B.Sc. Honours in Physics (Major) Course Structure PDF

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION Programme: B.Sc. Honours in Physics (Major) w.e.f. AY 2023-24 COURSE STRUCTURE No. of...

ANDHRA PRADESH STATE COUNCIL OF HIGHER EDUCATION Programme: B.Sc. Honours in Physics (Major) w.e.f. AY 2023-24 COURSE STRUCTURE No. of No. of Year Semester Course Title of the Course Hrs Credits /Week Essentials and Applications of 1 Mathematical, Physical andChemical 3+2 4 I Sciences Advances in Mathematical, Physical and 2 3+2 4 Chemical Sciences I Mechanics and Properties of Matter 3 3 3 Mechanics and Properties of Matter 2 1 II Practical Course Waves and Oscillations 3 3 4 Waves and Oscillations Practical Course 2 1 5 Optics 3 3 Optics Practical Course 2 1 6 Heat and Thermodynamics 3 3 Heat and Thermodynamics Practical 2 1 Course III 7 Electronic Devices and Circuits 3 3 Electronic Devices and Circuits 2 1 Practical Course 8 Analog and Digital Electronics 3 3 Analog and Digital Electronics Practical II 2 1 course 9 Electricity and Magnetism 3 3 Electricity and Magnetism Practical 2 1 Course 10 Modern Physics 3 3 IV Modern Physics Practical Course 2 1 11 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle 3 3 Physics Introduction to Nuclear and Particle 2 1 Physics Practical Course  No. of No. of Year Semester Course Title of the Course Hrs Credits /Week Applications of Electricity & Electronics 3 3 12 Applications of Electricity & Electronics 2 1 Practical Course Electronic Instrumentation 3 3 13 Electronic Instrumentation Practical 2 1 Course Optical Instruments and Optometry 3 3 14 A Optical Instruments and Optometry 2 1 Practical Course OR III V Optical Imaging and Photography 3 3 14 B Optical Imaging and Photography 2 1 Practical Course Low Temperature Physics & 3 3 Refrigeration 15 A Low Temperature Physics & 2 1 Refrigeration Practical Course OR Solar Energy and Applications 3 3 15 B Solar Energy and Applications Practical 2 1 Course VI Internship VII Courses will be available in due course of time VIII Courses will be available in due course of time  SEMESTER-I COURSE 1: ESSENTIALS AND APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL ANDCHEMICAL SCIENCES Theory Credits: 4 5 hrs/week Course Objective: The objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the essential concepts and applications of mathematical, physical, and chemical sciences. The course aims to develop students' critical thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills in these areas, enabling them to apply scientific principles to real-world situations. Learning outcomes: 1. Apply critical thinking skills to solve complex problems involving complex numbers, trigonometric ratios, vectors, and statistical measures. 2. To Explain the basic principles and concepts underlying a broad range of fundamental areas of physics and to Connect their knowledge of physics to everyday situations 3. To Explain the basic principles and concepts underlying a broad range of fundamental areas of chemistry and to Connect their knowledge of chemistry to daily life. 4. Understand the interplay and connections between mathematics, physics, and chemistry in various applications. Recognize how mathematical models and physical and chemical principles can be used to explain and predict phenomena in different contexts. 5 To explore the history and evolution of the Internet and to gain an understanding of network security concepts, including threats, vulnerabilities, and countermeasures. UNIT I: ESSENTIALS OF MATHEMATICS: Complex Numbers: Introduction of the new symbol i – General form of a complex number – Modulus-Amplitude form and conversions Trigonometric Ratios: Trigonometric Ratios and their relations – Problems on calculation of angles Vectors: Definition of vector addition – Cartesian form – Scalar and vector product and problems Statistical Measures: Mean, Median, Mode of a data and problems UNIT II: ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS: Definition and Scope of Physics- Measurements and Units - Motion of objects: Newtonian Mechanics and relativistic mechanics perspective - Laws of Thermodynamics and Significance- Acoustic waves and electromagnetic waves- Electric and Magnetic fields and their interactions- Behaviour of atomic and nuclear particles- Wave-particle duality, the uncertainty principle- Theories and understanding of universe UNIT III: ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY: : Definition and Scope of Chemistry- Importance of Chemistry in daily life -Branches of chemistry and significance- Periodic Table- Electronic Configuration, chemical changes, classification of matter, Biomolecules- carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins. UNIT IV: APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY: Applications of Mathematics in Physics & Chemistry: Calculus , Differential Equations & Complex Analysis Application of Physics in Industry and Technology: Electronics and Semiconductor Industry, Robotics and Automation, Automotive and Aerospace Industries, Quality Control and Instrumentation, Environmental Monitoring and Sustainable Technologies. Application of Chemistry in Industry and Technology: Chemical Manufacturing, Pharmaceuticals and Drug Discovery, Materials Science, Food and Beverage Industry. UNIT V: ESSENTIALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: Milestones of computer evolution - Internet, history, Internet Service Providers, Types of Networks, IP, Domain Name Services, applications. Ethical and social implications: Network and security concepts- Information Assurance Fundamentals, Cryptography-Symmetric and Asymmetric, Malware, Firewalls, Fraud Techniques- Privacy and Data Protection Recommended books: 1. Functions of one complex variable by John.B.Conway, Springer- Verlag. 2. Elementary Trigonometry by H.S.Hall and S.R.Knight 3.Vector Algebra by A.R.Vasishtha, Krishna Prakashan Media(P)Ltd. 4.Basic Statistics by B.L.Agarwal, New age international Publishers 5. University Physics with Modern Physics by Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman 6. Fundamentals of Physics by David Halliday, Robert Resnick, and Jearl Walker 7. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics" by Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett Jr. 8. Physics for Technology and Engineering" by John Bird 9. Chemistry in daily life by Kirpal Singh 10. Chemistry of bio molecules by S. P. Bhutan 11. Fundamentals of Computers by V. Raja Raman 12. Cyber Security Essentials by James Graham, Richard Howard, Ryan Olson STUDENT ACTIVITIES UNIT I: ESSENTIALS OF MATHEMATICS: 1: Complex Number Exploration Provide students with a set of complex numbers in both rectangular and polar forms. They will plot the complex numbers on the complex plane and identify their properties 2: Trigonometric Ratios Problem Solving Give students a set of problems that require the calculation of trigonometric ratios and their relations. Students will solve the problems using the appropriate trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, tangent, etc.) and trigonometric identities. 3: Vector Operations and Applications Provide students with a set of vectors in Cartesian form. Students will perform vector addition and subtraction operations to find the resultant vectors. They will also calculate the scalar and vector products of given vectors. 4: Statistical Measures and Data Analysis Give students a dataset containing numerical values. Students will calculate the mean, median, and mode of the data, as well as other statistical measures if appropriate (e.g., range, standard deviation). They will interpret the results and analyze the central tendencies and distribution of the data. UNIT II: ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS: 1. Concept Mapping Divide students into groups and assign each group one of the topics. Students will create a concept map illustrating the key concepts, relationships, and applications related to their assigned topic. Encourage students to use visual elements, arrows, and labels to represent connections and interdependencies between concepts. 2. Laboratory Experiment Select a laboratory experiment related to one of the topics, such as motion of objects or electric and magnetic fields. Provide the necessary materials, instructions, and safety guidelines for conducting the experiment. Students will work in small groups to carry out the experiment, collect data, and analyze the results. After the experiment, students will write a lab report summarizing their findings, observations, and conclusions. UNIT III: ESSENTIALS OF CHEMISTRY 1: Chemistry in Daily Life Presentation Divide students into groups and assign each group a specific aspect of daily life where chemistry plays a significant role, such as food and nutrition, household products, medicine,or environmental issues. Students will research and create a presentation (e.g., PowerPoint, poster, or video) that showcases the importance of chemistry in their assigned aspect. 2: Periodic Table Exploration Provide students with a copy of the periodic table. Students will explore the periodic table and its significance in organizing elements based on their properties. They will identify and analyze trends in atomic structure, such as electronic configuration, atomic size, and ionization energy. 3: Chemical Changes and Classification of Matter Provide students with various substances and chemical reactions, such as mixing acids and bases or observing a combustion reaction. Students will observe and describe the chemical changes that occur, including changes in color, temperature, or the formation of new substances. 4: Biomolecules Investigation Assign each student or group a specific biomolecule category, such as carbohydrates,proteins, fats, or vitamins. Students will research and gather information about their assigned biomolecule category, including its structure, functions, sources, and importance in the human body. They can create informative posters or presentations to present their findings to the class. UNIT IV: APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY 1: Interdisciplinary Case Studies Divide students into small groups and provide them with interdisciplinary case studies that involve the interdisciplinary application of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Each case study should present a real-world problem or scenario that requires the integration of concepts from all three disciplines. 2: Design and Innovation Project Challenge students to design and develop a practical solution or innovation that integrates mathematics, physics, and chemistry principles. Students can choose a specific problem or area of interest, such as renewable energy, environmental conservation, or materials science. 3: Laboratory Experiments Assign students laboratory experiments that demonstrate the practical applications of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Examples include investigating the relationship between concentration and reaction rate, analyzing the behavior of electrical circuits, or measuring the properties of materials..4: Mathematical Modeling Present students with real-world problems that require mathematical modeling and analysis. UNIT V: ESSENTIALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE: 1. Identifying the attributes of network (Topology, service provider, IP address and bandwidth of 2. your college network) and prepare a report covering network architecture. 