4.4 Maritime Empires Established PDF

# 4.4 Maritime Empires Established ## Slide 1-title slide If students are using the Guided Notes, make sure they have those before beginning the lecture. ## Slide 2- Learning Objectives The first section of this lecture covers the theme of Governance (Politics if using the SPICE-T theme acronym)...

# 4.4 Maritime Empires Established ## Slide 1-title slide If students are using the Guided Notes, make sure they have those before beginning the lecture. ## Slide 2- Learning Objectives The first section of this lecture covers the theme of Governance (Politics if using the SPICE-T theme acronym). ## Slide 3- Vasco da Gama's New Sea Route Recall from topic 4.2 that Vasco da Gama sailed to India on behalf of Portugal. This was the voyage that opened up a new route to India and Southeast Asia from Europe. Because the Portuguese had been the ones to engage heavily in maritime trade with West Africa, and because they first made the trip around Africa to Asia, much of the African coast- both West and East- was heavily affected and influenced by the Portuguese. During that first voyage to India, da Gama took note of the bustling African port cities on the east coast, and the many (unarmed) merchant ships carrying valuable cargo. Vasco da Gama's trip would set a series of events in motion that would help to establish Portugal's maritime empire. ## Slide 4- The Swahili City-States The word Swahili translates to "people of the coast." The Swahili Coast became an area of interest to the Portuguese after Vasco da Gama's 1498 trip to India. It was here that da Gama witnessed and encountered very active merchant ports that were involved in the lucrative Indian Ocean trade. The Swahili city-states were comprised of 35 independent cities which thrived on trade. From the 12th to 15th centuries, these trading cities grew prospered from ocean trade. The inhabitants of the Swahili Coast were largely Muslim, making the merchants associated with these cities Muslim merchants. On the map of the east coast of Africa, four major Swahili trading city-states are labeled. These were all of interest to the Portuguese after Vasco da Gama's first voyage. ## Slide 5- Portugal Seeks Trading Posts in Africa In Topic 4.2 (Exploration: Causes and Events) we briefly discussed Portugal's trading-post empire which consisted of small ports in Africa and Southeast Asia that helped Portugal maintain control of valuable trading routes. To begin a more in-depth look at some of those Portuguese trading posts and how they were established, we will begin with Mombasa, which is located in present-day Kenya in East Africa. Vasco da Gama's voyage around the Cape of Good Hope was much more than a simple expedition to locate a new route to India and Southeast Asia. There were many encounters with African cities along the way. Many of these encounters paved the way for later Portuguese domination and the establishment of trading posts and colonies. When da Gama's crew approached the waters near Mombasa, they encountered unarmed Arab merchant ships. The Portuguese vessels were fitted with artillery and Vasco da Gama and his crew began attacking and looting merchant ships in the area. When da Gama came into Mombasa, he and his crew became the first Europeans to visit the city, but the Portuguese were not well received and soon left (1498). Mombasa's location made it a point of interest for the Portuguese who sought to gain access and control of Indian Ocean trade. ## Slide 6- Portugal and Mombasa Two years after Vasco da Gama's initial visit to Mombasa, the Portuguese returned to the city in 1500 and launched an attack. After this sacking of the city, various Portuguese navigators paid visits to Mombasa. Tristão da Cunha came in 1506 and his son, Nuno da Cunha destroyed the city of Mombasa in 1528 when the city refused to pay tribute to Portugal. Mombasa was captured from the Portuguese in 1585 by the Ottomans and the Somalis. But in 1589, the Portuguese reconquered Mombasa and built Fort Jesus (pictured on the right) to defend their claim to the territory. The fort would be taken a total of nine times by different nations attempting to gain control of Mombasa. While it is not important that students memorize the Portuguese navigators who visited Mombasa or the years in which attacks or takeovers of the city occurred, it is important that students understand the reason why Mombasa was such a highly desired spot on the coast of East Africa. Portugal invested a lot in taking Mombasa and maintaining its control over it because it was an extremely valuable trading post. ## Slide 7- Portugal and Kilwa Upon Vasco da Gama's return to Portugal in 1499, he reported his findings to King Manuel I. Although da Gama's primary objective was to secure a trade treaty with Calicut in India and he did not succeed in that mission, he did provide Portugal with information about the Indian Ocean trade that led to frequent, recurring expeditions around Africa into the Indian Ocean. In 