Anatomy review 1

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Questions and Answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements and is found in walls of organs?

Smooth muscle (correct)

Striated muscle

Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

What is the main function of elastic cartilage?

Connect bone to muscle

Provide flexible support (correct)

Facilitate joint movement

Cushion joint spaces

In the spinal anatomy, which section contains the most vertebrae?

Lumbar

Cervical

Sacral

Thoracic (correct)

What type of muscle contraction involves a change in muscle length while producing constant tension?

Isotonic contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which condition occurs due to the premature fusion of cranial sutures, affecting skull shape?

Craniosynostosis Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are included in the neurocranium?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the types of vertebrae in the human spine?

Thoracic vertebrae are the least mobile. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the condylar process of the mandible?

To articulate with the temporal bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal condition is characterized by lateral bending of the spine?

Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

When does craniosynostosis occur?

When sutures fuse prematurely. Signup and view all the answers

Which curve type is associated with the cervical region of the spine?

Cervical lordosis Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of cartilage in the human body?

Reducing friction between joints. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of muscle contraction identified in skeletal muscle tissue?

Multi-nucleated fibers Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

Ball and socket joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligaments?

Connect bone to bone Signup and view all the answers

Which grade of ligament sprain represents a complete tear?

Grade 3 Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for bone resorption?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

What process begins in utero and continues until around 20 years of age?

Bone development Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type is responsible for involuntary contractions?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of fibrocartilage?

Collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bones, what is the effect of aging on bone density?

Increased osteoclast activity Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle lengthens under tension?

Eccentric contraction Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from the premature fusion of skull sutures?

Craniosynostosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is characterized by being approximately as long as they are wide, providing support and flexibility?

Short bones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is characterized by bone fragments piercing the skin?

Compound fracture Signup and view all the answers

What activity is primarily responsible for the breakdown of bones through enhanced osteoclast activity?

Sedentary lifestyle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements, such as those in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage serves as a shock absorber between vertebrae in the spine?

Fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

To build and strengthen bones Signup and view all the answers

In craniosynostosis, which anatomical part is most directly affected?

The sutures of the skull Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture involves a twisting force that can cause the bone to break diagonally?

Spiral fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of muscles?

Bone rigidity Signup and view all the answers

What effect does decreased collagen production have on bone health?

Increased bone fragility Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is exemplified by the elbow?

Uniaxial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary function of the axial skeleton?

Protection of vital organs and support of the body Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints?

Synovial joints are mobile and have specialized roles for larger movements. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle tissue type is primarily responsible for voluntary movements in the body?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of fibrocartilage?

It has a high tensile strength and is found in intervertebral discs. Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for the movements of abduction and adduction?

Biaxial joint Signup and view all the answers

Craniosynostosis primarily affects which of the following?

The fusion of cranial sutures in infants Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional advantage of multiaxial joints?

They allow for movement across multiple planes. Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly matches the type of muscle contraction with its characteristic?

Concentric - muscle shortens while contracting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the appendicular skeleton?

Comprises bones of the upper and lower limbs, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neurocranium - 8 Bones

1 frontal bone
2 parietal bones
2 temporal bones
1 occipital bone
1 sphenoid bone
1 ethmoid bone

Viscerocranium - 14 Bones

2 maxilla bones
2 nasal bones
2 lacrimal bones
2 inferior nasal conchae
1 vomer bone
1 mandible
2 zygomatic bones
2 palatine bones

Mandible

Articulates with temporal bone
Forms the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Fontanels to Sutures

Fontanels are fibrous membranes
Flexible and allow for brain growth
Ossify eventually, forming sutures

Spine

24 vertebrae stacked on top of sacrum and coccyx
2 curve types (kyphosis, lordosis)
4 curves:
- Cervical lordosis
- Thoracic kyphosis
- Lumbar lordosis
- Sacral kyphosis
Scoliosis - lateral bending of the spine

Vertebrae Types

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)

Synovial Joints

Uniaxial
- Pivot
- Hinge
Biaxial
- Condyloid
- Saddle
Multiaxial
- Ball and Socket
Planar

Joint Stability vs Mobility

Knee joint is a complex joint
Has a high degree of mobility
But also needs to be stable
Ligaments and muscles help to achieve this balance

Ligament Sprains

Grade 1: Slight tear
Grade 2: Incomplete tear
Grade 3: Complete tear!
RICE method:
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
SPRAIN is for ligaments
STRAIN is for muscle

Muscular System

Components:
- Muscles
- Tendons/aponeuroses
- Motor units
Functions:
- Movement
- Maintain posture and position
- Sphincter control
- Homeostasis

Skeletal System

Components:
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
Functions:
- Support
- Protection
- Force translation
- RBC production
- Mineral storage

Bone Development

Begins in utero and continues until around 20 years
Grows from the epiphyseal plates at the end of each bone
Osteoblasts - Build bones
Osteoclasts - “Crush” bones
During times of high bone growth, high osteoblast content

Adaptations to Bones

Exercise:
- Impact and weight bearing activities
- Increases osteoblasts
Aging:
- Osteoclasts increase
- Decreases bone production and increases bone absorption
- Can lead to osteoporosis

Bone Attachments

Projections that act as anchor points

Bone Pathways

Depressions, holes, openings

Types of Joints

Fibrous: Immovable
- Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Cartilaginous: Small amount of movement, very stable
- Symphysis
Synovial: Mobile, specialized joints for large movements
- Elbow, wrist, hip

Joint Shape

Shape of joint affects:
- Function
- Stability
Biaxial Joints:
- Carpals, Metacarpals, Metatarsals
Uniaxial Joints:
- Elbow, Vertebrae
Multiaxial Joints:
- Ball and Socket (Shoulder)

Joint Movements

Abduction/Adduction
Flexion/Extension
Rotation
Circumduction

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the trunk
Skull and mandible
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the upper and lower limbs
Pelvic girdle
Shoulder girdle
Bones of the upper and lower limb

Bone Health and Aging

Increased impact and weight-bearing activities increase bone mass
Aging:
- Decreased collagen
- Increased bone brittleness
- Can lead to osteoporosis

Fracture Types

Simple Fractures
- Greenstick: Only bone
- Epiphyseal: Only bones
Compound Fractures
- Bone/bone fragments pierce skin

Fracture Types (Specific Types)

Spiral
Compression
Comminuted
Depressed

Types of Bones (Examples)

Long bones: Femur
Short bones: Tarsal bones
Flat bones: Sternum
Sesamoid bones: Patella
Irregular bones: Vertebrae

Articulations

Bony surfaces that rub together

Motor Units

Consist of one motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates.

Aging and Muscle Mass

Muscle mass is replaced by adipose tissue and fibrous connective tissue.

Planes of Movement

Frontal plane: Movement around the sagittal axis
- Adduction, abduction

Skull Bones

Vomer bone does not exist as a pair (2 - one each side)

Muscular System Components

Heart is not a component of the muscular system.

Osteoblasts

Lay down new bone.

Study Questions

What is the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)?
What are the four curves of the spine?
What is the RICE method?
What are the functions of the muscular system?
How does exercise affect bone health?
What are the different types of fractures?
What are the five types of bones?
What are the different types of synovial joints?
What are the functions of osteoblasts?
What are the planes of movement?
What are the components of a motor unit?
What happens to muscle mass as we age?

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Description

This quiz covers the basic anatomy of the neurocranium and viscerocranium, including the various bones that comprise the skull. Additionally, it explores the structure of the spine, types of vertebrae, and synovial joints. Test your knowledge on cranial anatomy, vertebrae types, and joint classifications.