3. Identify the types of malwares and required firewalls to provide security. 4. Latest Fraud techniques used by hackers.  SEMESTER-I COURSE 2: ADVANCES IN MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES Theory Credits: 4 5 hrs/week Course Objective: The objective of this course is to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the recent advances and cutting-edge research in mathematical, physical, and chemical sciences. The course aims to broaden students' knowledge beyond the foundational concepts and expose them to the latest developments in these disciplines, fostering critical thinking, research skills, and the ability to contribute to scientific advancements. Learning outcomes: 1. Explore the applications of mathematics in various fields of physics and chemistry, to understand how mathematical concepts are used to model and solve real-world problems. 2. To Explain the basic principles and concepts underlying a broad range of fundamental areas of physics and to Connect their knowledge of physics to everyday situations. 3. Understand the different sources of renewable energy and their generation processes and advances in nanomaterials and their properties, with a focus on quantum dots. To study the emerging field of quantum communication and its potential applications. To gain an understanding of the principles of biophysics in studying biological systems. Explore the properties and applications of shape memory materials. 3. Understand the principles and techniques used in computer-aided drug design and drug delivery systems, to understand the fabrication techniques and working principles of nanosensors. Explore the effects of chemical pollutants on ecosystems and human health. 4. Understand the interplay and connections between mathematics, physics, and chemistry in various advanced applications. Recognize how mathematical models and physical and chemical principles can be used to explain and predict phenomena in different contexts. 5 Understand and convert between different number systems, such as binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal. Differentiate between analog and digital signals and understand their characteristics.Gain knowledge of different types of transmission media, such as wired (e.g., copper cables, fiber optics) and wireless (e.g., radio waves, microwave, satellite).. UNIT I: ADVANCES IN BASICS MATHEMATICS Straight Lines: Different forms – Reduction of general equation into various forms – Point ofintersection of two straight lines Limits and Differentiation: Standard limits – Derivative of a function –Problems on product rule and quotient rule Integration: Integration as a reverse process of differentiation – Basic methods of integration  Matrices: Types of matrices – Scalar multiple of a matrix – Multiplication of matrices – Transpose ofa matrix and determinants UNIT II: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: Renewable energy: Generation, energy storage, and energy-efficient materials and devices. Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology: Quantum dots, Quantum Communication- recent advances in biophysics- recent advances in medical physics- Shape Memory Materials. UNIT III: ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY: Computer aided drug design and delivery, nano sensors, Chemical Biology, impact of chemical pollutants on ecosystems and human health, Dye removal - Catalysis method UNIT IV: ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY Mathematical Modelling applications in physics and chemistry Application of Renewable energy: Grid Integration and Smart Grids, Application of nanotechnology: Nanomedicine, Application of biophysics: Biophysical Imaging, Biomechanics, Neurophysics, Application of medical physics: Radiation Therapy, Nuclear medicine Solid waste management, Environmental remediation- Green Technology, Water treatment. UNIT V: Advanced Applications of computer Science Number System-Binary, Octal, decimal, and Hexadecimal, Signals-Analog, Digital, Modem, Codec, Multiplexing, Transmission media, error detection and correction- Parity check and CRC, Networking devices- Repeater, hub, bridge, switch, router, gateway. Recommended books: 1. Coordinate Geometry by S.L.Lony, Arihant Publications 2. Calculus by Thomas and Finny, Pearson Publications 3. Matrices by A.R.Vasishtha and A.K.Vasishtha, Krishna Prakashan Media(P)Ltd. 4. "Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future" by Godfrey Boyle 5. "Energy Storage: A Nontechnical Guide" by Richard Baxter 6. "Nanotechnology: Principles and Applications" by Sulabha K. Kulkarni and Raghvendra A. Bohara 7. "Biophysics: An Introduction" by Rodney Cotterill 8. "Medical Physics: Imaging" by James G. Webster 9. "Shape Memory Alloys: Properties and Applications" by Dimitris C. Lagoudas 10. Nano materials and applications by M.N.Borah  11. Environmental Chemistry by Anil.K.D.E. 12. Digital Logic Design by Morris Mano 13. Data Communication & Networking by Bahrouz Forouzan. STUDENT ACTIVITIES UNIT I: ADVANCES IN BASIC MATHEMATICS 1: Straight Lines Exploration Provide students with a set of equations representing straight lines in different forms, such as slope- intercept form, point-slope form, or general form. Students will explore the properties and characteristics of straight lines, including their slopes, intercepts, and point of intersection. 2: Limits and Differentiation Problem Solving Students will apply the concept of limits to solve various problems using standard limits. Encourage students to interpret the results and make connections to real-world applications, such as analyzing rates of change or optimizing functions. 3: Integration Exploration Students will explore the concept of integration as a reverse process of differentiation and apply basic methods of integration, such as the product rule, substitution method, or integration by parts. Students can discuss the significance of integration in various fields, such as physics and chemistry 4: Matrices Manipulation Students will perform operations on matrices, including scalar multiplication, matrix multiplication, and matrix transpose. Students can apply their knowledge of matrices to real-world applications, such as solving systems of equations or representing transformations in geometry. UNIT II: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: 1: Case Studies Provide students with real-world case studies related to renewable energy, nanotechnology,biophysics, medical physics, or shape memory materials. Students will analyze the case studies, identify the challenges or problems presented, andpropose innovative solutions based on the recent advances in the respective field. They will consider factors such as energy generation, energy storage, efficiency, sustainability, materials design, biomedical applications, or technological advancements. 2: Experimental Design Assign students to design and conduct experiments related to one of the topics: renewableenergy, nanotechnology, biophysics, medical physics, or shape memory materials. They will identify a specific research question or problem to investigate and design anexperiment accordingly. Students will collect and analyze data, interpret the results, and draw conclusions based ontheir findings. They will discuss the implications of their experimental results in the context of recentadvances in the field. 3: Group Discussion and Debate Organize a group discussion or debate session where students will discuss the ethical, social, and environmental implications of the recent advances in renewable energy, nanotechnology, biophysics, medical physics, and shape memory materials. Assign students specific roles, such as proponent, opponent, or moderator, and provide them with key points and arguments to support their positions. UNIT III: ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY: 1. Experimental Design and Simulation In small groups, students will design experiments or simulations related to the assigned topic. For example, in the context of computer-aided drug design, students could design a virtualscreening experiment to identify potential drug candidates for a specific disease target. For nano sensors, students could design an experiment to demonstrate the sensitivity andselectivity of nano sensors in detecting specific analytes. Chemical biology-related activities could involve designing experiments to study enzyme-substrate interactions or molecular interactions in biological systems. Students will perform their experiments or simulations, collect data, analyze the results, and draw conclusions based on their findings. 2. Case Studies and Discussion Provide students with real-world case studies related to the impact of chemical pollutants on ecosystems and human health. Students will analyze the case studies, identify the sources and effects of chemical pollutants, and propose mitigation strategies to minimize their impact. Encourage discussions on the ethical and environmental considerations when dealing with chemical pollutants. For the dye removal using the catalysis method, students can explore case studies wherecatalytic processes are used to degrade or remove dyes from wastewater. Students will discuss the principles of catalysis, the advantages and limitations of thecatalysis method, and its applications in environmental remediation. 3: Group Project Assign students to work in groups to develop a project related to one of the topics. The project could involve designing a computer-aided drug delivery system, developing anano sensor for a specific application, or proposing strategies to mitigate the impact of chemical pollutants on ecosystems. Students will develop a detailed project plan, conduct experiments or simulations, analyzedata, and present their findings and recommendations. Encourage creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration throughout the project. UNIT IV: ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS &CHEMISTRY 1: Mathematical Modelling Experiment Provide students with a mathematical modelling experiment related to one of the topics. For example, in the context of renewable energy, students can develop a mathematical model to optimize the placement and configuration of solar panels in a solar farm. Students will work in teams to design and conduct the experiment, collect data, and analyze the results using mathematical models and statistical techniques. They will discuss the accuracy and limitations of their model, propose improvements, and interpret the implications of their findings in the context of renewable energy or the specific application area. 2: Case Studies and Group Discussions Assign students to analyze case studies related to the applications of mathematical modellingin nanotechnology, biophysics, medical physics, solid waste management, environmental remediation, or water treatment. Students will discuss the mathematical models and computational methods used in the case studies, analyze the outcomes, and evaluate the effectiveness of the modelling approach. Encourage group discussions on the challenges, ethical considerations, and potential advancements in the field. Students will present their findings and engage in critical discussions on the advantages and limitations of mathematical modelling in solving complex problems in these areas. 