1500, the 2nd Portuguese India Armada, commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral, visited Kilwa and attempted to reach a commercial and alliance treaty but was unsuccessful. In 1502, the 4th Portuguese Indian Armada led by Vasco da Gama returned to Kilwa in a more aggressive manner and forced a large tribute payment from the city's leader. In 1505, Francisco de Almeida brought his fleet into the harbor of Kilwa and this was when Portugal took over the city and built Fort Santiago there so the Portuguese could attempt to maintain control over the city and its trade. ## Slide 8- Response to the Portuguese While the Portuguese were able to strike mutual trade agreements in some places on the East African coast, the Portuguese were not welcomed everywhere. Like in Mombasa, there was resistance to the Portuguese takeover of Kilwa as well. Portugal imposed mercantilist laws on the Kilwan Sultanate which stipulated that only Portuguese ships could conduct trade with other nearby coastal cities. This put many Kilwan merchants out of business, and Kilwa was built on ocean trade over several centuries prior to the arrival of the Portuguese. Francisco de Almeida had installed a puppet leader, Muhammad Arcone, who was a vassal to the Portuguese king. After Almeida departed, Muhammad Arcone was assassinated and this led to a series of internal conflicts that resulted in much destruction of the city. This occurred in late 1506, just over a year after the Portuguese established a vassal leader and built their fort. By 1512, the Portuguese had completely abandoned Fort Santiago and it was taken over by Omani Arabs. Pictured on this slide is what's left of Fort Santiago, but this is after the Omani Arabs added to the fort so it is not all original Portuguese construction. ## Slide 9- Portuguese India Armadas After Vasco da Gama's first voyage to India, Portugal established a schedule of missions that would retrace the route of da Gama. These were known as the India Armadas and they left Lisbon once year through 1511. Each Armada had specific goals related to the expansion of the Portuguese maritime empire in Africa and Asia. The different missions to both Kilwa and Mombasa we just discussed were part of different Portuguese India Armada missions. The largest armada sent to India included 20 ships and about 1500-1800 men. In addition to these India Armadas, Portugal also sent Brazil expeditions to the new world during their empire-building process. Pictured on this slide are the carracks of the 1507 India Armada. ## Slide 10- Building Portugal's Empire Portugal differed from other European powers in how it set about in expanding its global empire. Rather than attempting to conquer and control large territories, the Portuguese built forts and warehouses at strategic locations in Africa and Asia. They used very aggressive and forceful military tactics to force well-positioned cities to allow a Portuguese presence. This was often achieved through violent means so as to use fear to maintain control of the empire. Portugal set up trading-posts in an effort to dominate the lucrative spice trade that originated in Southeast Asia. Some of Portugal's trading posts are labeled on the map. Notice that trading-posts such as Hormuz and Malacca gave Portugal control over bottleneck straits where ships carrying goods had to pass. The stars on the map represent forts or commercial warehouses that Portugal built and controlled (or, in some cases, attempted to control). Notice that the west coast of India was a major area of Portuguese presence. Brazil in South America, however, was what we think of as a more traditional colony in which a large territory is occupied rather than just a fort or city. There is a supplemental primary source activity called "Portuguese Use of Force Against Non-Christians in the Building of Their Empire" which pairs well with this portion of the lecture. ## Slide 11- Portugal and West Africa We've discussed Portugal's empire-building efforts in East Africa and India, but West Africa was also greatly influenced by the Portuguese. The papal bull Romanus Pontifex was issued in January 1455 by Pope Nicholas V to catholic King Afonso V of Portugal. (Remind students that the Pope often settled disputes and drew "lines" for catholic states at this time.) This papal bull gave Portugal dominion over all lands south of Cape Bojador in Africa, and it protected Portugal's trade and colonization of this area. Slavery in Portugal greatly increased after exploration of sub-Saharan Africa began. One factor that led to a growing demand for slaves in Portugal in the 15th century was a labor shortage. Portugal regularly traded with the Kingdom of Benin beginning in 1485. Goods traded to Portugal included brass, ivory, and slaves, and in turn, Portugal supplied Benin with gunpowder, alcohol, and other items. Portuguese trade in Benin increased the kingdom's wealth and dominance over the area. The slaves for gunpowder trade is very important- slaves