Review Session 1 PDF

Review Session 1 1. Anatomical Terms & Bones 2. Joints, Cartilage & Muscles WELCOME LET’S DIVE RIGHT IN... Session Structure Content Review 1hr Practice Questions 15min Q&A 15min CONTENT OUTLINE ANATOMICAL TERMS AND PLANES MUSCLE BASICS JOINTS AND CARTILAGE...

Review Session 1 1. Anatomical Terms & Bones 2. Joints, Cartilage & Muscles WELCOME LET’S DIVE RIGHT IN... Session Structure Content Review 1hr Practice Questions 15min Q&A 15min CONTENT OUTLINE ANATOMICAL TERMS AND PLANES MUSCLE BASICS JOINTS AND CARTILAGE BONES ANATOMICAL POSITION Components Head facing forwards Hands and feet forwards Fingers spread, palms forward Legs parallel White, T., & Folkens, P. (2012, February 29). Anatqmical terminqlqgy. The Human Bone Manual. Plane and Axes Movement occurs IN a plane Think about a pole running and ABOUT an axis through the joint: The joint will move about a pole The pole will lie within the plane!  Planes and Axis FRONTAL PLANE SAGITTAL PLANE TRANSVERSE PLANE Sagittal Axis Frontal Axis Longitudnal Axis Kutcha, L. (2021, February 24). Planes of motion: Sagittal, Frontal, transverse: Blog. Physique Development. ANATOMICAL TERMS Superficial vs deep Dorsal vs. ventral Anterior vs. posterior Distal vs. proximal Central vs peripheral Medial vs. lateral Bilateral vs. unilateral Ipsilateral vs. contralateral Cranial vs. Caudal Kutcha, L. (2021, February 24). Planes of motion: Sagittal, Frontal, transverse: Blog. Physique Development. MUSCLE BASICS  2 PA RT MUSCUL-O- S SKELETALSYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM -Muscles -Bones -Tendons -Cartilage -Motor Unit -Ligament Musculoskeletal system. Kenhub. (n.d.). https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/t he-musculoskeletal-system  3 Types of Muscle Tissues **STRIATED- Banded or striped pattern. This striation is due to the organized arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in a certain way within the muscle fibres. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Types of muscle tissue: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia image. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm  MOTOR UNIT? A “motor unit” is defined as one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. Katy McLaughlin, Ph. D. (2020, May 16). Motor neuron - the definitive guide. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/motor-neuron/  Muscle Properties Electrical excitability Contractility Extensibility Elasticity ** You would find the greatest elasticity in smooth muscles** Myosin and Actin< Myofibril < Endomysium < Fascicle < Epimysium Worksheetsplanet. (2023, February 5). Parts of a skeletal muscle. Worksheets Planet. https://www.worksheetsplanet.com/parts-of-a-skeletal-muscle/#google_vignette  S A R C O M E R E What happens to the actin and myosin filaments when a muscle contracts?: Socratic. Socratic.org. (2017, October 27). https://socratic.org/questions/what-happens-to-the-actin- and-myosin-filaments-when-a-muscle-contracts S Muscles can only PULL, not PUSH Points to Remember Muscles can only cause motion at the joints it CROSSES  CONTRACTIONS ISOMETRIC ECCENTRIC CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION CONTRACTION CONTRACTION (phasic (phasic (isotonic contraction) contraction) contraction) Level 3 (55) exercise and fitness knowledge - personal trainer: The different types of muscular contraction. Amac Training. (n.d.). https://amactraining.co.uk/resources/free- learning-material/level-3-exercise-and-fitness-knowledge-index/level-3-55-exercise-and- fitness-knowledge-the-different-types-of-muscular-contraction/  TERMS AGONISTS ANTAGONISTS SYNERGISTS Agonist muscle and antagonist muscle. Agonist Muscl - Mammoth Memory definition - remember meaning. (n.d.). https://mammothmemory.net/biology/muscles/muscles/agonist- muscle-and-antagonist-muscle.html  AGING ADIPOSE TISSUE David Baker. (2022, July 4). Cut the fat-just the facts about adipose tissue. Ask The Scientists. https://askthescientists.com/fat-tissue/ EXCERCISE  MUSCLE STRAINS GRADE 1 GRADE 2 GRADE 3 Slight tear Incomplete tear Complete tear! Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation ** STRAIN is for muscle and SPRAIN is for ligaments **  ALL ABOUT CARTILAGE! Human structure virtual microscopy. Indiana University School of Medicine Virtual Microscopy. (n.d.). https://vmicro.iusm.iu.edu/hs_vm/docs/lab2_3.htm  ?? INE AL HY Hyaline cartilage histology. Kenhub. (n.d.-a). https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/histology-of-hyaline-cartilage  ARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis (OA) (RA) Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2019, January 4). Mayo Clinic Q and a: Understanding osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis - mayo clinic news network. Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-q-and-a-understanding- FIBROCARTILAGE About The Author Mike Walden Mike is creator & CEO of Sportsinjuryclinic.net. A qualified Symphysis | radiology reference article | radiopaedia.org. (n.d.). Sports Injury Therapist with a degree in Physical Education. (2023, November 8). Glenoid labrum tear. Sportsinjuryclinic.net. https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/chronic-shoulder- https://radiopaedia.org/articles/symphysis injuries/glenoid-labrum-tear  SYNOVIAL JOINTS saddle condyloid UNIAXIAL pivot hinge BIAXIAL MULTIAXIAL ball and socket planar Gilroy,Anatomy:An Essential Textbook,Theime  POINTS ON STABILITY VS MOBILITY knee joint. TeachMeAnatomy. (n.d.). https://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/joints/knee-joint/  LIGAMENT SPRAINS GRADE 1 GRADE 2 GRADE 3 Slight tear Incomplete tear Complete tear! Protection Rest Ice Compression Elevation ** STRAIN is for muscle and SPRAIN is for ligaments ** END Of CARTILAGES Bones Muscular System Skeletal System Components: Components: Muscles Bones Tendons/aponeuroses Cartilage Motor units Ligaments Functions: Movement, maintain Functions: Support, protection, posture and position, sphincter force translation, RBC control, homeostasis production, mineral storage Bone Development Begins in utero and continues until around 20 years Grows from the epiphyseal plates at the end of each bone OsteoBlasts - Build bones OsteoClasts - “Crush” bones During times of high bone growth - high osteoblast content Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  ADAPTATIONS TO BONES Exercise Aging How? Mechanical Stress Osteoclasts > Increase osteoclasts - loss of bone Impact and weight osteoblasts as you age! mass, drop Ca2+ bearing activities Impact will break Decreased bone Decreased collagen - increased down bones production and bone brittleness (osteoclasts) increased bone Osteoblasts are absorption... activated rebuilding and strengthening This can lead to bones osteoporosis (Falkowski, Prevent Osteoporosis with 6 Bone Health Boosters)  Fracture Types Part 1 Simple Fractures Greenstick Epiphyseal Only bones Compounds Fractures (Pitone, 2024) Bone/bone fragments pierces skin (Moore, 2021)  Fracture Types Part 2 Spiral Compression Comminuted Depressed (Pitone, 2024) (Barkoh, Spinal compression fractures) (Qureshi, Skull fracture 2024) Kocher MS, Sink EL, Blasier RD, Luhmann SJ, et al. Treatment of pediatric diaphyseal femur fractures. J Am Acad Ortho Surg 2009; 17(11): 718 -25.  TYPES of BONES Examples Long bones - ex: femur Short bones - ex: tarsal bones Flat bones - ex: sterum Sesamoid bones - ex: patella Irregular bones - ex: vertebrae (Types of Bones, Biology for Majors II) Articulations Bony surfaces that rub together McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones. Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Attachments Projections that act as achor points McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones. Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Pathways Depressions, holes, openings McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones. Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Types of joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Immovable Small amount of Mobile, specialized Ex: Sutures, movement, very stable joints for large syndesmosis, Ex: Symphysis movements gomphosis Ex: Elbow, wrist, hip Shape of joint affects: 1. Function 2. Stability BIAXIAL JOINTS ex: Carpals ex: Metacarpals ex: Metatarsals Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones. UNIAXIAL JOINTS ex: Elbow ex: Vertebrae Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones. MULITIAXIAL JOINTS Ball and Socket ex: Shoulder McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones.  Joint Movements Ab/adduction Flexion/extension Rotation Circumduction (Howell, Knee pain wringing out - gait deviation 2024) Agur and Dalley, Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th Ed. Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins  Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the trunk Bones of the upper and lower limbs Skull and mandible Hyoid bone Pelvic girdle Vertebral column Shoulder girdle Ribs Bones of the upper and lower Sternum limb McWatt, S. 2024, September. Bones. Drake, Gray’s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Copyright © 2009 by Churchill Livingstone  The Skull Neurocranium Viscerocranium Holds 8 bones Holds 14 bones 1 frontal bone 2 maxilla bones 2 parietal bones 2 nasal bones 2 temporal bones 2 lacrimal bones 1 occipital bone 2 inferior nasal 1 sphenoid bone conchae 1 ethmoid bone 1 vomer bone 1 mandible 2 zygomatic bones 2 palatine bones Neurocranium Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme  Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Viscerocranium Mandible Head ss ce pro r yla nd US Co RAM BODY Condylar process articulates with the temporal bone - temporomandibular joint (TMJ)  Fontanels to Sutures (Barreto et al., Identification of stiffness-induced signalling mechanisms in cells from patent and fused sutures associated with craniosynostosis 2017)  THE SPINE 24 vertebrae stacked on top of sacrum and coccyx 2 curve types (kyphosis, lordosis) 4 curves Cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral kyphosis Scoliosis - lateral bending of the spine (Facts about the spine shoulder and pelvis 2021) Vertebrae Types Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5) CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Textbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Practice Questions Q1: Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between the types of muscle tissue? a) Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control and has no striations. b) Skeletal muscle is non-striated and primarily involuntary. c) Smooth muscle is striated