Biology 2 Levels of Organization PDF

## Biology 2 ### Levels of Organization - Cell - Tissues - Organ - Organ System - Organism ### Systems - **Digestive:** ingests, digest, absorbs, eliminates - **Circulatory** - **Respiratory** - **Excretory** - **Endocrine:** pituitary hormones - **Nervous:** CNS, PNS - **Muscular** - **Skeleta...

## Biology 2 ### Levels of Organization - Cell - Tissues - Organ - Organ System - Organism ### Systems - **Digestive:** ingests, digest, absorbs, eliminates - **Circulatory** - **Respiratory** - **Excretory** - **Endocrine:** pituitary hormones - **Nervous:** CNS, PNS - **Muscular** - **Skeletal** - **Integumentary:** skin - **Immune & lymphatic** - **Reproductive** ### Organ Systems 1. **Digestive System** - Oral cavity - Pharynx - Esophagus - Stomach - Small Intestine - Pancreas - Liver - Gallbladder - Large Intestines - Rectum - Anus - Main features of digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination. 2. **Circulatory System** - Movement of prime substances - Heart pumps blood 3. **The Shoot System** - Expired to the sun - Portion of the plant above ground 4. **Root System** - Provides support - Photosynthesis - Underground portion of the plant 5. **Root Cap** - Protective, thimble-like layer - Covers delicate root 6. **Stem** 7. **Node** - Holds leaves and buds - Region where leaf is attached 8. **Internode** - Area of the stem between node 9. **Apical Bud** - Located at the top - Growing shoot tip 10. **Leaves** - Mostly spiral 11. **Petiole** - Flattened blade ### Additional 1. **Immune System** - Defense is the best offense - Composed of specific and nonspecific defense - Used by the body to fight pathogens. - **Notable organs:** - Bone marrow - Thymus - Lymph nodes - Tonsils - Adenoids - Spleen 2. **Reproductive System** - Self-perpetuation - Responsible for production of gametes - Carrying a fetus is called reproductive system. - **Both Male and Female Organs:** - Called gonads - Male: Testes - Female: Ovaries - Produce gametes - **Male Hormones:** Testosterone - **Female Hormones:** Estrogen and progesterone 3. **Tissue and Cells** - 3 main types of tissues common to plants: - Dermal Tissues - Vascular tissues - Ground Tissues 4. **Skeletal** - Composed of two parts: - **Axial Skeleton:** Skull, ribcage, and spine. - **Appendicular Skeleton:** Contains all other bones. 5. **Integumentary System** - Mostly composed of skin and serves as the outermost protective layers. - Our skin has two layers: - **Epidermis:** Outer part of the skin, undergoes mitosis, thinner layer, and undergoes cell division - **Dermis:** Second layer of the skin, a layer of fibrous connective tissue. Contains sweat glands, hair follicles, and oil glands - **Subcutaneous layer:** Final layer, composed of loose connective tissue. - **Adipose (fat tissue):** Serves as insulation. 6. **Muscular System:** Move it and groove it! - Produces body movements - Body heat - Maintains posture - Supports the body. - Muscle fibers are the main cell type. - **Sliding Filament Model:** Used to portray how muscle fibers contract and relax to allow movements. 7. **Skeletal System** - Flexible yet durable - Important system in providing locomotor abilities - **Types of Skeletons:** - **Hydrostatic Skeletons:** Water, fluid - **Exoskeletons:** Outside - **Endoskeletons:** Inside 8. **Nervous System** - **2 main divisions:** - **Central Nervous System (CNS):** Brain and spinal cord, involve voluntary movement and involuntary movement - **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):** Composed of nerves that branch out from the brain - **Sensory Receptors:** Detect stimuli and turn them into action 9. **Endocrine System** - Cell signaling - Organ that secretes substances - **Hormones:** Released from glands - **Endocrine glands:** - Duchess: No tubes or vessels, release secretions directly into the bloodstream - Secretion onto your body's surface or into your body - **Major components of the endocrine system:** - **Pineal Gland:** Regulate biological rhythms. - **Hypothalamus:** Regulates the pituitary gland. - **Anterior Pituitary Gland:** Regulates growth and metabolism as well as the activities of the gonads and thyroid. - **Posterior Pituitary Gland:** Regulates uterine contractions, lactation, and water absorption in the kidney. - **Thyrod Gland:** Regulates calcium content of blood - **Parathyroid Gland:** Raises calcium level of blood - **Adrenal Medulla:** "Fight or Flight" during times of intense stress 10. **Respiratory System:** - Functional units: Alveoli, are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place. 11. **Excretory System:** - The body's waste Removal Facility - Filtering circulating blood - **Kidneys:** - **Renal Capsule:** Outer coat of the connective tissue - **Renal Cortex:** Zone near the capsule consisting of blood vessels and nephrons - **Renal Medulla:** Inner - **Nephrons:** Urine is formed - **Renal Pelvis:** Central cavity; before urine is released 12. **Meristems** - Plants keep growing due to regions of undifferentiated cells called meristems - Have cells that can divide for generating new cells - Differentiated cells can then become a certain type of cells. ### Comparison & Contrast Worksheet ### Youts - Most concentrated at the vegetal pole and least concentrated at the animal pole. ##### Morphogenesis - Process by which cells occupy their appropriate location ##### Gastrula - **Gastrulation:** Out portion of the forming embryo. - **Organogenesis:** Formation of organs ##### Germ - Sex cells (gametes) - **Ectoderm:** External covering (skin). - **Endoderm:** Makes up for the lining of the digestive tract - **Mesoderm:** Develops into muscle, connective tissues, and bone. ##### Notochord - Supporting rod of mesodermal, cartilage-like cells - Serves as the primitive skeletal axis. - Formed early in vertebrate organogenesis. ##### Neurulation - Dorsal part-side process where the notochord forms. ### Describing how organs develop in plants and animals. - **Frog:** Model organism. - **Embryonic Developmental Stages:** - **Fertilization:** Union of sperm and egg cell - **Cleavage:** Period of rapid cell division. - **Blastomere:** Connected to cell division. - **Cleavage:** Partitions the cytoplasm of a cell into smaller cells. - **Finapay:** Ilang malalaking kapang turn into smaller pieces. - **Blastula:** 5-7 divisions, continual cleavage until five to seven divisions to produce the hollow ball of cells - **Continual cleavage:** 5-7 divisions, produce walls of cells. - **Blastocoel:** Cell - **Fluid-filled Cavity** - **Blastoderm:** Outer covering, nor blastoderm - **Blastoderm:** Outer covering, nor blastoderm.