would propel the Portuguese empire forward, and gunpowder and weapons would greatly change the power dynamics in several African kingdoms that engaged in trade with Portugal. Pictured is an ivory statue from Benin that exhibits Portuguese influence. ## Slide 12- Portugal and West Africa: Kongo When Portugal began trading with Kongo in the 1500s, the king of the Kongo was King Afonso I (pictured on the slide). "Afonso" is a Portuguese name given to the king after he became the first vassal king to Portugal in the Kongo. He was born Nzinga Mbemba but was baptized Christian in 1491 by a Portuguese priest and given the name Afonso. In 1512, King Afonso I reached an agreement with Portugal that officially established a steady trade of slaves and solidified Portuguese-Kongo relations. Using this relationship with the Portuguese, King Afonso I rebuilt Mbanza Kongo, the capital city, out of stone, expanded the kingdom's borders, and built the Kongo's first Roman Catholic Church. He was sometimes called the "The Apostle of the Kongo" because he facilitated the Portuguese desire to make the Kongo a Christian kingdom. The Kongo was heavily influenced by its trade relationship with Portugal. We will examine the slave trade with the Kongo again when we get to labor systems. ## Slide 13- Japan and the Nanban Trade Period The first Europeans traders to make it to Japan were the Portuguese in 1543. This events marks the beginning of what was called the Nanban Trading Period in Japan. Nanban means "Southern Barbarian" and was used to refer to Chinese, Southeast Asian, and eventually, Portuguese and Dutch traders that came to Japan. Japan was trading with China and Southeast Asia and then trade opened up widely with Portugal. Portugal's posts in India and Macau allowed the Portuguese to initially dominate trade with Japan (compared to other Europeans). Europeans brought textiles and gold to Japan, and Japan exported lacquerware and silver. Just a few years after the arrival of the first Portuguese to Japan, Christianity was introduced. Conversions to Christianity in Japan would later cause tensions that help move Japan towards enacting more isolationist policies. ## Slide 14- Tokugawa Japan The Tokugawa period in Japan, also known as the Edo period, refers to the military government of Japan from 1603-1868. At the beginning of the Tokugawa period, Japan participated actively in foreign trade. While Japan had been trading with other Asian states, the first European traders to Japan were Portuguese which were later followed by the Dutch, English, and Spanish. Christianity was introduced to Japan prior to the Tokugawa period and grew in influence until about 1610. The growth of Christianity in Japan at this time was viewed as a threat to the shogunate, so laws were introduced to ban Christianity in Japan in the 1630s. The banning of Christianity came hand-in-hand with tightening restrictions on trade as well. Foreign trade had been largely unrestricted in the Nanban period preceding the Tokugawa period. There were problems with piracy in the waters around Japan. Between 1633 and 1639, laws were enacted that restricted trade in Japan. Japan moved towards isolationism, but it was not completely isolated from trade. Trade continued with China, Korea, and the Dutch through specific trading points. The Dutch continued trading with Japan via the Dutch East India company, and Japan allowed this to continue because the Dutch agreed to not engage in any missionary activities in Japan. Pictured is Tokugawa leyasu, the first shogun of the Tokugawa period. ## Slide 15- Sakoku Edicts- Exclusion of the Portuguese In 1639, Japan issued an edict that specifically prohibited the Portuguese from engaging in any trade with Japan. The edict was only issued once Japan got assurances from the Dutch that the Dutch could make up for the lost trade with Portugal. Japan did not want to lose out on valuable trade, but they did not want the spread of Christianity to continue, and the Dutch agreed to trade through the port of Nagasaki and to refrain from any missionary endeavors. The Portuguese responded the year after this edict was issued in an effort to open trade relations back up with Japan. A Portuguese ship from Macau reached Japan in 1640 to try and negotiate the reopening of trade. The ship was captured and burned, and 61 Portuguese members of the mission were executed. You can ask students how Japan and the Kongo differed in their responses to the Portuguese's efforts to convert people to Christianity. (This makes a good exam/quiz question!) ## Slide 16- Ming Dynasty Trade Policies The Japanese were not the only ones to implement restrictions on trade during this time period. The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644. Between 1405 and 1433, Chinese explorer Zheng He (pictured on this slide) sailed a total of seven voyages from China to various locations to areas bordering the Indian Ocean. He greatly expanded Chinese maritime influence, but his expeditions