and only found in the heart. d) Cardiac muscle is striated but involuntary. Q1: Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between the types of muscle tissue? a) Cardiac muscle is under voluntary control and has no striations. b) Skeletal muscle is non-striated and primarily involuntary. c) Smooth muscle is striated and only found in the heart. d) Cardiac muscle is striated but involuntary. (ANSWER) Q2: In the context of muscle contractions, which of the following statements is accurate? a) An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle shortens as it exerts force. b) Isometric contractions result in joint movement while maintaining muscle length. c) The agonist muscle relaxes while the antagonist contracts during concentric contractions. d) During an eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens. Q2: In the context of muscle contractions, which of the following statements is accurate? a) An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle shortens as it exerts force. b) Isometric contractions result in joint movement while maintaining muscle length. c) The agonist muscle relaxes while the antagonist contracts during concentric contractions. d) During an eccentric contraction, the muscle lengthens. (Answer)  Q3: Regarding cartilage types, which of the following statements is true? a) Elastic cartilage is primarily found in the pubic symphysis. b) Hyaline cartilage is the strongest type of cartilage. c) Fibrocartilage is the most abundant cartilage type and is known for its elasticity. d) Hyaline cartilage has no blood supply  Q3: Regarding cartilage types, which of the following statements is true? a) Elastic cartilage is primarily found in the pubic symphysis. b) Hyaline cartilage is the strongest type of cartilage. c) Fibrocartilage is the most abundant cartilage type and is known for its elasticity. d) Hyaline cartilage has no blood supply. (Answer) Q4: Which of the following statements about motor units is correct? a) A motor unit consists of multiple motor neurons and a single muscle fibre. b) Each muscle fibre is innervated by multiple motor neurons. c) A motor unit includes one motor neuron and all muscle fibres it innervates. d) Motor units are only found in cardiac muscle. Q4: Which of the following statements about motor units is correct? a) A motor unit consists of multiple motor neurons and a single muscle fibre. b) Each muscle fibre is innervated by multiple motor neurons. c) A motor unit includes one motor neuron and all muscle fibres it innervates. (ANSWER) d) Motor units are only found in cardiac muscle. Q5: Which of the following statements is correct in terms of aging? a) Muscle mass increases due to increased activity. b) Muscle mass is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue. c) Aging has no effect on muscle mass. d) Muscle fibers become more numerous with age. Q5: Which of the following statements is correct in terms of aging? a) Muscle mass increases due to increased activity. b) Muscle mass is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue. (ANSWER) c) Aging has no effect on muscle mass. d) Muscle fibers become more numerous with age. Question 1: Which of the following is a movement occurring in the frontal plane? (about the sagittal axis) a. Flexion b. Circumduction c. Adduction d. Medial Rotation Question 1: Which of the following is a movement occurring in the frontal plane? (about the sagittal axis) a. Flexion b. Circumduction c. Adduction d. Medial Rotation Question 2: Which of the following bones of the cranium does not exist as a pair (2 - one each side)? a. Temporal b. Palantine c. Vomer d. Maxilla Question 2: Which of the following bones of the cranium does not exist as a pair (2 - one each side)? a. Temporal b. Palantine c. Vomer d. Maxilla Question 3: Which of the following is not a component of the muscular system? a. Muscle b. Heart c. Motor unit d. Tendon Question 3: Which of the following is not a component of the muscular system? a. Muscle b. Heart c. Motor unit d. Tendon  Question 4: Osteoblasts… a. Are increasingly active with age b. Absorb bone and deposit Ca2+ into the bloodstream c. Cause osteoporosis in young adults d. Lay down new bone  Question 4: Osteoblasts… a. Are increasingly active with age b. Absorb bone and deposit Ca2+ into the bloodstream c. Cause osteoporosis in young adults d. Lay down new bone  Question 5: How do articulations differ from attachments? a. Articulations are the surfaces where bones rub together, attachments are elevated points where tendons and ligaments attach b. Articulations are tougher and larger, attachments are small and soft c. Articulations are found within the bone to provide structure, attachments are found on the outside of the bone to provide shape d. Articulations are found in younger populations, attachments are found in older populations  Question 5: How do articulations differ from attachments? a. Articulations are the surfaces where bones rub together, attachments are elevated points where tendons and ligaments attach b. Articulations are tougher and larger, attachments are small and soft c. Articulations are found within the bone to provide structure, attachments are found on the outside of the bone to provide shape d. Articulations are found in younger populations, attachments are found in older populations Q&A