3. Group Project Assign students to work in groups to develop a group project that integrates mathematical modelling with one of the application areas: renewable energy, nanotechnology, biophysics,medical physics, solid waste management, environmental remediation, or water treatment. The project could involve developing a mathematical model to optimize the delivery of radiation therapy in medical physics or designing a mathematical model to optimize wastemanagement practices. Students will plan and execute their project, apply mathematical modelling techniques, analyze the results, and present their findings and recommendations. Encourage creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration throughout the project. UNIT V: Advanced Applications of computer Science Students must be able to convert numbers from other number system to binary numbersystems 1. Identify the networking media used for your college network Identify all the networking devices used in your college premises.  SEMESTER-II COURSE 3: MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Mechanics and Properties of Matter aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the behaviour of physical systems, both in terms of mechanical motion and in terms of the properties of matter LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Students will be able to understand and apply the concepts of scalar and vector fields, calculate the gradient of a scalar field, determine the divergence and curl of a vector field. 2. Students will be able to apply the laws of motion, solve equations of motion for variable mass systems 3. Students will be able to define a rigid body and comprehend rotational kinematic relations, derive equations of motion for rotating bodies, analyze the precession of a top and gyroscope, understand the precession of the equinoxes 4. Students will be able to define central forces and provide examples, understand the characteristics and conservative nature of central forces, derive equations of motion under central forces. 5. Students will be able to differentiate between Galilean relativity and the concept of absolute frames, comprehend the postulates of the special theory of relativity, apply Lorentz transformations, understand and solve problems UNIT-I VECTOR ANALYSIS Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance. Divergence and curl of a vector field with derivations and physical interpretation. Vector integration (line, surface and volume), Statement and proof of Gauss and Stokes theorems. UNIT-II MECHANICS OF PARTICLES Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, Equation of motion of a rocket. Conservation of energy and momentum, Collisions in two and three dimensions, Concept of impact parameter, scattering cross-section, Rutherford scattering-derivation. UNIT-III MECHANICS OF RIGID BODIES AND CONTINUOUS MEDIA Definition of rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a rotating body, Precession of a top, Gyroscope, Precession of the equinoxes. Elastic constants of isotropic solids and their relations, Poisson's ratio and expression for Poisson's ratio. Classification of beams, types of bending, point load, distributed load. UNIT-IV CENTRAL FORCES Central forces, definition and examples, characteristics of central forces, conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of potential energy, equations of motion under a. Derivation of Kepler’s laws. Motion of satellites UNIT-V SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY Galilean relativity, Absolute frames. Michelson-Morley experiment, The negative result. Postulates of special theory of relativity. Lorentz transformation, time dilation, length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. BSc Physics -Telugu Akademy, Hyderabad 2. Mechanics - D.S. Mathur, Sulthan Chand & Co, New Delhi 3. Mechanics - J.C. Upadhyaya, Ramprasad & Co., Agra 4. Properties of Matter - D.S. Mathur, S.Chand & Co, New Delhi ,11th Edn., 2000 5. Physics Vol. I - Resnick-Halliday-Krane ,Wiley, 2001 6. Properties of Matter – Brijlal & Subrmanyam, S. Chand &Co. 1982 7. Dynamics of Particles and Rigid bodies– Anil Rao, Cambridge Univ Press, 2006 8. Mechanics-EM Purcell, Mc Graw Hill 9. University Physics-FW Sears, MW Zemansky & HD Young, Narosa Publications, Delhi 10. College Physics-I. T. Bhima sankaram and G. Prasad. Himalaya Publishing House. 11. Mechanics, S. G. Venkata chalapathy, Margham Publication, 2003.  SEMESTER-II COURSE 3: MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER Practical Credits: 1 2hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: To develop practical skills in the use of laboratory equipment and experimental techniques for measuring properties of matter and analyzing mechanical systems. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Mastery of experimental techniques: Students should become proficient in using laboratory equipment and experimental techniques to measure properties of matter and analyze mechanical systems. 2. Application of theory to practice: Students should be able to apply theoretical concepts learned in lectures to real-world situations, and understand the limitations of theoretical models. 3. Accurate recording and analysis of data: Students should be able to accurately record and analyze experimental data, including understanding the significance of error analysis and statistical methods. 4. Critical thinking and problem solving: Students should be able to identify sources of error, troubleshoot experimental problems, and develop critical thinking skills in experimental design and analysis. 5. Understanding of physical principles: Students should develop an understanding of the physical principles governing mechanical systems and the properties of matter, including elasticity, viscosity, and thermal expansion. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. Viscosity of liquid by the flow method (Poiseuille’s method) 2. Young’s modulus of the material of a bar (scale) by uniform bending 3. Young’s modulus of the material a bar (scale) by non- uniform bending 4. Surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method 5. Determination of radius of capillary tube by Hg thread method 6. Viscosity of liquid by Searle’s viscometer method 7. Bifilar suspension –moment of inertia of a regular rectangular body. 8. Determination of moment of inertia using Fly-wheel 9. Determination of the height of a building using a sextant. 10. Rigidity modulus of material of a wire-dynamic method (torsional pendulum) STUDENT ACTIVITIES Unit I: Vector Analysis Activity: Field Mapping Students can choose a physical field (e.g., temperature, magnetic field) and create a field map by taking measurements at different points. They can then calculate the gradient of the field and analyse the variations. This activity helps them understand the concept of gradient in a scalar field. Unit II: Mechanics of Particles Activity: Collision Experiments Students can set up simple collision experiments using marbles, carts, or other objects. They can measure the initial and final velocities, masses, and analyze the momentum conservation. By varying the conditions (e.g., masses, initial velocities), they can observe the effects on the collision outcomes. Unit III: Mechanics of Rigid Bodies and Continuous Media Activity: Balancing Act Students can experiment with balancing various objects (e.g., rulers, books) on different points to understand the concept of center of mass and stability. They can analyse the equilibrium conditions and explore how the position of the center of mass affects the stability. Unit IV: Central Forces Activity: Pendulum Motion Students can investigate the motion of a simple pendulum by varying its length and measuring the time period. They can analyze the relationship between the period and the length, and discuss the concept of centripetal force and its role in circular motion. Unit V: Special Theory of Relativity Activity: Time Measurement Students can perform a time measurement experiment using simple devices like water clocks or sand timers. They can compare the measured time between two events at different relative speeds and discuss the concept of time dilation SEMESTER-II COURSE 4: WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS Theory Credits: 3 3hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: This course provides students with a broad understanding of the physical principles of the oscillations, to help them develop critical thinking and quantitative reasoning skills, to empower them to think creatively and critically about scientific problems and experiments. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The student should be able 1. To describe the basic characteristics of waves such as frequency, wavelength, amplitude, period, and speed. 2. To utilize mathematical relationships related to wave characteristics. 3. To compare particle motion and wave motion in different types of waves. 4. To distinguish between Longitudinal and Transverse waves. 5. To get the knowledge about how to construct and analysis the square waves, saw tooth waves, etc. from Fourier analysis UNIT-I Simple Harmonic oscillations Simple harmonic oscillator and solution of the differential equation-Physical characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum-measurements of rigidity modulus, compound pendulum- measurement of ‘g’, Principle of superposition, beats, combination of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and different frequencies. Lissajous figures. UNIT-II Damped and forced oscillations Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with un-damped harmonic oscillator, logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance and velocity resonance. UNIT-III Complex vibrations 9hr Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fourier coefficients, analysis of periodic wave functions-square wave, triangular wave, saw tooth wave, simple problems on evolution of Fourier coefficients. UNIT-IV Vibrating Strings and Bars Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of wave equation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at ends, overtones and harmonics. Energy  transport and transverse impedance. Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution. Special cases (i) bar fixed at both ends (ii) bar fixed at the midpoint (iii) bar fixed at one end. Tuning fork. UNIT-V Ultrasonics: Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of ultrasonics by piezoelectric and magneto strictive methods, detection of ultrasonics, determination of wavelength of ultrasonic waves. Applications and uses of ultrasonic waves. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. BSc Physics Vol.1, Telugu Academy, Hyderabad. 2. Fundamentals of Physics. Halliday/Resnick/Walker ,Wiley India Edition 2007. 3. Waves & Oscillations. S.Badami, V. Balasubramanian and K.R. Reddy, Orient Longman. 4. College Physics-I. T. Bhimasankaram and G. Prasad. Himalaya Publishing House. 5. Science and Technology of Ultrasonics- Baldevraj, Narosa, New Delhi,2004 6. Introduction to Physics for Scientists and Engineers. F.J. Buche. McGraw Hill. SEMESTER-II COURSE 4: WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS Practical Credits: 1 2hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: This course provides students with a broad understanding of the physical principles of the oscillations, to help them develop critical thinking and quantitative reasoning skills, to empower them to think creatively and critically about scientific problems and experiments. