AP World History Notes PDF

5.1 Scientific Revolutions Scientific Revolution 1500s/1600s Intellectual Transformation - Knowledge acquired through observation, deduction, experimentation - No longer relying on authority of Bible/Church; no divine revelation Challenged the Church’s teaching and their authori...

5.1 Scientific Revolutions Scientific Revolution 1500s/1600s Intellectual Transformation - Knowledge acquired through observation, deduction, experimentation - No longer relying on authority of Bible/Church; no divine revelation Challenged the Church’s teaching and their authority Scientific Heavyweights - Copernicus: earth revolves around the sun (heliocentrism vs geocentrism) - Galileo: Telescope shows an unlimited universe - Newton: Gravity and Laws of Physics; Universe functions on scientific laws - Very few women scientists (excluded from universities) Margaret Cavendish (married to a Duke) - wrote 6 scientific texts Maria Wunkelmann: discovered a comet; her husband took credit Church's differing views of Science - Many scientists/mathematicians are Jesuits (focus on science/education) - No scientists rejected Christianity; could hav science and faith at same time - Catholic Church opposes new scientific ideas Galileo tried for Heresy, forced to recant; house arrest Giordano Bruno burned at the stake China and The Islamic World were not as fast with scientific revolution because of the fact that they both have their knowledge and their government working close together.In China only the elites were able to take the Civil Service Exam and it is for the government while in Islamic countries the emperor is the one who established the House of Wisdom which also creates a close relationship between the knowledge and the government. The universities in Europe are independent because of the civil war between Catholic and Protestant, this allows new scientific studies. The Enlightenment 1600s/1700s/1800s Age of Reason - Universe is rational and runs by natural laws that can be understood using logic - Rationalism: human capable of using reason to gain knowledge Can make up their own minds; don't need Kings or the Church - Progressivism: humans can improves society and eliminate problem - Liberalism: humans have natural rights and government authority is not absolute, but based on the consent of the governed Enlightenment Heavyweights - Adam Smith: laws of operation of the economy (capitalism) - John Locke: natural rights and social contract challenges divine right of kings - Montesquieu: separation of power in the government - Voltaire: religious tolerance challenges the Church; freedom of speech  - Male Enlightenment thinkers not willing to support feminism Mary Wollsteoncraft: women’s equality and women;s rights Olympe de Gouges: women’s rights, abolition of slavery Nationalism Nationalism develops - Past: identified with their local village; No connection to larger empire/nation - Now: country first; focus in unifying a “nation” with distinct cultures Nationalism creates new nations - Unification of Italy 1870; Unification of Germany 1871 - Greeks (1829) and Serbs (1867) gain independence from Ottoman Empire - Czechs and Hungarians demand more autonomy in Austrian Empire - Poles/Unkranians begins advocating for independence from Russia - Irish will seek “home rule” and separation from Great Britain - Zionism: Jews seek a homeland in Palestine - Lola Rodriguez de Tio: calls for Puerto Rican independence Nationalism creates division - Increases rivalries and competition between countries leads to war Europe (WW1) and Americas (Mexican-American War) - Government try to create a “shared culture: that de-values diversity National languages, cultural assimilation, racial ideals Abolition Movement Will begin in Britain - Religious: slavery is a crime in eyes of God - Secular: slavery violates ideas of Enlightenment - Political: slave revolts in Haiti and Jamaica - Economic: slavery no longer essential for economic progress Slave Economics Resist - Slave trade t Brazil/Cuba continues; African nations still sell slaves - USA - Will take a highly destructive civil war to free slaves (1861-1865) Freedom doesn’t mean equality - Former slaves lives often did not improve - Exploited, low-paid labor often replaces slave labor (1.e. sharecropping in USA) - Political rights usually denied; harsh segregation laws Feminism Enlightenment - Equality for All? - Maternal feminism; Mothers of citizens must be true citizens themselves Women in industrializing nations - Growing economic success/middle class allow women more freedoms Seek educational opportunities; Take part in social movements  - 1st wave of Feminism (mostly middle/upper class white women) Women’s rights convention - Seneca Falls NY 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton: declaration of the Rights of Women Main issues: access to education/professions; suffrage - Feminism spreads globally Education of women seen as a way to strengthen economy and nations Kartini (Java, Indonesia) - advocates for opening schools in girls Empress Haruko (Japan) - advocates for education of girls and family planning Huda Shaarawi- Egyptian independence and rights for women Reactions to Feminism - Feminist viewed as selfish and willing to sacrifice their families - Feminism often seeing as against nationalism