4G Base Station Placement using the Foraging Bees Optimization Algorithm.pdf

4G Base Station Placement using the Foraging Bees Optimization Algorithm Idris W. Durowoju, Chukwuekwu Okonta, Chika P. Ojiako, Ebun P. Fasina & Babatunde A. Sawyerr Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos...

4G Base Station Placement using the Foraging Bees Optimization Algorithm Idris W. Durowoju, Chukwuekwu Okonta, Chika P. Ojiako, Ebun P. Fasina & Babatunde A. Sawyerr Department of Computer Sciences, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This comprehensive paper delves into the intricate challenge of enhancing wireless coverage in university campuses, with a particular focus on the dynamic environment of the University of Lagos in Nigeria. The primary aim is to provide pervasive wireless connectivity while ensuring energy-efficient operations. To accomplish this, we employ a Foraging Bee Optimization Algorithm (FBA) for strategically placing base stations. Using a fitness function that considers both wireless coverage and energy consumption, FBA identifies optimal base station locations. The results indicate substantial improvements in coverage, with 95% of the campus now within the network's reach compared to 87% using the Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). Nevertheless, the presence of uncovered areas and a power consumption penalty underscores the continuous need for further optimization and the integration of sustainable practices. Given the ever-evolving nature of wireless network optimization, this study underscores the significance of iterative approaches in maintaining optimal coverage and balancing energy efficiency. Keywords: 4G, Base Station, Particle Swarm Optimization, Base station placement, Energy Optimization search through large search spaces and find Introduction optimal solutions. 4G networks are the fourth generation of mobile communication systems that offer Related Works faster data transfer speeds, higher network (Pereira, Cavalcanti, & Maciel, 2014) capacity, and lower latency compared to employed Particle Swarm Optimization previous generations of networks. The (PSO) to address the critical challenge of 4G success of 4G networks depends on the base station placement. Their objective was efficient placement of base stations that to evaluate the algorithm’s performance provide network coverage and high-quality using a combination of Shannon’s capacity signals. The placement of base stations is a formula and Jain’s index of fairness for two complex optimization problem that requires sets of traffic demand points, corresponding the use of advanced optimization algorithms. to an estimation of average and peak traffic, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is one respectively (Pereira, et al. 2014). Their such algorithm that has been used for 4G approach identified new optimal points for base station placement due to its ability to additional base station (BS) placement. The optimization improved the average network 1 capacity by 17% with a corresponding 10% coverage into account. The outcomes increase in the number of BSs. demonstrated the effectiveness of the optimality-finding strategy. Their study Isha, Vrinda, and Budhaditya also conducted solely addresses the issue of determining the research that proposes an unprecedented ideal location (x, y) for base station procedure for the difficulties faced in cell installation. planning using metaheuristic algorithms for the 4G-LTE networks. The primary goal was An approach for determining a CDMA to focus on satisfying coverage constraint network's ideal base station configuration and cell capacity constraint together by within was presented by L. K. Pujji, K. W. developing a practical optimisation problem. Sowerby, and M. J. Neve. The algorithm They begin by implementing coverage combines a brute force search with a dimensioning and capacity dimensioning to heuristic strategy. The brute force search calculate the number of base stations needed looked for base station locations in in the beginning. Thereupon, we execute a predetermined positions after the heuristic Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and search yielded the smallest number of base Grey Wolf Optimizer to locate the optimal stations. In ten iterations, the system took an BS position. (Isha, Vrinda, & Budhaditya average of one second to reach the ideal 2019). This multidimensional perspective solution in a scenario with twelve base ensured that the base station positions fulfil stations, twenty-five randomly selected the constraints in the area considered which users, and an area measuring 18.5 x 18.5 is split into various sub areas with unique meters. user densities. We have implemented these Xi-Huai Wang and Jun-Jun Li introduced algorithms using Matlab software to evaluate another hybrid approach, combining PSO the performance of the offered scheme. with simulated annealing to optimize base Lopes, H. S., Wille, E. C. G., & Talau, M station placement within indoor 4G offers a method for resolving BSP issues in environments (Kim & Park, 2004). Their interior environments that uses a binary study revealed that this hybrid approach particle swarm to meet a set of users with a yielded superior solutions when compared to minimum number of base stations. (Lopes, individual algorithms. This is particularly H. S., Wille, E. C. G., & Talau, M 2010). noteworthy in 4G networks, where indoor Four maps with progressively higher levels coverage is crucial, and the complexity of