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Students are made to determine the unknown frequency of tuning fork by volume resonator experiment 2. Students are made to determine ‘g’ by compound/bar pendulum 3. Students are made to determine the force constant of a spring by static and dynamic method. 4. Students are made to determine the elastic constants of the material of a flat spiral spring. 5. Students are made to verify the laws of vibrations of stretched string –sonometer 6. Students are made to determine the frequency of a bar –Melde’s experiment. 7. Students are made to study the damped oscillation using the torsional pendulum immersed in liquid-decay constant and damping correction of the amplitude. 8. Students are made to form Lissajous figures using CRO. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded Experiments 1. Volume resonator experiment 2. Determination of ‘g’ by compound/bar pendulum 3. Simple pendulum normal distribution of errors-estimation of time period and the error of the mean by statistical analysis 4. Determination of the force constant of a spring by static and dynamic method. 5. Determination of the elastic constants of the material of a flat spiral spring. 6. Coupled oscillators 7. Verification of laws of vibrations of stretched string –sonometer 8. Determination of frequency of a bar –Melde’s experiment. 9. Study of a damped oscillation using the torsional pendulum immersed in liquid-decay constant and damping correction of the amplitude. 10. Formation of Lissajous figures using CRO. STUDENT ACTIVITIES Unit-I Simple Harmonic oscillations: Activity: Measuring the period of a simple pendulum and verifying the relationship between the period and the length of the pendulum. Students can use a stopwatch and a ruler to measure the time for a fixed number of oscillations and calculate the period. Unit-II Damped and forced oscillations: Activity: Measuring the damping coefficient of a mass-spring system and calculating the quality factor. Students can measure the amplitude of the system as it undergoes damped oscillations and use the logarithmic decrement formula to calculate the damping coefficient. They can then use the formula for the quality factor to evaluate the quality of the system. Unit-III Complex vibrations: Activity: Constructing a square wave using Fourier series and analyzing its Fourier coefficients. Students can use a software tool or a programming language to generate a square wave and then compute the Fourier coefficients. They can then plot the magnitude spectrum of the waveform and observe the harmonic components. Unit-IV Vibrating Strings and Bars: Activity: Measuring the speed of sound in a metal rod and comparing it with the theoretical value. Students can use a microphone and an oscilloscope to measure the time delay between two reflections of a sound pulse in the rod. They can then use the formula for the speed of sound in a solid to calculate the speed and compare it with the theoretical value. Unit-V Ultrasonics: Activity: Measuring the wavelength of ultrasonic waves using the diffraction of light. Students can use a laser and a diffraction grating to create a diffraction pattern of an ultrasonic wave. They can then measure the distance between the diffraction fringes and use the formula for the diffraction of light to calculate the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave. SEMESTER-III COURSE 5: OPTICS Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Optics aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the behaviour and properties of light and its interaction with matter. LEARNING OUTCOMES: On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Explain about the different aberrations in lenses and discuss the methods of minimizing them 2. Understand the phenomenon of interference of light and its formation in (i) Lloyd’s single mirror due to division of wave front and (ii) Thin films, Newton’s rings and Michelson interferometer due to division of amplitude. 3. Distinguish between Fresnel’s diffraction and Fraunhoffer diffraction and observe the diffraction patterns in the case of single slit and the diffraction grating and to describe the construction and working of zone plate and make the comparison of zone plate with convex lens 4. Explain the various methods of production of plane, circularly and polarized light and their detection and the concept of optical activity. 5. Comprehend the basic principle of laser, the working of He-Ne laser and Ruby lasers and their applications in different fields. To understand the basic principles of fibre optic communication and explore the field of Holography and Nonlinear optics and their applications. UNIT-I Aberrations Introduction – monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Chromatic aberration-the achromatic doublet. Achromatism for two lenses (i) in contact and (ii) separated by a distance. UNIT-II Interference Principle of superposition – coherence Conditions for interference of light. Fresnel’s biprism determination of wavelength of light –change of phase on reflection.Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected light (cosine law) –colors of thin films- Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces (Wedge shaped film). Determination of diameter of wire, Newton’s rings in reflected light. Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light using Newton’s rings and Michelson Interferometer. UNIT-III Diffraction Introduction, distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction, Fraunhoffer diffraction – Diffraction due to single slit-Fraunhoffer, Fraunhofer diffraction pattern with N slits (diffraction grating). Resolving power of grating, Determination of wavelength of light in normal incidence using diffraction grating. Fresnel’s half period zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate-comparison of zone plate with convex lens-difference between interference and diffraction. UNIT-IV Polarisation Polarized light: methods of polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction, Brewster’s law- Mauls law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyser, Quarter wave plate, Half wave plate-optical activity, determination of specific rotation by Laurent’s half shade Polarimeter. Idea of elliptical and circular polarization UNIT-V Lasers and Holography Lasers: introduction, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission. Population Inversion, Laser principle- Einstein Coefficients-Types of lasers-He-Ne laser, Ruby laser- Applications of lasers. Holography: Basic principle of holography-Gabor hologram and its limitations, Applications of holography.. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. BSc Physics, Vol.2, Telugu Academy, Hyderabad 2. A Text Book of Optics-N Subramanyam, L Brijlal, S. Chand& Co. 3. Unified Physics Vol. II Optics & Thermodynamics – Jai Prakash Nath & Co. Ltd., Meerut 4. Optics, F.A. Jenkins and H.G. White, Mc Graw-Hill 5. Optics, Ajay Ghatak, Tata Mc Graw-Hill. 6. Introduction of Lasers – Avadhanulu, S. Chand & Co. 7. Principles of Optics- BK Mathur, Gopala Printing Press, 1995 SEMESTER-III COURSE 5: OPTICS Practical Credits: 1 2hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: To develop practical skills in the use of laboratory equipment and experimental techniques for studying light and its interactions with matter. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Mastery of experimental techniques: Students should become proficient in using laboratory equipment and experimental techniques for studying light and its interactions with matter. 2. Application of theory to practice: Students should be able to apply theoretical concepts learned in lectures to real-world situations, and understand the limitations of theoretical models. 3. Accurate recording and analysis of data: Students should be able to accurately record and analyze experimental data, including understanding the significance of error analysis and statistical methods. 4. Critical thinking and problem solving: Students should be able to identify sources of error, troubleshoot experimental problems, and develop critical thinking skills in experimental design and analysis. 5. Understanding of physical principles: Students should develop an understanding of the physical principles governing optics, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and polarization. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. Determination of radius of curvature of a given convex lens-Newton’s rings. 2. Resolving power of grating. 3. Study of optical rotation –polarimeter. 4. Dispersive power of a prism. 5. Determination of wavelength of light using diffraction grating-minimum deviation method. 6. Determination of wavelength of light using diffraction grating-normal incidence method. 7. Determination of wavelength of laser light using diffraction grating. 8. Resolving power of a telescope. 9. Refractive index of a liquid-hallow prism 10. Determination of thickness of a thin wire by wedge method 11. Determination of refractive index of liquid-Boy’s method. STUDENT ACTIVITIES Suggested student activities UNIT-I Aberrations: Ask students to observe and sketch the different images produced by the lens at different distances. Build a simple optical system with two lenses in contact and ask students to calculate the focal length and magnification of the system. Then, introduce a thin glass plate between the lenses to simulate the effects of chromatic aberration and ask students to observe and discuss the changes in the image produced. UNIT-II Interference: Ask students to measure the diameter of the central bright spot and the diameter of the nth ring for different values of n, and then calculate the wavelength of light. UNIT-III Diffraction: Build a simple diffraction grating using a piece of cardboard and some sewing needles. Ask students to measure the distance between the needles, count the number of lines per unit length, and then calculate the grating spacing and the wavelength of light. UNIT-IV Polarisation: Ask students to measure the angle of rotation of the polarized light before and after passing through the sample, and then calculate the specific rotation of the sample. UNIT-V Lasers and Holography: Demonstrate the principle of holography using a laser beam, a beam splitter, and a photographic plate. Ask students to record a hologram of a simple object and then reconstruct the image using a laser beam. SEMESTER-III COURSE 6: HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Heat and Thermodynamics aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the principles of heat and energy transfer and their applications in various fields LEARNING OUTCOMES: On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Understand the basic aspects of kinetic theory of gases, Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, equipartition of energies, mean free path of molecular collisions and the transport phenomenon in ideal gases 2. Gain knowledge on the basic concepts of thermodynamics, the first and the second law of thermodynamics, the basic principles of refrigeration, the concept of entropy, the thermodynamic potentials and their physical interpretations. Understand the working of Carnot’s ideal heat engine, Carnot cycle and its efficiency 3. Develop critical understanding of concept of Thermodynamic potentials,the formulation of Maxwell’s equations and its applications. 