Cells, Tissues, and Organs PDF

Cell , tissue and organ The Cell The cell is the basic unit of living organisms. They carry out metabolism, the sum of all the body’s physical and chemical activities. The main categories of organic compounds contained in cells are : ⊛ Proteins ⊛ Carbohy...

Cell , tissue and organ The Cell The cell is the basic unit of living organisms. They carry out metabolism, the sum of all the body’s physical and chemical activities. The main categories of organic compounds contained in cells are : ⊛ Proteins ⊛ Carbohydrates, ⊛ Lipids, Tissues Cells are organized into four basic types of tissues that perform specific functions: ⊛ Epithelial tissue covers and protects body structures and lines organs, vessels, and cavities ⊛ Connective tissue supports and binds body structures. ⊛ Muscle tissue (root: my/o) contracts to produce movement ⊛ Nervous tissue (root: neur/o) makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves 1  NAME DESCRIPTION FUNCTION )‫(حذف‬ plasma outer layer of the cell, encloses the cell contents; membrane composed mainly of lipids regulates what enters and and proteins leaves the cell; participates in many activities, such as growth, reproduction, and interactions between cells microvilli short extensions of the cell absorb materials into the cell membrane nucleus large organelle near the contains the chromosomes, the center of the cell, hereditary units that direct all composed of DNA and cellular activities proteins nucleolus small body in the nucleus; makes ribosomes composed of RNA,DNA, and protein cytoplasm colloidal suspension that site of many cellular activities. fills the cell from the Consists of cytosol and nuclear memb. to the organelles plasma memb. cytosol the fluid portion of the surrounds the organelles cytoplasm endoplasmic network of membranes rough ER sorts proteins and reticulum (ER) within the cytoplasm. forms Rough ER has ribosomes them into more complex attached to it; smooth compounds. ER does not. Smooth ER is involved with lipid synthesis. ribosomes small bodies free in the manufacture proteins cytoplasm or attached to the ER, composed of RNA and protein 2  NAME DESCRIPTION FUNCTION )‫(حذف‬ mitochondria large organelles with convert energy from nutrients folded membranes inside into ATP Golgi layers of membranes makes compounds containing apparatus proteins, sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell lysosomes small sacs of digestive digest substances within the enzymes cell vesicles small membrane-bound store materials and move sacs in the cytoplasm materials into or out of the cell in bulk cilia short, hair-like projections move the fluids around the cell from the cell flagellum long, whip-like extension moves the cell from the cell 3  Word Parts Pertaining to Cells, Tissues, and Organs Root Meaning Example Definition of Example morph/o form polymorphous having many forms cyt/o, Cell cytologist one who studies cells -cyte nucle/o Nucleus nuclear pertaining to a nucleus hist/o, tissue Histo- tissue histi/o compatibility similarity that permits transplantation fibr/o fiber fibrosis abnormal formation of fibrous tissue aden/o gland adenoma tumor (-oma) of a gland papill/o nipple Papilla(ae) projection that resembles a nipple or finger myx/o mucus myxadenitis inflammation (-itis) of a mucussecreting gland reticul/o network Reticulum(a) a network muc/o mucus, mucorrhea increased flow (-rhea) of mucus mucous membrane somat/o, - body, chromosome small body that takes up color some small body (dye) chrom/o) 4  Roots for Cell Activity Root Meaning Example Definition of Example plas formation, molding, hyperplasia overdevelopment of an Development organ or tissue trop act on, affect chronotropic affecting rate or timing (chron/o) troph/o feeding, growth, atrophy tissue wasting Nourishment blast/o, immature cell, histioblast a tissue-forming cell -blast productive cell, embryonic cell gen origin, formation pathogenesis formation of a disease phag/o eat, ingest autophagy self (auto)-destruction of a cell’s organelles phil attract, absorb basophilic attracting basic stain 5  Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry Word Part Meaning Example Definition of Example Suffixes -ase enzyme lipase enzyme that digests fat (lipid) -ose sugar lactose milk sugar Roots hydr/o water, hydration addition of water, relative fluid amount of water present gluc/o glucose glucogenesis production of glucose glyc/o sugar, normoglycemia normal blood sugar level glucose sacchar/o sugar polysaccharide compound containing many simple sugars amyl/o starch amyloid resembling starch lip/o lipid, lipophilic attracting or absorbing lipids fat adip/o fat adiposuria presence of fat in the urine (ur/o) steat/o fatty steatorrhea discharge (-rhea) of fatty stools prote/o protein protease enzyme that digests protein 6