of complexity were developed as a indoor environments demands advanced benchmark to test the system. The binary optimization techniques. PSO's results were contrasted with the best Yang and Sun explored the application of results discovered by a thorough search neural network-based approaches for base method. According to the computational station placement optimization in 4G small results, the PSO algorithm offers a very cell networks (Yang & Sun, 2019). Their effective method for obtaining (near) optimal study demonstrated that neural network- solutions with little computational work. based methods surpassed traditional PSO For BSP difficulties, Z. Yangyang, J. algorithms, emphasizing the potential of Chunlin, Y. Ping, L. Manlin, W. Chaojin, deep learning techniques in improving the and W. Guangxing particularly modified the accuracy and efficiency of base station PSO. Solutions for the Pareto curve that used placement. In 4G networks, optimizing small division range multiobjective particle swarm cell deployments is a significant focus area optimization (DRMPSO) took economy and for enhancing network capacity and quality. 2  Durowoju, Okonta, Ojiako, Fasina, & Sawyerr I.K. Valavanis, G.E. Athanasiadou, D. objective is to identify the most suitable Zarbouti and G.V. Tsoulos’s research locations for base stations, ensuring not only proposed a methodology for the positioning maximum network coverage but also the of heterogeneous cells (macro, micro) with delivery of high-quality signals to network relay nodes for an LTE system with non- users. Several critical factors influence this uniform throughput user requirements. The placement, making it a multifaceted methodology exploits LTE characteristics challenge. and stochastic optimization with a double First and foremost, the geographical and scope: satisfy coverage and capacity topographical characteristics of the area in requirements and minimize the cost of the which the 4G network is deployed play a network. Results for two case studies showed pivotal role. The terrain, including natural a successful performance of the features such as mountains, valleys, and methodology, while presenting useful bodies of water, can significantly impact insights for future radio planning signal propagation. Additionally, the adjustments. (I.K. Valavanis et al. 2014). presence of urban or rural settings, with Addressing the challenge of accuracy in 4G varying building structures and densities, base station placement within using further complicates the task. This complexity Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm underscores the importance of considering Optimization, Isabona, J. et al. introduced a these factors during base station placement. multiobjective evolutionary method for Antenna characteristics also come into play. eNodeB placement in a simulated 4G LTE The type of antenna used, and its network that incorporates network coverage, specifications can influence signal capacity, and power consumption. Under propagation and the effective coverage area. specific constraints, the most advantageous Directional antennas, for example, may be choice and placement of eNodeB transmitter used in specific scenarios to focus coverage stations is usually necessary to fulfill the on a particular direction. The selection of necessary coverage and capacity quality in antennas must align with network objectives order to minimize the cost of cellular and constraints. network planning as much as possible. Contextual broadband wireless networks like Furthermore, the network topology is a 4G LTE are interrelated in terms of capacity critical consideration. The arrangement and and coverage design. Nonetheless, the interconnection of base stations affect selection and placement of eNodeB network performance, and optimal base transmitter stations is a challenging issue station placement should consider the because of the mixture of cellular network existing network infrastructure. This ensures settings and the constantly increasing seamless integration and efficient use of nonuniform user capacity demands. This resources. study presents a multiobjective genetic One of the noteworthy challenges in 4G base algorithm-based methodology that robustly station placement is that it's inherently a executes optimal base station location and multi-objective problem. The optimization selection in order to tackle this issue. process must balance various performance 2.1 4G Base Station Placement metrics simultaneously. These metrics 4G base station placement is a complex include: engineering optimization problem integral to Coverage: Ensuring that a significant the efficient functioning of 4G networks. The geographic area receives network signals, 3 minimizing dead zones, and enhancing common goals, like finding food or avoiding network reachability. predators. PSO harnesses this collective intelligence to navigate complex search Signal Quality: Guaranteeing that network spaces effectively. users receive strong and reliable signals, leading to improved data speeds and call The fundamental concept in PSO is the quality. particle. Each particle represents a potential solution to the optimization problem and, like Interference: Minimizing interference the animals in a swarm, collaborates with between base stations is vital. Co-channel others to find the best solution. Each particle interference or adjacent channel interference has two key attributes: can degrade network performance significantly. Position: The position of a particle represents