4. Differentiate between principles and methods to produce low temperature, liquefy air, and understand the practical applications of substances at low temperatures. 5. Examine the nature of black body radiations and the basic theories UNIT-I: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES: Kinetic Theory of gases- Introduction, Maxwell's law of distribution of molecular velocities, Mean free path, Principle of equipartition of energy, Transport phenomenon in ideal gases: viscosity and Thermal conductivity. UNIT-II: THERMODYNAMICS: Introduction- Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot’s engine and its efficiency, Carnot’s theorem, Thermodynamic scale of temperature, Second law of thermodynamics Entropy: Physical significance, Change in entropy in reversible and irreversible processes; Temperature- Entropy (T-S) diagram and its uses; change of entropy when ice changes into steam. UNIT-III: THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIALS AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS: Thermodynamic Potentials-Internal Energy, Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free Energy, Gibb’s Free Energy and their significance, Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations from thermodynamic potentials, Applications to (i) Clausius-Clayperon’s equation (ii) Joule-Kelvin coefficient for ideal and Van der Waals’ gases. UNIT-IV: LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: Methods for producing very low temperatures, Joule Kelvin effect, porous plug experiment, Joule expansion, Distinction between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion, Expression for Joule Thomson cooling, Production of low temperatures by adiabatic demagnetization  (qualitative). UNIT-V: QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION:. Spectral energy distribution of black body radiation, Wein’s displacement law and Rayleigh- Jean’s law (No derivations), Planck’s law of black body radiation-Derivation, Deduction of Wein’s law and Rayleigh- Jean’s law from Planck’s law, Solar constant and its determination using Angstrom pyro heliometer, Estimation of surface temperature of Sun. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. BSc Physics, Vol.2, Telugu Akademy, Hyderabad 2. Thermodynamics, R.C.Srivastava, S.K.Saha & Abhay K.Jain, Eastern Economy Edition. 3. Unified Physics Vol.2, Optics & Thermodynamics, Jai Prakash Nath & Co. Ltd., Meerut 4. Fundamentals of Physics. Halliday/Resnick/Walker. C. Wiley India Edition 2007 5. Heat and Thermodynamics -N BrijLal, P Subrahmanyam, S.Chand& Co.,2012 6. Heat and Thermodynamics- MS Yadav, Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2000 7. University Physics, HD Young, MW Zemansky,FW Sears, Narosa Publishers, New Delhi SEMESTER-III COURSE 6: HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The objectives for practicals in Heat and Thermodynamics can vary depending on the specific course or program, but here are some general objectives that may apply, to develop practical skills in the use of laboratory equipment and experimental techniques for studying heat and thermodynamics. LEARNING OUTCOMRES: 1. Mastery of experimental techniques: Students should become proficient in using laboratory equipment and experimental techniques for studying heat and thermodynamics. 2. Application of theory to practice: Students should be able to apply theoretical concepts learned in lectures to real-world situations, and understand the limitations of theoretical models. 3. Accurate recording and analysis of data: Students should be able to accurately record and analyze experimental data, including understanding the significance of error analysis and statistical methods. 4. Critical thinking and problem solving: Students should be able to identify sources of error, troubleshoot experimental problems, and develop critical thinking skills in experimental design and analysis. 5. Understanding of physical principles: Students should develop an understanding of the physical principles governing heat and thermodynamics, including the laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and thermodynamic cycles. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. Specific heat of a liquid –Joule’s calorimeter –Barton’s radiation correction 2. Thermal conductivity of bad conductor-Lee’s method 3. Thermal conductivity of rubber. 4. Measurement of Stefan’s constant. 5. Specific heat of a liquid by applying Newton’s law of cooling correction. 6. Heating efficiency of electrical kettle with varying voltages. 7. Thermo emf- thermo couple - Potentiometer 8. Thermal behavior of an electric bulb (filament/torch light bulb) 9. Measurement of Stefan’s constant- emissive method 10. Study of variation of resistance with temperature - Thermistor. STUDENT ACTIVITIES Unit I: Kinetic Theory of Gases Activity: Speed Distribution Analysis Students can conduct a simple experiment using gas molecules (e.g., small balls) in a container. They can measure the speeds of the molecules using a motion sensor or stopwatch and analyze the distribution of molecular velocities. They can compare the observed distribution with the expected Maxwell's law of distribution. Unit II: Thermodynamics Activity: Heat Engine Efficiency Calculation Students can work in groups to design a simple heat engine (e.g., using a syringe and a small turbine). They can measure the temperature changes and calculate the efficiency of their engine. They can compare their calculated efficiency with the theoretical Carnot efficiency to understand the limitations of real heat engines. Unit III: Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell's Equations Activity: Thermodynamic Relations Verification Students can solve numerical problems involving different thermodynamic potentials (internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy) and verify the Maxwell's thermodynamic relations. They can compare the calculated values using different relations to ensure consistency. Unit IV: Low Temperature Physics Activity: Adiabatic Demagnetization Experiment They can discuss the distinction between adiabatic and Joule-Thomson expansions. Unit V: Quantum Theory of Radiation Activity: Black Body Radiation Spectrum Analysis They can estimate the surface temperature of the Sun using the solar constant and Angstrom pyro heliometer data. SEMESTER-III COURSE 7: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Electronic Devices and Circuits aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of electronic devices and their applications in various circuits. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Understand the behavior of P-N junction diodes in forward and reverse bias conditions and analyze the impact of junction capacitance on diode characteristics. 2. Analyze and compare the characteristics and operation of different BJT configurations (CB, CE, and CC) and demonstrate proficiency in biasing techniques. 3. Comprehend the operation and characteristics of FETs, including JFETs and MOSFETs, and explain the working principles and characteristics of UJTs. 4. Describe the operation and applications of various photoelectric devices such as LEDs, photo diodes, phototransistors, and LDRs. 5. Understand the operation of rectifiers (half-wave, full-wave, and bridge), analyze the ripple factor and efficiency, and demonstrate knowledge of different filter types and three-terminal voltage regulators UNIT I: PN JUNCTION DIODES P-N junction Diode, Formation of depletion region, Forward and Reverse bias Ideal Diode, Diode equation – Reverse saturation current – Tunnel Diode- Construction, working, V-I characteristics and Applications, Zener diode – V I characteristics, Applications UNIT –II: BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR AND ITS BIASING: (D.C) Transistor construction, working of PNP and NPN Transistors, Active, Cutoff and Saturation conditions, Configurations of Transistor - CB, CE, and CC, Input and Output Characteristics of CB and CE configurations. Hybrid parameters of a Transistor and equivalent circuit, BJT Transistor Biasing – Need for stabilization, Thermal runaway, Stability factor, Biasing methods - Voltage-Divider Bias. UNIT-III: FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS & POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES – Difference between JFET and BJT, Construction and working of JFET, Drain and Transfer Characteristics, MOSFET - Depletion-type, and Enhancement-Type MOSFETs. FET Biasing: Voltage Divider Biasing. UJT- Construction, working, V-I characteristics. SCR – Construction, Working and Characteristics UNIT IV: PHOTO ELECTRIC DEVICES: Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) - Construction, working, characteristics and Applications, IR Emitters, Photo diode - Construction, working characteristics and Applications, Phototransistors - Construction, working and characteristics, Applications, Structure and operation of LDR, Applications UNIT-V: POWER SUPPLIES: Rectifiers: Half wave, Full wave and bridge rectifiers - Efficiency (with derivations), ripple factor- Zener diode as Voltage Regulator, Filters- choke input (inductor), L-section, π-section filters. Three terminal fixed voltage IC-regulators (78XX and 79XX) REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory --- Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky. 2. Electronic Devices and Circuits I – T.L.Floyd- PHI Fifth Edition 3. Integrated Electronics – Millmam & Halkias. 4. Electronic Devices & Circuits – Bogart. 5. Sedha R.S., A Text Book Of Applied Electronics, S.Chand & Company Ltd SEMESTER-III COURSE 7: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course objectives for a practical course in Electronic Devices and Circuits might provide hands-on experience with the fundamental principles of electronic devices and circuits. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Understand the principles of electronic devices and circuits and their applications in real-world scenarios. 2. Analyze and design electronic circuits using diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. 3. Understand the importance of biasing and stability in electronic circuits and how to achieve them. 4. Develop the skills to design and analyze amplifier circuits and to understand the concept of feedback and its application in electronic circuits. 5. Analyze and design simple oscillators, power supplies, and filters. 6. Gain hands-on experience with electronic test equipment such as multimeters, oscilloscopes, and function generators. 7. Develop skills in circuit construction, measurement, and testing. 8. Learn how to troubleshoot and diagnose electronic circuit problems. 9. Understand the safety procedures for working with electronic circuits and equipment. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. V-I Characteristics of junction diode 2. V-I Characteristics of Zener diode 3. Transistor characteristics – CB configuration 4. Transistor characteristics – CE configuration 5. FET input and output characteristics 6. UJT characteristics 7. LDR characteristics 8. Full wave and Bridge rectifier with filters STUDENT ACTIVITIES Unit I: PN Junction Diodes Activity: V-I Characteristic Analysis Students can analyze the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode by using a simple circuit setup. They can measure the voltage across the diode for different values of forward and reverse bias currents and plot the corresponding current-voltage graph. They can discuss the behavior of the diode in different bias conditions. Unit II: Bipolar Junction Transistor and Its Biasing Activity: Transistor Configuration Analysis Students can analyze the characteristics of different transistor configurations (CB, CE, CC) using a transistor tester or a circuit setup. They can measure and compare the input/output characteristics, gain, and voltage levels for each configuration. They can discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. Unit III: Field effect transistors & Power electronic devices Activity: FET Transfer Characteristic Analysis Students can analyze the transfer characteristics of a FET by measuring the drain current (ID) for different gate-source voltages (VGS). They can plot the transfer characteristic curve and observe the variations in ID with VGS. They can discuss the operation modes of FETs based on the transfer characteristics. Unit IV: Photoelectric Devices Activity: LED and Photodiode Circuit Demonstration Students can set up simple LED and photodiode circuits to demonstrate their operation. They can observe the emission of light from an LED when a suitable voltage is applied and measure the current. They can also detect light using a photodiode and measure the output current for different light intensities. Unit V: Power Supplies Activity: Rectifier Efficiency Calculation Students can analyze the efficiency of different rectifier circuits (half wave, full wave, and bridge rectifiers) by measuring the input and output power. They can calculate the rectifier efficiency and compare the results for different rectifier configurations. They can discuss the factors affecting efficiency and the importance of regulation SEMESTER-III COURSE 8: ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Analog and Digital Electronics aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the principles of electronic circuits and their applications in both analog and digital systems. LEARNING OUTCOMES: On successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Understand Principles and Working of Operational Amplifier 2. Apply their knowledge on OP-Amp in different Applications 3. To understand the number systems, Binary codes and Complements. 4. To understand the Boolean algebra and simplification of Boolean expressions. 5. To analyze logic processes and implement logical operations using combinational logic circuits. 6. To understand the concepts of sequential circuits and to analyze sequential systems in terms of state machines UNIT-I: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS a) Concept of feedback in CE amplifier, negative and positive feedback, advantages and disadvantages of negative feedback, Basic concepts of differential amplifier, Block diagram of op amp and its equivalent circuit, IC Diagram (IC 741), Ideal voltage transfer curve, Open loop Op-Amp configurations- differential, inverting and non-inverting Op-Amps. b) Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier (Non-Inverting Op amp): Gain and Bandwidth derivations: Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier (Inverting Op amp): Gain and Bandwidth derivations UNIT-II: PRACTICAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND APPLICATIONS a) Characteristics of an Ideal and Practical Operational Amplifier (IC 741), Input offset voltage, Input bias current, Input offset current, total output offset voltage, CMRR, slew rate and concept of virtual ground. b) Applications of Op-Amp: Linear Applications: Voltage Follower, Summing Amplifier, Subtracting Amplifier, Averaging Amplifier, Difference Amplifier, Integrator and Differentiator, Square Wave response of Integrator and Differentiator (Brief explanation only) UNIT-III: NUMBER SYSTEMS, CODES AND LOGIC GATES a) Number Systems and Codes: Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number systems, conversions, Binary addition, Binary subtraction using 1’s and 2’s complement methods, BCD code and Gray code – Conversions b) Logic Gates: Construction and truth tables of OR, AND, NOT gates, Universal gates – Basic construction and truth tables of NOR & NAND, Realization of logic gates using NAND and NOR, XOR and XNOR Logic gates symbol and their truth tables. De Morgan’s Laws, Boolean Laws, Simplification of Boolean Expressions using Boolean Laws UNIT-IV: ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS & DATA PROCESSING CIRCUITS a) Half Adder and Full Adder: Explanation of truth tables and Circuits. Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor: Explanation of truth tables and Circuits, 4 - bit binary Adder/Subtractor. b) Multiplexers - 2 to 1 Multiplexer, 4 to 1 multiplexer, De-multiplexers: 1 to 2 Demultiplexer, 1 to 4 Demultiplexer, Applications of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Decoders: 1 of 2 decoders, 2 of 4 decoders, Encoders: 4 to 2 Encoder, 8 to 3 Encoder, Applications of decoders and encoders UNIT-V: SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS & CODE CONVERTERS a) Combinational Logic vs Sequential Logic Circuits, Sequential Logic circuits: Flip-flops, Basic NAND, NOR Latches, Clocked SR Flip-flop, JK Flip-flop, D Flip-flop, Master-Slave Flip- flop, Conversion of Flip flops. b) Code Converters: BCD to Decimal Converter, BCD to Gray Code Converter, BCD to 7 segment Decoders Reference Books: 1. OP-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuit, R. A. Gayakwad, 4th edition, 2000, Prentice Hall 2. Operational Amplifiers and Linear ICs, David A. Bell, 3rd Edition, 2011, 3. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino, D.P.Leach and Saha, 7th Ed., TMH 4. Fundamentals of Digital Circuits, Anand Kumar, 2nd Edn, 2009, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 5. Thomas L. Flyod, Digital Fundamentals, Pearson Education Asia (1994) 6. R. L. Tokheim, Digital Principles, Schaum’s Outline Series, Tata McGraw- Hill (1994) SEMESTER-III COURSE 8: ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVES: The course objectives for a practical course in Analog and Digital Electronics might provide students with hands-on experience in designing, constructing, and testing analog and digital electronic circuits. LEARNING OUCOMES: 1. Understand the principles of analog and digital electronic circuits and their applications in real-world scenarios. 2. Analyze and design analog electronic circuits using diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. 3. Analyze and design digital electronic circuits using logic gates, flip-flops, and counters. 4. Understand the importance of biasing, feedback, and stability in electronic circuits and how to achieve them. 5. Develop the skills to design and analyze amplifier circuits and digital systems. Minimum six experiments to be done and recorded. 1. To study the operational amplifier as inverting feedback amplifier with verifying gain 2. To study the operational amplifier as non-inverting feedback amplifier with verifying gain 3. To study operational amplifier as adder 4. To study operational amplifier as subtractor 5. To study operational amplifier as differentiator 6. To study operational amplifier as integrator 7. Logic Gates- OR, AND, NOT and NAND gates. Verification of Truth Tables. 8. Verification of De Morgan’s Theorems. 9. Construction of Half adder and Full adders-Verification of truth tables 10. Flip flops 11. Multiplexer and De-multiplexer 12. Encoder and Decoder STUDENT ACTIVITIES UNIT-I: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS Circuit Analysis: Students can be asked to analyze different operational amplifier circuits such as inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, difference amplifiers, and integrators. They can be asked to calculate the gain, input and output impedance, and frequency response of the circuits. Circuit Design: Students can be asked to design different operational amplifier circuits such as audio amplifiers, filters, and oscillators. They can be asked to select the appropriate op-amp and other components such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors to meet the desired specifications. UNIT-II: PRACTICAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND APPLICATIONS Design an inverting amplifier circuit: Students can be asked to design and build an inverting amplifier circuit using an operational amplifier and a few passive components. They can then measure the gain and frequency response of the circuit using an oscilloscope and a function generator. They can also compare the measured values with the theoretical calculations and simulation results. Build a summing amplifier circuit: Students can be asked to build a summing amplifier circuit using an operational amplifier and several input signals. They can then measure the output voltage of the circuit and compare it with the expected value. They can also investigate the effect of changing the input signal amplitudes and the resistor values on the circuit performance. UNIT-III: NUMBER SYSTEMS, CODES AND LOGIC GATES Convert numbers between different bases: Students can be asked to convert numbers between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal bases. They can practice converting both integer and fractional numbers, and verify their results using online conversion tools or calculators. Design a binary adder circuit: Students can be asked to design and build a binary adder circuit using logic gates such as XOR, AND, and OR gates. They can then test the circuit by adding two binary numbers and comparing the result with the expected value. UNIT-IV: ARITHMETIC CIRCUITS & DATA PROCESSING CIRCUITS Design a data processing circuit: Students can be asked to design and build a data processing circuit that performs a specific function, such as filtering, modulation, or demodulation. They can use op-amps, filters, modulators, and demodulators to implement the circuit and test its performance using simulated or real- world signals. Implement a digital signal processing algorithm: Students can be asked to implement a digital signal processing algorithm, such as a Fourier transform, a discrete cosine transform, or a digital filter. They can use software tools such as MATLAB or Python to simulate the algorithm and test its performance using sample signals. UNIT-V: SEQUENTIAL LOGIC CIRCUITS & CODE CONVERTERS Design a flip-flop circuit: Students can be asked to design and build a flip-flop circuit using logic gates and test its operation by creating a sequence of logic signals. They can also compare the performance of different types of flip-flops, such as SR, D, JK, and T, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages in sequential circuits. Implement a counter circuit: Students can be asked to design and build a counter circuit that counts up or down using flip-flops. They can use different types of counters, such as ripple, synchronous, or Johnson, and test their operation by connecting the output to LEDs or other indicators. Design a code converter circuit: Students can be asked to design and build a code converter circuit that converts a binary code to another code, such as Gray code, BCD, or ASCII. They can use logic gates, multiplexers, and decoders to implement the circuit, and test its operation by inputting different codes SEMESTER-IV COURSE 9: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Electricity and Magnetism aims to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the principles of electricity, magnetism, and their interactions LEARNING OUTCOMES: On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:  1. Understand the Gauss law and its application to obtain electric field in different cases and formulate the relationship between electric displacement vector, electric polarization, Susceptibility, Permittivity and Dielectric constant. 