Flowers and Fruits PDF - Our Lady of Fatima University

Flowers and Fruits Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (PBOT111) Patrick Joel F. Bicaldo, RPh, MSPharm (cand.) Faculty member College of Pharmacy, Antipolo City Campus ver. PJFB24-25 LEARNING OBJEC...

Flowers and Fruits Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (PBOT111) Patrick Joel F. Bicaldo, RPh, MSPharm (cand.) Faculty member College of Pharmacy, Antipolo City Campus ver. PJFB24-25 LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this module, the students should be able to: 1. Describe the stems and understand their classification, internal and external structures, functions, and importance in the economy. 2. Understand the different practical applications of knowledge of stem structure and physiology. 3. Describe the leaves and understand their classification, internal and external structures, adaptations, functions, and importance in the economy. Sexual Reproduction in Plants This takes place sexually and asexually If the plants are flowering plants, they reproduce asexually. Sexual reproduction takes place in flowers, and flower is considered to be the reproductive part of the plant. What is Sexual reproduction? In sexual reproduction, two parents are involved in producing a new individual. Offspring is produced by the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from each parent (male and female) Gamete formation and fertilization takes place The whole process is slow and lengthy Variation may occurs; offsprings are different from parents, genetically and physically Flowers Group of leaves modified or adapted for reproduction in the angiosperms. Highly condensed and modified reproductive shoot. It functions to facilitate important events of gamete formation and fusion (carry out special reproduction in plants). Floral Morphology Sepals Petals Stamens Pistils Receptacle Floral Morphology Sepals Enclose the outer flower parts in the bud, outermost whorl of the flower Generally green in color and all the sepals taken collectively constitute the CALYX Floral Morphology Sepals Types of Sepals ✓ Polysepalous: all sepals are free from each other Example: Mustard, Radish ✓Gamosepalous: sepals are fused with each other Example: Cotton, Datura, Brinjal Floral Morphology Sepals Duration of Sepals Caducous Sepals fall just at the time of opening of the flower bud. Example: Poppy Deciduous Sepals fall after pollination. Example: Mustard Persistent If sepals do not fall and remain attached to fruit. Example: Tomato, capsicum, brinjal, cotton, datura Floral Morphology Petals Usually the conspicuous colored, attractive part of a flower. When taken together, it constitute the corolla Types of Petals Symmetrical Asymmetrical Polypetalous Gamopetalous Floral Morphology Stamens Male part of the flower lying inner to the corolla; grouping of stamens Anther, filament and connective is called androecium. Pistil The female part of the flower which comprises the central whorl of modified floral leaves Collectively called the gynoecium Floral Morphology Pistil consist of the following: Ovary Enlarged basal part, on which lies the elongated tube the style Style Connects the ovary to the stigma Stigma Usually at the top of the style and is receptive surface for pollen grains Floral Morphology Receptacle The enlarged end of the flower stem or stalk The part where the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are attached Variations in Floral Structure Based on flower parts present Based on sexuality of the flower Based on size and shape of floral parts Based on floral symmetry Based on the position of the ovary Based on union of the floral parts Based on number of flower parts Variations in Floral Structure Based on Flower Parts Present Complete Flower Calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium are present. Incomplete Flower Flower with one of the four whorl missing Variations in Floral Structure Based on Sexuality of the Flower Perfect Flower Bisexual or hermaphroditic flower Imperfect Flower Unisexual flower Variations in Floral Structure Based on Size and Shape of the Floral Parts Regular Flower Petals and sepals arranged around the center like the spokes of a wheel and that is thus radially symmetrical. Irregular Flower With petals that are not uniform in size or shape Variations in Floral Structure Based on Size and Shape of the Floral Parts Irregular Flower Bilabiate With two lips. Example: Mayana Papilionaceous Resembles a butterfly. Example: Bataw Caesalpinaceous Peacock flower. Example: Caballero Orchidaceous Resembles a chin. Example: Dendrobium Variations in Floral Structure Based on Floral Symmetry Variations in Floral Structure Based on Floral Symmetry Actinomorphic or Radially Symmetrical Flower Parts radiate from the center and any line drawn from through center of the flower, thus divides the flower into 2 similar halves. Zygomorphic or Bilaterally Symmetrical Flower Parts do not radiate from the center and only one line divides the flower into two similar halves. Asymmetrical Flower When the flower cannot be divided into two equal halves from any plane. Variations in Floral Structure Based on the Position of the Ovary Variations in Floral Structure Based on the Position of the Ovary Hypogenous flower Ovary is said to be superior to petals, sepals, and stamens Example: Mustard, Chinarose, Brinjal Perigynous flower Ovary is said to be half interior Epigynous flower Which is said to be an inferior ovary because other parts of flower arises above the ovary. Example: Guava, Cucumber, Ray florets of sunflower Variations in Floral Structure Based on union of the floral parts Connation flower Where similar flower parts fuse Adnation flower When different flower parts fuse Variations in Floral Structure Kinds of Connation Flowers Synsepalous: fused sepals Sympetalous: fused petals Synandrous: fused stamens Syncarpous: fused pistils Variations in Floral Structure Based on the number of Flower Parts Monocotyledonous flowers Parts are multiples of 3 Dicotyledonous flowers Parts are multiples of 4 or 5 Inflorescence The arrangement of the flowers on a plant Raceme Panicle Spike Catkin Umbel Spadix Corymb Cyme Fasicle Composite flowers Different Inflorescence Raceme: main axis has short branches or pedicels, each of which terminates in a flower. Example: Gladiolus Panicle: a branched raceme. Example: Rice Spike: similar to raceme but flowers on the axis are sessile. Example: Bottle brush Catkin: spike which is hanging or dropping and bearing only staminate or pistillate flowers. Example: Buntot ng pusa Umbel: short axis and all pedicellate flowers radiate from the apex of the axis. Example: Chinese bamboo Different Inflorescence Spadix: fleshy spike bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers surrounded by a petaloid bract. Example: Anthurium, Callalily Corymb: pedicel are unequal in length but the flowers are on the same level. Younger flowers at the center have short pedicel, while the outer older flowers are longer. Example: Caballero Cyme: Similar to corymb but the inner flowers are older. Example: Santan Different Inflorescence Fascicle: Pedicelled or sessile flowers are crowded on one side of the stem. Example: Birds of paradise Composite: Group of flowers so arranged to give an appearance of a single flower; the characteristic grouping of flowers is called the head. Example: Daisy, Sunflower Chrysanthemum EVENTS INVOLVED IN THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS ✓ Development of Gametophytes, ✓ Pollination, ✓ Germination of the Pollen Grains, and ✓ Fertilization Pollination Is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma TYPES OF FLOWERS BASED ON TYPES OF POLLINATION AGENT OF POLLINATION Self Entomophilous flowers Pollination Anemophilous flowers Cross Hydrophilous flowers Pollination Zoophilous flowers Types of Pollination Self Pollination Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower, or from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant. Ex. Pea and Hibiscus Cross Pollination Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant. Ex. Almost all flowering plants Types of Flowers based on Agent of Pollination TYPE MODIFICATIONS Entomophilous flowers Brightly colored, scented, with - Insect pollinated flowers sticky or spiny pollen, sticky stigmas, produces nectar Anemophilous flowers Inconspicuous flower without - Wind pollinated flowers scent, with small and dry pollen grains, expanded stigmas, do not produce nectar Hydrophilous flowers Similar to anemophilous flowers - Water pollinated flowers Zoophilous flowers Similar to entomophilous flowers - Animal pollinated flowers Germination This is the process by which an organism grows from a seed. STEPS IN GERMINATION OF THE POLLEN GRAINS Upon reaching The pollen tube the stigma, the together with Double vegetative cell the 2 sperm fertilization develops to cells, enters the occurs form a pollen micropyle of tube the ovule Fertilization Is the process of fusion of gametes. Once pollen gets transferred to stigma the male gametes from pollen grains release and fuses with egg in the ovule to form a zygote. The zygote divides repeatedly to form the embryo (future plant) in the ovule. The embryo possesses a tiny future root (radicle), a tiny future shoot (plumule) and cotyledons to store food. The ovary grows rapidly to form the fruit. The ovary wall ripens and forms the fruit wall. Fertilization The sepals, petals, stamens, style and stigma of the flower degenerate and usually fall off. Sometimes the sepals may persist in the fruit. The ovule develops into a seed. The wall of the ovule thickens to form the protective seed coat. EVENTS INVOLVED IN THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF ANGIOSPERMS FRUITS, SEEDS, AND SEED DISPERSAL Fruits It is the ripened ovary of the flower. Protects seeds, aid in their dissemination, and may be a factor in timing their germination. Pericarp of a Fruit Fruit wall Layers: Exocarp: outermost layer Mesocarp: fleshy middle layer Endocarp: innermost layer which usually surrounds the seed Types of Fruit Based on the origin Based on the number of ovaries involved in its formation Based on consistency Types of Fruit Based on Origin Normal Fruit Fruits that develop after fertilization Example: apple, mango, grapes Parthenocarpy Fruit Fruits develop without fertilization Example: pineapple, banana, cucumber, grape, watermelon, orange, grapefruit, pear, fig Types of Fruit Based on the number of ovaries involved in its formation Simple Fruit Develops from 1 ovary. Example: Legume Compound Fruit Develops from several ovaries. Example: Pineapple, Raspberry Types of Fruit Types of Compound Fruit Aggregate fruit Develops from the several ovaries of a single flower. Example: Atis, Guyabano Multiple or Collective Fruit Develops from several ovaries of a compact inflorescence Example: Langka, Durian, Rimas, and Pineapple Types of Fruit Based on Consistency Dry fruit Dehiscent: dry fruits that, at maturity, are open by definite natural means to shed the contained seeds. Indehiscent: open when mature to shed