a candidate solution in the search space of the Cost: The deployment and maintenance of optimization problem. These positions base stations entail costs. Optimizing collectively form a population of potential placement should minimize expenses while solutions. delivering optimal performance. Velocity: Velocity signifies the rate of change The complexity of this optimization problem in a particle's position. It influences how has led researchers and engineers to employ particles explore the solution space. advanced techniques such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). PSO is particularly The heart of PSO is its iterative process, valuable because of its capacity to address where particles adjust their positions and multi-objective optimization problems velocities in search of the optimal solution. efficiently. It excels in searching for optimal This adjustment is guided by two essential solutions within a multidimensional space, pieces of information: enabling network operators to find  Local Best Position: Each particle placements that provide the best trade-off maintains knowledge of the best position between various objectives. it has encountered so far. This is its "local Optimization Algorithms best" position, which represents the best In this work the Foraging Bee Optimization solution it has personally witnessed Algorithm adapted to the coverage of mobile during its journey. stations in the Base Station Placement (BSP) problem. Using our methodology, PSO is  Global Best Position: Particles also share compared with FBA. The FBA and PSO information about the best position algorithms are described in sections 4.1 and within the entire swarm. This is the 4.2. "global best" position, which represents the best solution found by any particle in 2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) the swarm. Algorithm The movement of particles in the search Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a space is governed by the following equations, population-based optimization algorithm that which are used to update their positions and mimics the behavior of a swarm of particles velocities at each iteration: in search of the optimal solution to a given problem. The algorithm draws inspiration Velocity Update (Equation 1): from the social behavior of certain animals, 𝑣𝑘+1 =𝑣𝑘 +𝛾1 ×(𝜌𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 −𝑥𝑘)+𝛾2 such as bird flocking and fish schooling, ×(𝜌𝑘,global−𝑥𝑘) where individuals work together to achieve 4  Durowoju, Okonta, Ojiako, Fasina, & Sawyerr Position Update (Equation 2): FBA mimics the foraging behavior of scouts and recruits in a 3-phase cycle of Work, 𝑥𝑘+1 =𝑥𝑘 + 𝑣𝑘+1 Withdraw and Waggle. In the above equations: Work or Search Phase: In this phase, scouts v𝑘+1 represents the new velocity of the search the entire problem space known as the particle at iteration k+1 frontier patch and recruits search an interior 𝑥𝑘+1 represents the new position of the subregion known as the marginal patch. The particle at iteration k+1 marginal patch is the hypercube defined by the 𝑁 best resource rich flowers from the 𝛾1 and 𝛾2 are acceleration factors that initial population of M flowers in all patches, determine the influence of the local and where 𝑁 ≤ 𝑀. The experimenter is expected global best positions on the particle's to set 𝛼 = 𝑁⁄𝑀 at the start of a run. For good velocity. results 0.8 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0.9. Recruits search the 𝜌𝑘𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡 represents the local best solution of marginal patch simultaneously with scouts the particle, which is based on its previous that search the fronter patch. The equations experience. describing the flight of scouts and recruits can be found in (Fasina, Sawyerr, & 𝜌𝑘,global reflects the global best solution, Alkassim, 2023). The equations were representing the collective wisdom of the developed to eliminate the unstable and swarm. explosive trajectories of particles in PSO Random numbers 𝛾1 and 𝛾2 are used to add without compromising the thorough stochasticity to the velocity updates. exploration of the search space. After scouts and recruits have found (1 − 𝛼)𝑀 new While 𝛾1 = q1r1 and 𝛾2 = q2r2, q1 and q2 are flowers with a performance fitness threshold the acceleration factors that influence the 𝑓 =𝑓 the algorithm moves into the acceleration weights and r1 and r2 are two Withdrawal phase. 𝑓 is the worst random numbers produced by using the performing flower in all patches. random number generator. (Tareq, et al, A Comprehensive Survey, 2022). Withdrawal Phase: During the withdrawal phase flowers undergo some evolution while bees return to the hive. In this paper we 2.3 Foraging Bees Optimization Algorithm introduce the direct crossover operation for (FBA) flowers. Direct crossover uses crossover FBA developed by (Fasina, Sawyerr, & ratios that split the population and the genes Alkassim, 2023) is inspired by the foraging of offspring. In this work ratios are inverted behavior of bee colonies. Scout bees explore for the population and directly mapped to the vast spaces from the around the nest termed genes of offsprings. For example, consider patches. If during foraging the identity the crossover ratios 𝐶𝑅 = {𝑟 , 𝑟 , 𝑟 }, in flowers rich in nectar and pollen they return locations 𝐿 = {𝑙 , 𝑙 , 𝑙 } and gene blocks 𝐵 = to the nest and perform a dance known as {𝑏 , 𝑏 , 𝑏 }. If the ratios are listed in waggle to recruits. The dance gives the descending order as {5, 3, 2} then 20% of the direction the rich sources of nectar and pollen flower population 𝑃 are resource rich, 30% to recruits. At the end of the waggle dance or 𝑃 are flourishing and 50% or 𝑃 are recruits fly to these locations to harvest nectar nonperforming. In a pollination event the and pollen for the nest. resource rich flowers will donate 50% of the gene, i.e. 