2. To learn the methods used to solve problems using loop analysis, Nodal analysis, Thvenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and the Superposition theorem 3. Distinguish between the magnetic effect of electric current and electromagnetic induction and apply the related laws in appropriate circumstances. 4. Understand Biot and Savart’s law and Ampere’s circuital law to describe and explain the generation of magnetic fields by electrical currents. 5. Develop an understanding on the unification of electric, and magnetic fields and Maxwell’s equations governing electromagnetic waves. 6. Phenomenon of resonance in LCR AC-circuits, sharpness of resonance, Q- factor, Power factor and the comparative study of series and parallel resonant circuits UNIT-I Electrostatics and Dielectrics Gauss’s law-Statement and its proof, Electric field intensity due to (i) uniformly charged solid sphere, Electrical potential–Equipotential surfaces, Potential due to a uniformly charged sphere. Dielectrics-Polar and Non-polar dielectrics- Effect of electric field on dielectrics, Dielectric strength, Electric displacement D, electric polarization Relation between D, E and P, Dielectric constant and electric susceptibility. UNIT-II Current electricity Electrical conduction-drift velocity-current density, equation of continuity, ohms law and limitations, Kirchhoff’s Law’s, Wheatstone bridge-balancing condition - sensitivity. Branch current method, Nodal Analysis, star to delta & delta to star conversions. Superposition Theorem, Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's Theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem. UNIT-III Magneto statics Biot-Savart’s law and its applications: (i) circular loop and (ii) solenoid, Ampere’s Circuital Law and its application to Solenoid, Hall effect, determination of Hall coefficient and applications. Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, Self-induction and Mutual induction, Self- inductance of a long solenoid, Magnetic Energy density. Mutual inductance of a pair of coils. Coefficient of Coupling UNIT-IV Electromagnetic waves-Maxwell’s equations: Basic laws of electricity and magnetism- Maxwell’s equations- integral and differential forms Derivation, concept of displacement current. Plane electromagnetic wave equation, Hertz experiment-Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic wave equation in conducting media. Pointing vector and propagation of electromagnetic waves UNIT-V Varying and alternating currents: Growth and decay of currents in LR, CR, LCR circuits-Critical damping. Alternating current - A.C. fundamentals, and A.C through pure R, L and C. Relation between current and voltage in LR and CR circuits, Phasor and Vector diagrams, LCR series and parallel resonant circuit, Q –factor, Power in ac circuits, Power factor. REFERENCE BOOKS 1. BSc Physics, Vol.3, Telugu Akademy, Hyderabad. 2. Electricity and Magnetism, D.N. Vasudeva. S. Chand & Co. 3. Electricity, Magnetism with Electronics, K.K.Tewari, R.Chand & Co., 4. "Electricity and Magnetism" by Brijlal and Subramanyam Ratan Prakashan Mandir, 1966 5. "Electricity and Magnetism: Fundamentals, Theory, and Applications" by R. Murugeshan, Kiruthiga Siva prasath, and M. Saravanapandian 6. "Electricity and Magnetism: Theory and Applications" by Ajoy Ghatak and S. Lokanathan 7. Electricity and Magnetism: Problems and Solutions" by Ashok Kumar and Rajesh Kumar 8. Electricity and Magnetism, R.Murugeshan, S. Chand & Co. SEMESTER-IV COURSE 9: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course objective for a practical course in electricity and magnetism may include to develop practical skills in handling electrical and electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, and oscillators. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles of electricity and magnetism. Apply the laws and principles of electricity and magnetism to analyze and solve electrical and magnetic problems. Design, construct, and test electrical circuits using various components and measuring instruments. Measure and analyze electrical quantities such as voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, and inductance using appropriate instruments. Apply the principles of electromagnetism to understand and analyze the behavior of magnetic fields and their interactions with electric currents Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. Figure of merit of a moving coil galvanometer. 2. LCR circuit series/parallel resonance, Q factor. 3. Determination of ac-frequency –Sonometer. 4. Verification of Kirchhoff’s laws and Maximum Power Transfer theorem. 5. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem 6. Field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current-Stewart & Gee’s apparatus. 7. Charging and discharging of CR circuit-Determination of time constant 8. A.C Impedance and Power factor 9. Determination of specific resistance of wire by using Carey Foster’s bridge. STUDENT ACTIVITIES UNIT-I Electrostatics and Dielectrics: Conduct a simulation to visualize equipotential surfaces for a given charge distribution. Conduct a group discussion on the significance of electric field lines and how they can be used to predict the motion of charged particles in electric fields. UNIT-II Current electricity: Conduct a Wheatstone bridge experiment in class and discuss the balancing condition and sensitivity. Conduct a group activity where students are divided into groups and assigned a different circuit analysis method (nodal analysis, mesh analysis, superposition theorem, etc.) and asked to present their findings to the class. UNIT-III Magneto statics and Electromagnetic Induction: Conduct a demonstration to show the Hall effect and measure the Hall coefficient of a given material. Conduct a group activity where students are divided into groups, and assigned a different application of Faraday's law (electromagnetic induction, transformers, etc.) and asked to present their findings to the class. UNIT-IV Electromagnetic waves: Conduct a group activity where students are asked to research the history of the development of Maxwell's equations and present their findings to the class. Conduct a simulation to visualize the propagation of electromagnetic waves in different media (vacuum, air, water, etc.) and discuss the differences in the behaviour of waves in different media. UNIT-V Varying and alternating currents: Conduct a demonstration to show the resonance in an LCR circuit and measure the Q-factor. Conduct a group activity where students are divided into groups and assigned a different power factor correction method (capacitor banks, synchronous condensers, etc.) and asked to present their findings to the class. SEMESTER-IV COURSE 10: MODERN PHYSICS Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course on Modern Physics aims to provide students with an understanding of the principles of modern physics and their applications in various fields. LEARNING OUTCOMES: On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to: 1. Understand the principles of atomic structure and spectroscopy. 2. Understand the principles of molecular structure and spectroscopy 3. Develop critical understanding of concept of Matter waves and Uncertainty principle. 4. Get familiarized with the principles of quantum mechanics and the formulation of Schrodinger wave equation and its applications. 5. Increase the awareness and appreciation of superconductors and their practical applications UNIT-I: Introduction to Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy: Bohr's model of the hydrogen atom -Derivation for radius, energy and wave number - Hydrogen spectrum, Vector atom model – Stern and Gerlach experiment, Quantum numbers associated with it, Coupling schemes, Spectral terms and spectral notations, Selection rules. Zeeman effect, Experimental arrangement to study Zeeman effect. UNIT-II: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy Molecular rotational and vibrational spectra, electronic energy levels and electronic transitions, Raman effect, Characteristics of Raman effect, Experimental arrangement to study Raman effect, Quantum theory of Raman effect, Applications of Raman effect. Spectroscopic techniques: IR, UV-Visible, and Raman spectroscopy UNIT-III: Matter waves & Uncertainty Principle: Matter waves, de Broglie’s hypothesis, Properties of matter waves, Davisson and Germer’s experiment, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle for position and momentum & energy and time, Illustration of uncertainty principle using diffraction of beam of electrons (Diffraction by a single slit) and photons (Gamma ray microscope). UNIT-IV: Quantum Mechanics: Basic postulates of quantum mechanics, Schrodinger time independent and time dependent wave equations- Derivations, Physical interpretation of wave function, Eigen functions, Eigen values, Application of Schrodinger wave equation to (one-dimensional potential box of infinite height (Infinite Potential Well) UNIT-V: Superconductivity: Introduction to Superconductivity, Experimental results-critical temperature, critical magnetic field, Meissner effect, London’s Equation and Penetration Depth, Isotope effect, Type I and Type II superconductors, BCS theory, high Tc super conductors, Applications of superconductors REFERENCE BOOKS 1. BSc Physics, Vol.4, Telugu Akademy, Hyderabad 2. Atomic Physics by J.B. Rajam; S.Chand& Co., 3. Modern Physics by R. Murugeshan and Kiruthiga Siva Prasath. S. Chand & Co. 4. Concepts of Modern Physics by Arthur Beiser. Tata McGraw-Hill Edition. 5. Nuclear Physics, D.C.Tayal, Himalaya Publishing House. 6. S.K. Kulkarni, Nanotechnology: Principles & Practices (Capital Publ.Co.) 7. K.K.Chattopadhyay&A.N.Banerjee, Introd.to Nanoscience and Technology(PHI Learning Priv. Limited). 8. Nano materials, A K Bandopadhyay. New Age International Pvt Ltd (2007) 9. Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, BS Murthy, P Shankar, Baldev Raj,BB Rath and J Murday-Universities Press-IIM SEMESTER-IV COURSE 10: MODERN PHYSICS Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course objective for a practical course in Modern Physics may provide hands-on experience with experimental techniques and equipment used in modern physics experiments. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Apply experimental techniques and equipment to investigate and analyze phenomena related to modern physics, such as quantum mechanics, relativity, atomic physics, and nuclear physics. 2. Demonstrate a deep understanding of the principles and theories of modern physics through hands-on experimentation and data analysis. 3. Develop proficiency in using advanced laboratory instruments and techniques specific to modern physics experiments, such as spectroscopy, interferometry, particle detectors, and radiation measurement. 4. Analyze and interpret experimental data using statistical methods and error analysis, drawing meaningful conclusions and relating them to theoretical concepts. 