105 Secondary Structure Ribonucleic Acid (DNA) Primary Structure Types of RNA Photo 51.The X-ray diffraction image of a DNA fiber based on the work of Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and Raymond Gosling which was the first definitive proof of the double-helical structure of DNA Overview of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Overview of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Why can’t humans synthesize Vitamin C?  Overview of Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: The Blueprint of Life Structural Components of Nucleotides Among all biomolecules, nucleic acids are the main information carriers of the cell. Nucleic acids provide the necessary “instructions” for protein synthesis, thereby determining the inherited characteristics of all living things. Similar to proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids are polymeric molecules, being made up of organic molecules known as nucleotides. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Structural Components of Nucleotides Structural Components of Nucleotides Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base Recall in LAB 3 Carbohydrate Metabolism that one of the fates of Glucose is its conversion to Ribose 5-phosphate Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic What is the metabolic pathway in which Glucose is The nitrogenous bases are converted to Ribose 5-phosphate? acid (RNA) differ in the pentose sugar attached derivatives of two compounds, to their nucleotide structure purine and pyrimidine Both DNA and RNA contain the purine bases, Adenine and Guanine and the pyrimidine base, Cytosine. However, Thymine is usually found only in DNA, while Uracil is usually found only in RNA.  Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Primary Structure Secondary Structure The primary structure of DNA refers to the sequence of nucleotides The secondary structure refers collectively known as nucleic acid to the three dimensional folding of the polynucleotide from the interaction of the nitrogenous The nucleic acid sequence begins base pairs with the 5' terminus and ends at the 3' terminus Since the nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic, they are The nucleic acid sequence is held oriented inwards, while the together by phosphodiester bonds hydrophilic sugar-phosphate backbone is found outside.  Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Secondary Structure Secondary Structure Base Pairing The base pairs form hydrogen Chargaff’s rules: bonds with each other, in which purines always bond with The amount of Adenine in one chain, opposite pyrimidines. should be equal to the amount of Thymine in the opposite chain, and the amount of The base-pairing from the Cytosine in one chain should be equal to opposite nucleotide strands the amount of Guanine in the opposite form a coiled, anti-parallel, chain double-helix In a nucleotide chain, the amount of Adenine is equivalent to the amount of How many Hydrogen bonds are Thymine, and the amount of Cytosine is present per each base pair? equivalent to the amount of Guanine. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Secondary Structure Secondary Structure Base Pairing Base Pairing Case: Try solving the following based on Chargaff’s rules: Isolated DNA from two unidentified Case: Give the complementary strand species of microorganism – X and Y of the following single stranded DNA – gives the following nucleotide composition: ssDNA: 5'-A-A-T-C-G-T-3' A=32% ssDNA: 5'-T-C-G-T-A-T-3' T=17% ssDNA: 5'-C-A-G-T-G-T-3' What are the relative proportions of A, T, G, and C for the two DNA samples?  Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Primary Structure Similar to the primary structure of DNA, the primary structure of RNA refers to the sequence of nucleotides collectively known as nucleic acid The most notable difference is the replacement of the Thymine group with Uracil Ribonucleic Acid The nucleic acid sequence begins (RNA) with the 5' terminus and ends at the 3' terminus Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Primary Structure Types of RNA The nucleic acid sequence is held together by phosphodiester bonds Like DNA, RNA encodes genetic information. RNA is usually the template used by cells in performing protein sythesis  Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Types of RNA Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of single stranded RNA produced from a template of DNA in a process known as transcription. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type Once mRNA is produced, it is transported outside the nucleus to the ribosome to be used of small RNA which translates as a guide in the synthesis of proteins. the information from the mRNA strand, into an amino acid sequence. Each tRNA molecule transfers a specific type of amino acid which is covalently bonded to the 3' end. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Types of RNA Types of RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Using its anticodon end, a specific tRNA pairs with the complementary codon present in the mRNA chain This specificity ensures that appropriate amino acid is added to the protein product. Codon Anticodon – a trinucleoutide – a trinucleoutide sequence Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a sequence in DNA or found in tRNA that pairs non-coding RNA responsible RNA that corresponds with a complementary for binding both the mRNA to an amino acid codon in the mRNA. and tRNA