𝑏 = 5, and nonperforming flowers 5 will donate 20% of genes to the offspring, i.e. where each point corresponds to a specific 𝑏 = 2. Assuming the length of the location within the campus. offspring’s chromosome is 10 and the 𝑘 Base Station Capacity: Each individual base random ordering of gene blocks is 𝐿 = station is equipped with a certain capacity to {𝑙 , 𝑙 , 𝑙 }, then genes in positions 0, 1, and 2 accommodate students. In this case, the base of the offspring belong is taken from stations can cater to up to 100 students positions 0, 1, and 2 of a randomly selected concurrently. This capacity limit ensures that parent from 𝑃 the population of flourishing there is a maximum number of students who flowers. The bulk of genes, 50% will be taken can be connected to a single base station at from a randomly selected flower from any given time. population 𝑃 at locations 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and inserted into corresponding gene in the The optimization problem has two primary offspring. After the pollination event, if the objectives, maximize coverage, and fitness of the offspring is better than any of minimize transmitted power (energy the parents in the current generation then the efficiency). This problem context reflects a offspring is inserted in the correct population real-world scenario in which universities and and the weakest parent is removed from 𝑃. educational institutions face the challenge of The crossover operation is performed for providing adequate network coverage to their each flower in 𝑃. student populations, particularly within large and densely populated campuses. Waggle Phase: During this phase the frontier patch is emptied, and the marginal patch or Maximizing Coverage: The first objective is marginal hypercube is recalibrated to to maximize the inclusion of students within interiorize the N best performing flowers. the wireless network coverage. This means Note that the center of the marginal patch is ensuring that a significant proportion of the the centroid of interiorized flowers. Every student population can access the network. In recruit is attached to a flower in the marginal other words, the goal is to provide patch that influences its flight trajectories. connectivity to as many students as possible. The second objective is to guarantee a specific level of coverage. It is stated that Theoretical Framework: Optimizing "every student remains at least one level," Wireless Coverage in University of suggesting a requirement for at least one level Lagos Problem Context of wireless network coverage for all students. The problem is finding the optimal placement This indicates that the aim is to ensure that no of base stations (BS) within the campus of the student is left without access to the network. University of Lagos, Nigeria, to enhance Wireless network coverage refers to the wireless network coverage for the student geographical area where wireless signals population. This problem arises in the context from base stations can be received and of a university campus, which is envisioned utilized. In the context of the university campus, it means that the network should as a 20 × 20 grid, comprising 400 distinct reach all parts of the campus, and in grid points. particular, areas where students are present. University Campus Grid: The campus of Minimize Transmitted Power: The the University of Lagos is represented as a problem at hand is fundamentally a grid consisting of 400 distinct points. This geospatial optimization challenge. It involves grid layout implies a two-dimensional space determining the optimal locations for placing base stations within the campus grid to 6  Durowoju, Okonta, Ojiako, Fasina, & Sawyerr achieve the dual objectives of maximizing components: wireless coverage and energy student inclusion and ensuring a specific consumption. Mathematically, fitness coverage level. The description also implies functions are briefly expressed as follows: that geographic and topological aspects of the 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 university campus, such as buildings, natural terrain, and student concentrations, play a Fitness Function − 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 vital role in defining the problem. The 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 solution must consider these geographic  Here, Covered Points: This component features to provide effective wireless represents the number of grid points coverage such that transmission loss is within the range of coverage provided minimized. by the base stations. It quantifies the Implementation and Experiment extent to which the network effectively The experiment setup plays a crucial role in covers the campus. addressing the challenge of achieving  Total Points: This component signifies optimal wireless network coverage within the the total count of grid points confines of the University of Lagos campus. encompassing the entire University of It involves several considerations and Lagos campus. It represents the entire parameters to create an effective solution. geographical area that must be covered The physical size of the University of Lagos