5. Design and conduct independent experiments or investigations related to modern physics, demonstrating the ability to plan, execute, and analyze experimental procedures and results. Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded 1. e/m of an electron by Thomson method. 2. Determination of Planck’s Constant (photocell). 3. Verification of inverse square law of light using photovoltaic cell. 4. Determination of the Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different colours. 5. Determination of work function of material of filament of directly heated vacuum diode. 6. Determination of M & H. 7. Energy gap of a semiconductor using junction diode. 8. Energy gap of a semiconductor using thermistor. STUDENT ACTIVITIES: UNIT-I: Introduction to Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy Spectroscopy Experiment: Divide the students into small groups and provide each group with a spectrometer or spectroscope, a light source, and different samples or elements for analysis. Instruct the students to carefully observe the spectra produced by the samples using the spectrometer. Encourage them to note the presence of specific spectral lines or patterns. Data Collection: Have the students record their observations in their lab notebooks or worksheets. They should note the wavelengths or colors of the observed spectral lines and any patterns they observe. Analysis and Discussion: Guide a class discussion on the observed spectra and their significance. Discuss how the observed spectral lines correspond to specific energy transitions in the atoms. Ask students to compare the spectra of different samples or elements and identify any similarities or differences. Discuss the concept of energy levels and how electrons transition between them, emitting or absorbing photons of specific wavelengths. UNIT-II: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy  Begin the activity with a brief introduction to molecular structure, discussing concepts such as chemical bonds, molecular geometry, and the importance of molecular structure in determining the properties and behavior of substances. Explain the principles of spectroscopy, focusing on vibrational and rotational spectra and how they relate to molecular vibrations and rotations. UNIT-III: Matter waves & Uncertainty Principle: Begin the activity by introducing the concept of matter waves and the uncertainty principle. Discuss how the wave-particle duality of matter is a fundamental principle in quantum mechanics. Provide a brief overview of the historical development of the uncertainty principle and its implications for our understanding of the behavior of particles on a microscopic scale. UNIT-IV: Quantum Mechanics: Begin the activity by providing an overview of quantum mechanics and its significance in understanding the behavior of particles on a microscopic scale. Discuss key concepts such as wave- particle duality, superposition, quantization, and the probabilistic nature of quantum systems UNIT-V: Superconductivity: Begin the activity by providing an overview of superconductivity, including its definition, properties, and significance in scientific and technological applications. Discuss key concepts such as zero electrical resistance, Meissner effect, critical temperature, and type I and type II superconductors SEMESTER-IV COURSE 11: INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The course aims to provide students with an understanding of the principles of Nuclear and Particle physics and their applications in various fields. LEARNING OUTCOMES By successful completion of the course, students will be able to 1. know about high energy particles and their applications which prepares them for further study and research in elcitrapphysics 2. Students can explain important concepts on nucleon-nucleon interaction, such as its short-range, spin dependence, isospin, and tensors. 3. Students can show the potential shapes from nucleon nucleon interactions. 4. Students can explain the single particle model, its strengths, and weaknesses 5. Students can explain magic numbers based on this model UNIT-I: Introduction to Nuclear Physics Nuclear Structure: General Properties of Nuclei, Mass defect, Binding energy; Nuclear forces: Characteristics of nuclear forces- Yukawa’s meson theory; Nuclear Models- Liquid drop model- Semi empirical mass formula, nuclear shell model. UNIT-II: Elementary Particles And Interactions Discovery and classification of elementary particles, properties of leptons, mesons and baryons; Types of interactions- strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions; Conservation laws – Isospin, parity, charge conjugation UNIT-III: Nuclear Reactions and Nuclear Detectors Nuclear Reactions: Types of reactions, Conservation Laws in nuclear reactions, Reaction energetic, Threshold energy, nuclear cross-section; Nuclear detectors: Geiger- Muller counter, Scintillation counter, Cloud chamber UNIT-IV: Nuclear Decays and Nuclear Accelerators Nuclear Decays: Gamow’s theory of alpha decay, Fermi’s theory of Beta- decay, Energy release in Beta- decay, selection rules. Nuclear Accelerators: Types- Electrostatic and electrodynamics accelerators; Cyclotron-construction, working and applications; Synchrocyclotron-construction, working and applications. UNIT-V: Applications of Nuclear and Particle Physics Medical Applications: Radiation therapy and imaging techniques, nuclear energy: nuclear reactors and power generation, Particle physics in high-energy Astro Physics Reference Books: 1. Nuclear Physics, Irving Kaplan, Narosa Pub. (1998). 2. Nuclear Physics, Theory and experiment – P.R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, New Age Int.1997. 3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Vol.2), S.N. Ghoshal, S. Chand & Co. (1994). 4. Nuclear Physics, D.C. Tayal, Himalaya Pub. (1997). 5. Atomic and Nuclear Physics, R.C. Sharma, K. Nath& Co., Meerut. 6. Nuclei and Particles, E. Segre. 7. Introduction to Nuclear Physics, H.A. Enge, Addison Wesley (1975).  SEMESTER-IV COURSE 11: INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS Practical Credits: 1 2 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: To familiarize students with experimental techniques and methodologies used in nuclear and particle physics. To provide hands-on experience in conducting experiments related to nuclear and particle physics. LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Gain a solid understanding of fundamental concepts in nuclear and particle physics. 2. Acquire knowledge of experimental techniques and methodologies used in the field. 3. Understand the principles and operation of laboratory equipment and instruments specific to nuclear and particle physics experiments. 4. Develop proficiency in conducting experiments related to nuclear and particle physics. 5. Acquire skills in data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation using appropriate software and techniques. 6. Learn to design and perform experiments, including calibration, measurement, and control of variables. NSIN PTNEEXREPXE 1. GM counter – Determination of dead time 2. eiaclf cfrilclripctiitrfracopf cfsefr acipcflccfpiitolit cf cftiif epclitctfo ailtp 3. riitolit cf cfpcctrtpcrlfc cflftloolfi acrpf cfiipfsefr acipc 4. r fopctclftcopcipfilalcpfal faitctfsefr acipc 5. ffc carit cflccfliipcalit cf cbremsstrahlung 6. riitolit cf cfpcctrtpcrlfc cflf pilfi acrpf cfiipfsefr acipc 7. eiaclf cf lrefirliipctctf cf pilfelcitrapi STUDENT ACTIVITIES UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR PHYSICS Provide students with a computer simulation or interactive app that allows them to explore radioactive decay processes. Ask students to observe and analyze the decay patterns of different isotopes, including the concept of half- life. Guide students to make connections between the simulation results and the fundamental principles of nuclear physics UNIT-II: ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND INTERACTIONS Divide students into small groups and assign each group a specific elementary particle (e.g., proton, electron, neutrino, quark). Instruct students to create a poster showcasing their assigned particle, including its properties, classification, and interactions. Encourage creativity in the presentation of information, such as diagrams, illustrations, and concise explanations. Have each group present their posters to the class, promoting discussion and comparisons between different particles. UNIT-III: NUCLEAR REACTIONS AND NUCLEAR DETECTORS Divide students into small groups and assign each group a specific scenario that requires radiation shielding, such as a nuclear power plant, a medical facility, or a space mission. Instruct students to research and design an effective radiation shielding system for their assigned scenario, considering factors such as the type of radiation, the intensity of radiation, and the materials available for shielding. Encourage students to calculate and compare the attenuation properties of different materials and discuss the trade-offs between effectiveness, cost, and practicality in their designs. Have each group present their shielding design to the class, explaining their rationale and addressing potential challenges or limitations UNIT-IV: NUCLEAR DECAYS AND NUCLEAR ACCELERATORS Provide students with a radioactive decay chain involving multiple decays, such as alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Instruct students to analyze the decay chain and determine the sequence of decays, including the types of particles emitted and the resulting daughter nuclei. Ask students to calculate the half-lives of the parent and daughter nuclei based on the decay data and explore the concept of radioactive equilibrium. Encourage students to discuss the practical applications and significance of decay chains in fields such as radiometric dating or medical imaging UNIT-V: APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS Assign students specific medical imaging techniques based on nuclear and particle physics, such as positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), or computed tomography (CT). Instruct students to research and present on the principles behind their assigned imaging technique, including the interaction of particles or radiation with matter, detector technology, and image reconstruction methods. Ask students to discuss the advantages, limitations, and specific medical applications of their assigned imaging technique. Encourage students to critically analyze the role of nuclear and particle physics in advancing medical diagnostics and treatment planning  SEMESTER-V COURSE 12: APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM Theory Credits: 3 3 hrs/week COURSE OBJECTIVE: The objective of the course on Applications of Electricity and Magnetism is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the practical applications of electricity and magnetism in various fields. The course aims to develop students' knowledge and skills in applying electrical and magnetic principles to real-world problems and technologies. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Students after successful completion of the course will be able to: 1. Identify various components present in Electricity& Electronics Laboratory. 2. Acquire a critical knowledge of each component and its utility (like resistors, capacitors, inductors, power sources etc.). 3. Demonstrate skills of constructing simple electro