did not have the goal of establishing trade ports or discovering new lands. Rather, these fleets (which were enormous- sometimes 250 ships!) were sent out as a show of China's greatness. When the Yongle Emperor who sponsored Zheng He's voyages died in 1424, the new emperor was a more conservative Confucian and he did not endorse these kinds of voyages. China was also facing threats along its land borders and needed to focus its attention there rather than at sea. Something called a "sea ban" (haijin) was issued during the Ming Dynasty that was meant to restrict trade and control piracy. Private trade was no longer allowed in the seas of Ming China. Several of these restrictive policies were issued throughout the Ming and early Qing Dynasties, but trade did continue despite the efforts to restrict it. In fact, the piracy problem only became worse after the sea bans were issued. The "seas bans" in China were very similar to the Japanese edicts called Sakoku we just talked about. ## Slide 17- European Rivalries: Spain and Portugal in the Americas We have focused heavily on Portugal because they were the leaders of the European movement to explore and expand empires at the beginning of this time period, but other European states played major roles in this era of empire expansion as well. In the Americas, Spain dominated colonization efforts, but Portugal had also staked a claim in Brazil. After Columbus' initial 1492 trip to the Americas, Spain was eager to keep rival Portugal from claiming lands anywhere in the New World. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain called on Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI to help them keep Portugal out of the Americas. The initial line of demarcation issued by the pope in 1494 is marked by the green dotted line on the map. This was the original Treaty of Tordesillas line that gave Spain the right to any lands west of it. Portugal was to stay east of this line. Portugal complained that the line was too far east and it impacted their ability to sail around Africa because ships sometimes had to go way out because of winds and currents. Pedro Álvarez Cabral of Portugal accidentally landed in Brazil in 1500 while trying to follow Vasco da Gama's route from his first voyage to India. He went too far east and landed in Brazil. The line of demarcation was extended west in 1506 which allowed Portugal to claim and colonize Brazil. The effects of the Treaty of Tordesillas are still evident in the languages spoken in South America today. Modern day Brazil predominantly uses Portuguese while Spanish is the most widely used language in South American countries outside of Brazil. ## Slide 18- Spanish Conquests in the Americas This is an extremely brief look at two major Spanish conquests in the Americas. The orange areas of the map show Spanish-held territory by the year 1600. Cortes led a gruesome expedition to destroy the Aztec Empire and had gained control of the empire's territory in 1521. He took over the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán, which became Mexico City. The former Aztec Empire had become the Spanish colony of New Spain within three years of Cortés' arrival. In South America, Francisco Pizarro sought to overthrow the Incas in Peru. Pizarro was assassinated in Peru in 1541, but Spanish efforts to conquer the Incas continued after his death. By 1572, the Spanish controlled all of the Inca Empire. The included video questions for "Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire" fit with this topic if you would like to explore it further. ## Slide 19- British and French Colonies in the Americas The map on this slide shows British and French colony boundaries around the year 1650. The Dutch still had a small territory near New York, but the major colonial rivalry was between the English and French for control in North America. The British formed alliances with the native Iroquois who had been fighting with the French over trade. Over time, however, the Iroquois sided with the French who seemed to be less of a threat than the British. This rivalry culminated in the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1763. The French and Iroquois fought against the British with the victory going to the British. France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British. ## Slide 20- European Rivalries: British and Spanish Colonies in North America In 1689, Spanish Florida began offering asylum to escaped slaves from the British Virginia colony. The goal behind this new policy wasn't to offer a safe place for escaped slaves, but rather it was effort to undermine the efforts of the British who relied on slave labor for the profit and functioning of their colonies. Four years after this asylum policy began, King Charles II issued an official decree that any escaped slaves from any British colonies would be granted their freedom in Spanish Florida as long as they converted to Catholicism and served four years in the Spanish colonial militia. In 