Biology Notes PDF

# Zircon Crystal - zirconium silicate mineral - common throughout the world as minor constituent of igneous, meta morphic and sedimentary rocks # Stromatolites - are microbial reefs created by cyanobacteria or blue green algae # Cyanobacteria - bacteria that obtain energy from photosynthesis # Pr...

# Zircon Crystal - zirconium silicate mineral - common throughout the world as minor constituent of igneous, meta morphic and sedimentary rocks # Stromatolites - are microbial reefs created by cyanobacteria or blue green algae # Cyanobacteria - bacteria that obtain energy from photosynthesis # Protists - are eukaryotes that first appeared 2 BYA with the rise of atmospheric oxygen levels - 500 MYA - These are extinct group of invertebrate organism - 251 - 68.5 - Dinosaurs begin to appear - Age of reptiles - oldest known early humans (upright man) # LESSON 2 ## UNIFYING THEMES IN THE STUDY OF LIFE 1. Biological Systems - System - a complex organization formed 2. Reproduction and Inheritance - Reproduction - process of producing offspring that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism - Inheritance - the process by which genetic information is passed on from parent to child 3. Interaction with the Environment - Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy 4. Energy and Life - Energy is needed in chemical form - Carbohydrates, fats and proteins - Energy can be stored in different forms, for example, light (sunlight), chemical, kinetic, or thermal 5. Regulation (homeostasis) - Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. - Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions 6. Evolution and diversity - Adaptation - an inherited trait that helps an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce - Evolution - generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population 7. Scientific Inquiry - Asking questions about nature - Using observations or experiments to find possible answers 8. Science, technology and society - The relationships of science and technology to society are now more crucial to understand than ever before. # Lesson 3: PERPETUATION OF LIFE ## What is reproduction? - biological process by which new individual organisms "offspring" are produced from their "parent" or parents - ASEXUAL - Single Parent - SEXUAL - Combination of genes # (ASEXUAL) - FRAGMENTATION - split into fragments - BINARY FISSION - separation of the parent cell into two new daughter cells. - BUDDING - new organism is developed from a small part of the parent's body - PARTHENOGENESIS - self-impregnation, virgin birth # (SEXUAL) - Fertilization is the process wherein sperm and egg cell unite - OVIPAROUS - producing eggs that develop and hatch outside the maternal body - VIVIPAROUS - those in which fertilization and embryo development occur inside the individual # L4: GENETIC ENGINEERING ## Genetics - branch of biology concerned with the study of the DNA of organisms, how their DNA manifests as genes, and how those genes are inherited by offspring ## Chromosome - thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells ## DNA - molecule of life - passed from parents to offspring, contains specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique ## GENOTYPE - genetic make-up of an individual ## GENETIC - artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms ## GENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES - Selective Breeding - a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics - Artificial Selection - Hybridization - two individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms - Artificial selection Inbreeding - a technique of breeding organisms that are genetically similar to maintain desired traits - Cloning - a technique use to make exact genetic copies of living things - Gene Splicing - the process of chemically cutting DNA of one organism and will be put into another organism using restriction enzymes - Gel Electrophoresis - a laboratory method used to separate mixture of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size and charge # Lesson 5: ORGAN SYSTEMS ## Digestion - 4 main stages - Ingestion - The first activity of the digestive system is to take in food through the mouth. - Digestion - is the process of taking in the nutrients from the food source. - Absorption - process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood to be supplied to the rest of the body. - Egestion/elimination - the removal of undigested food materials - exit of the food waste is the same; the structure is called the gastrovascular cavity. ## Respiratory System - It facilitates breathing. - gas exchange require oxygen in the production of higher amount of energy - The tracheal system of insects opens externally through a structure called a spiracle, air enters and exits through it. ## Circulatory System - The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. ## Urinary System - enables to remove excess salt or water in the body - processes of waste removal; filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion ## Immune System - Defends the internal environment from invading microorganism and viruses, as well as cancerous cell growth. ## Endocrine System - Hormones are substances which can cause reaction to the cell. It secreted into extracellular fluid in blood or lymph to target cells and elicit a specific response. - The growth hormone is produced by the pituitary glands - The circadian rhythm which is responsible for the sleep and wake cycles respond to a more rapid response to a hormone. ## Nervous System - The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is composed of corresponding structures outside of this two organs of nervous system. - A-C: lower animals (no brain, just nerves) - D-F: higher animals (with brain) ## Muscular - Provides movement, maintain posture and produces heat - **MAIN FEATURES** - **Skeletal** - Fibers: Striated, tubular and multi nucleated - voluntary - usually attached skeleton - **Smooth** - Fibers: non-striated - involuntary - usually covering wall internal organs - **Cardiac** - Fibers: striated - involuntary - only covering wall of the heart ## Skeletal - It provides support, protection, and attachment points for the muscles and provide rigid framework for movement. It also produces blood cells, and stores minerals ## Exoskeleton - is an important function for the exoskeleton is to act as a barrier preventing microorganisms from acess to - comparative - analogous structure - similar physical features in organisms that do not share a common ancestor, instead, these structures are related to one another because they perform the same function - vestigial structures - structures that have no apparent functionand appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor # L8: INTERACTION AND INTERDEPENDENCE ## Ecology - is the branch of biology that deals with the study of interaction and interdependence between living things and their environment ## Ecosystem - refers to the area wherein living things associate with each other and with their environment ## Predators - an organism that primarily obtains food by the killing and consuming of other organisms ## Prey - an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal ## Producer - an organism that creates its own food or energy ## Consumer - an organism that gets its energy by eating plants or animals ## Biotic - maximum rate at which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth ## 3 ABIOTIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT BIOTIC POTENTIAL 1. Diseases 2. Predation 3. Natural Disaster ## Environmental - refers to the factors that can limit the growth of a populace - It includes predators, competitors, disease, lack of food and water and unsuitable habitat.