by the network. campus is accurately represented as a 20x20 grid, resulting in a total of 400 discrete grid  Power Consumption Penalty: This term points. This grid serves as the fundamental quantifies the consequences of power canvas on which the optimization of base consumption associated with the station installations is organized. The deployment of base stations. It reflects representation of the campus as a grid reflects the energy consumption implications of the geospatial layout, providing a structured the network. framework for the optimization process. Base Station Placement To fully address the 4.1 Particle Swarm Optimization optimization of network coverage, the Parameters experiment strategically places five base The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) stations within the university campus. These algorithm is employed as a guiding method to base stations are strategically located to navigate the complexities of base station maximize network coverage and ensure that optimization within the university campus. students can access the network effectively. Swarm Size: The cornerstone of the PSO Capacity Constraints: Each individual base algorithm is based on swarm size. In this station has inherent constraints, limiting its specific case, a swarm of 50 particles was capacity to accommodate up to 100 students thoughtfully selected. Each particle within at a given time. These constraints align with the swarm represents a candidate solution or the practical operating limitations of base configuration for the installation of base stations and ensure that the network stations. The swarm size influences the resources are allocated efficiently. exploration and exploitation of the solution Fitness Function: The nucleus of the space. optimization process finds its expression in Number of Iterations: The PSO algorithm the fitness function. This function acts as a involves 100 different iterations. During each synchronized combination of two main 7 iteration, particles iteratively recalibrate their students in this area enjoy reliable positions, moving closer to the optimal connectivity. solution. This repetitive process enables the BS3: Positioned at coordinates (15, 2), the particles to converge towards an optimal third Base Station significantly improves solution over time. coverage in an area that may have Acceleration Factors: The dynamic experienced connectivity challenges. movement trajectories of individual particles BS4: The fourth Base Station achieves its are significantly influenced by acceleration optimal placement at coordinates (18, 18), factors. In this experiment, two acceleration offering comprehensive coverage to students factors, denoted as q1 and q2, have been in that part of the campus. tested and assigned the same value of 1.5. These accelerators play a crucial role in BS5: Finally, the fifth Base Station is determining the balance between the positioned for maximum impact at behavior of individual particles during coordinates (2, 12), effectively extending recalibration and the collective behavioral network access to students in this region. dynamics of the entire particle population. Fitness Value: The experiment results Randomization: The PSO algorithm include a key metric known as the fitness introduces a level of contingency through value, which quantifies the success of the randomization elements, namely r1 and r2. optimization process. In this specific test, the These random number values are generated fitness value reaches an impressive score of using a dedicated random number generator. 0.75. This statistical representation Randomization is essential for varying effectively signifies that half of the 400 grid particle trajectories and introducing diversity points that constitute the expansive in the optimization process. University of Lagos campus now receive network coverage relative to the total grid Experimental Results points. This is a remarkable achievement, The experiment's culmination, following 100 highlighting the efficacy of the base station meticulously executed iterations of the placement strategy. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, unfolds with the extraction of Covered Points: Out of the 400 grid points noteworthy and insightful results. that collectively define the extensive campus of the University of Lagos, a notable 300 grid Optimal Base Station Placements: The points now find themselves effectively experiment identifies the optimal placements enveloped within the expansive coverage for five BSs within the University of Lagos umbrella established by the strategically campus, each contributing to maximizing positioned Base Stations. This substantial network coverage and operational efficiency. coverage footprint is a testament to the BS1: The first Base Station attains its optimal successful optimization process and ensures placement at the spatial coordinates (5, 7), that a significant portion of the student strategically positioned to provide robust population can access reliable network coverage to a substantial portion of the services. campus. Uncovered Points: Despite the persistent and BS2: The second Base Station is optimally thorough optimization efforts, a count of 100 situated at the coordinates (10, 15), grid points persists in remaining devoid of enhancing the network's reach and ensuring network coverage within the dynamic and sprawling grid of the university. This 8  Durowoju, Okonta, Ojiako, Fasina, & Sawyerr observation underscores the complex nature Areas