their seeds. Many of this group are one-seeded fruits. Fleshy fruit A fruit in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it matures. Types of Fruit Dry Fruits (Dehiscent) Legume or Pod - arises from a single carpel which at maturity splits along 2 sutures; with the shell, pericarp endorsing the seeds. Examples: Peanut, Sitaw, Bataw, Patani Follicle - develops from a single carpel and opens along 1 suture, Examples: Kamatsile and Kalachuchi Capsule - derives from an ovary with 2 or more united carpels, each carpel producing few to many seeds and splits in various ways. Examples: Castor oil, Banaba, Okra and Cotton Silique - ovary consisting of 2 locules which at maturity separates into 3 portions with the seeds attached to the central, persistent portion Example: Malunggay` Types of Fruit Dry Fruits (Indehiscent) Achene - commonly called “seeds” but when the pericarp is broken, the seeds within is seen to be attached to the ovary wall at one point. Ex. Strawberry, Pineapple Grain or Caryopsis - like the achene, it is also one seeded, but the pericarp and seed coat are firmly united. Ex. Corn, Rice Samara - may be one-seeded or two-seeded and has a wing like outgrowth of the ovary wall. Ex. Narra, Maple Schizocarp - derived from 2 carpels which splits when mature, along the midline into 2 oneseeded indehiscent leaves. Ex. Anise, Mustard family Nut - one-seeded fruit with a hard or stony pericarp commonly called the shell. Ex. Cashew nut, Pistachio, Wall nut, Chestnut Types of Fruit Fleshy Fruits Berry - usually, many seeds are embedded in a fleshy part which is both endocarp and mesocarp. Ex. Eggplant, Tomato, Grapes Hesperidium - type of berry, with a thick leathery rind with numerous glands which constitute the exocarp and mesocarp and a thick juicy portion of several wedge-shaped locules which are outgrowths from the endocarp. Ex. Orange, Pomelo, Calamansi, Dalandan Types of Fruit Fleshy Fruits Pepo - berry-like fruit with a hard rind derived from the fusion of the receptacle and the exocarp while the fleshy part of the fruit is principally mesocarp and endocarp. Ex. Cucumber, Squash and Watermelon Drupe - derived from one carpel and is usually one-seeded, exocarp is thin, mesocarp maybe fleshy of fibrous and the endocarp is hard, consisting of thick-walled stone cells. Ex. Pili nut, Coconut, Mango, Avocado Types of Fruit Fleshy Fruits Pome - derived from an inferior ovary; the fleshy part is the enlarged floral tube and the core comes from the ovary. Ex. Apple, Pear Seeds The structure that develops from the ovule after fertilization. Parts of Seeds 1. Seed coat 2. Endosperm 3. Embryo Seeds Seed coat The covering of a seed Made up of the testa derived from the outer integument and the tegmen from the inner integument PARTS OF A SEED COAT Hilum - scar on the seed coat Micropyle - small opening near the hilum Raphe - ridge located on the Testa Seeds Endosperm Derives from the primary endosperm cell and contains the stored food of the seed Embryo The young plant inside the seed Parts of the Embryo Cotyledon: one or two seeded leaves Epicotyl: part of the embryo above the point of attachment of the cotyledons; its growing tip, the plumule. This constitute the first bud Hypocotyl: part of the embryo below the point of attachment of the cotyledons; Its growing tip. The radical give rise to the primary root. Types of Seeds Based on the Location of Stored Food Non-endospermic or exalbuminous seeds ✓ The endosperm is absent Examples: Pea, Bean, Jack fruit, Mustard, Sunflower Endospermic or Albuminous seeds ✓ Endosperm is present for food storage Examples: Corn, Barley, Rice, Wheat, Onion Types of Seeds Based on the number of cotyledons Monocotyledonous seeds: with 1 cotyledons Example: Corn, wheat, and rice Dicotyledonous seeds: with 2 cotyledons Examples: Peas, almonds, and cashew Dissemination Is the transfer of fruits and seeds to distant places. Agents for Seed Dispersal (How are they disseminated?) Wind - lightweight and may have winglike appendages. Some have a parachute- like structure to keep them afloat. Ex. : Dandelion Water - are light and buoyant fruit, giving them the ability to float. Ex, Coconuts and Willow and silver birches Animals - Animals and birds eat fruits, and the seeds that are not digested are excreted in their droppings some distance away. Some animals, like squirrels, bury seed-containing fruits for later use; if the squirrel does not find its stash of fruit, and if conditions are favorable, the seeds germinate. Ex. Acorn Dissemination Is the transfer of fruits and seeds to distant places. Agents for Seed Dispersal (How are they disseminated?) Humans also play a big role in dispersing seeds when they carry fruits to new places and throw away the inedible part that contains the seeds. Germination Is the beginning of the growth of the seed, spore, bud, or other structures. Germination Seeds takes Food is Respiration Cell division Embryo Seed coat up water and digested increases occurs grows ruptures swells NOTE: The hypocotyl is usually the first part of the embryo to emerge from the seed coat, followed by the epicotyl. A sprouted embryo is called a seedling References Guerrero, Jonathan Jaime. General botany with Taxonomy: text-workbook.. Educational Pub. (2015) Mauseth, J. D. (2016). Botany. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This presentation may not be modified or redistributed in whole or in part without permission from Our Lady of Fatima University, College of Pharmacy. THIS IS NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.