without Coverage: Despite our of optimizing network coverage in a real- optimization efforts we must acknowledge world scenario and highlights areas that may that there are still 100 grid points without require further enhancements or adjustments coverage. These uncovered areas highlight in future optimization strategies. opportunities for optimization strategies, which could involve increasing the number Power Consumption Penalty: The calculated of Base Stations or adjusting their positions power consumption penalty, quantified at a strategically. magnitude of 0.25, serves as a poignant reminder of the intricate and multifaceted Balancing Power Consumption: The trade-off inherent in balancing extensive inclusion of a power consumption penalty network coverage and simultaneous energy valued at 0.25 emphasizes the balance consumption minimization. This penalty between achieving coverage and using term underscores the significance of energy- energy efficiently. conscious Base Station placements, hinting at This important observation highlights the the potential exploration of renewable energy importance of implementing strategies that integration or adaptive energy management promote energy efficiency. These strategies solutions to further enhance the sustainability may involve exploring the integration of and eco-friendliness of the network. It energy sources or incorporating methods for emphasizes the importance of not only managing energy. optimizing network coverage but also considering the environmental and economic Real-world Implications: The conducted implications of energy consumption in a real- experiment serves as a poignant reminder of world network deployment. the tangible complexities and nuances inherent within endeavors related to wireless Discussion and Analysis network optimization. Parameters such as Delving into the experiment's outcomes, a student mobility, fluctuating usage patterns, multifaceted narrative unfolds, shedding light and the ever-evolving dynamics of the on the intricacies and multifarious campus demand constant vigilance and considerations embedded within the iterative adjustments to ensure coverage optimization of wireless coverage within the optimization. dynamic confines of the University of Lagos. Future Enhancements: Charting the Coverage Improvement: Achieving a trajectory for future enhancements entails the fitness value of 0.75 demonstrates progress in exploration of dynamic Base Station enhancing coverage on our university adjustments anchored in student movement campus. This means that an impressive 75% patterns, the integration of adaptive capacity of the campus now enjoys connectivity allocation techniques to cater to varying thanks to positioned Base Stations. usage densities, and the infusion of machine. Optimal Base Station Placements: The Conclusion chosen coordinates (5, 7) (10, 15) (15, 2) (18, In conclusion, the endeavor to optimize 18) and (2, 12) represent the locations for the wireless coverage within the sprawling Base Stations. These placements consider University of Lagos campus unveils a factors such as student density, architectural multifaceted challenge that calls for a complexities, and potential obstacles to nuanced balance between coverage, capacity, ensure coverage that aligns with the capacity and energy efficiency. The experiment, constraints of the Base Stations. underpinned by the utilization of Particle 9 Swarm Optimization (PSO), offers valuable iterative approach to network optimization is insights into the intricate trade-offs warranted to adapt to these evolving factors encountered when seeking to harmonize and to ensure that optimal coverage is comprehensive coverage with sustainable consistently maintained. power consumption. List of References The strategic placement of Base Stations at Athanasiadou, G. E., Zarbouti, D., & coordinates (5, 7), (10, 15), (15, 2), (18, 18), Tsoulos, G. V. (2014). Automatic and (2, 12) symbolizes a significant stride location of base stations for optimum toward enhancing wireless connectivity for coverage and capacity planning of the student population. It not only addresses LTE systems. EUCAP 2014, Hague, coverage gaps but also represents a Netherlands, 6-11 April 2014. commitment to ensuring that students have access to a robust and reliable network Fasina, E., Sawyerr, B., & Alkassim, S. throughout the campus. (2023). Foraging Bee Optimization Algorithm. IJIEM - Indonesian The attainment of a fitness value of 0.75 is a Journal of Industrial Engineering and pivotal milestone in the pursuit of coverage Management, 4(2), 99-112. optimization. This value signifies that 75% of doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/ijiem. the university campus is now effectively v4i2.20275 encompassed within the network's reach, reflecting substantial progress. However, the He Yi. Research on TD-LTE miniaturized presence of 100 uncovered grid points serves base station coverage scheme and as a reminder of the ongoing challenges. It application strategy [D]. Nanjing emphasizes the necessity for further University of Posts and optimization strategies, possibly including Telecommunications, 2018: 2-6. fine-tuning Base Station placements, to Lopes, H. S., Wille, E. C. G., & Talau, M. achieve truly pervasive coverage. (2010). An Approach for Solving the The imperative of energy-efficient Base Station Placement Problem deployment strategies emerges as a pressing using Particle Swarm Intelligence. concern. 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