1738, Fort Mose was built just north of the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine. Fort Mose was where all freed, baptized former enslaved people from British colonies were sent. The fort served as the first line of defense against any military offensives from the British, and was the first free black settlement in what is now the United States. Not only was Spain able to entice slaves to run away from their British enemies to the north, they were also able to enlist those escaped slaves to defend Spanish Florida against British invasions. Later, in 1739, Fort Mose became a destination for slaves trying to leave South Carolina during the Stono Rebellion slave revolt (more on this in topic 4.6). Many of the slaves that took part in that revolt were from the Kingdom of the Kongo, so they were already baptized Catholic and their ability to speak Portuguese proved helpful as they took up residence in Spanish Florida at Fort Mose. ## Slide 21- European Rivalries in India and Southeast Asia We've already covered Portugal's trading post empire in India, but other European states wanted to expand their influence into the Indian Ocean trade networks. After a Portuguese carrack named the Madre de Deus carrying precious metals, spices, and books containing information on Asian trade routes was captured by the English in 1592, it spurred an great interest in the East Indies by English merchants. The British formed the East India Company (EIC) in 1600 whose primary goal was to establish trading posts in India, not unlike Portugal's trading posts that were already there. The royally chartered joint-stock company was given authority to use military force against the Portuguese and it began setting up small trading posts in India. The EIC not only had to contend with Portugal while it was establishing itself in the Indian Ocean, but it also struggled against the Dutch East India Company which was established in 1602 and controlled the spice trade in Java. The Portuguese, English, and Dutch frequently engaged in maritime battles in the Indian Ocean over trade territories and routes. Joint-stock companies will be discussed in more detail in the next topic, 4.5. ## Slide 22- European Rivalries in Africa: The Asante Empire The competition among European powers to dominate trade led to the growth and expansion of some states. The Asante Empire in West Africa in what is now Ghana is an example of an Africa state which prospered (during this time period- they are later embroiled in conflict and war with the British) because of European influence and trade. The Asante Empire primarily traded gold and slaves. In return, European brought weapons and gunpowder tot he empire, which further helped it expand its borders. This period of trade was characterized by competition between Portuguese, English, and Dutch merchants, and led to a time of great prosperity in the Asante Empire. As a result, much artwork was produced by the Asante Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries. Pictured on this slide are some pieces of Asante artwork from this period. ## Slide 23- Learning Objective The focus of this section is Economics ## Slide 24- Restructuring of Economic Systems in the Indian Ocean (Now is a good point to reiterate what we are talking about when we say "Indian Ocean." This is a point where some students can get lost and think the Indian Ocean refers to just coastal India.) When we begin discussing economic systems in the Indian Ocean, we are referring to East Africa, India, and the islands in Southeast Asia that were part of the spice trade. The Indian Ocean is used to refer to the larger region which borders the Indian Ocean. The arrival of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch to the Indian Ocean brought both change and continuity to existing trade systems. ## Slide 25- Map of Indian Ocean Trading Powers Recall from earlier in this lecture the Swahili City-States which Vasco da Gama encountered and invaded on his first voyage to India. The Swahili Coast is marked in light blue on the map. The Swahili Arabs had a long and rich history of trade, both inland African trade and maritime trade within the Indian Ocean. The Swahili city-state of Kilwa had one of the largest ports in East Africa and was a major trade center that connected places as far away as Great Zimbabwe and China. The Omanis (in red on the map) were a crucial part of facilitating trade for centuries before the Europeans arrived in the Indian Ocean. Their strategic location made them a hub for trade between Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, and they were excellent shipbuilders. The Gujaratis (yellow) were located on the northwest corner of the Indian peninsula. They produced textiles that were in large demand, and they grew to rival the Omanis as great seafarers in the Indian Ocean. And finally, the Javanese in Southeast Asia were very active in Indian Ocean prior to the arrival of Europeans. They controlled the infamous Strait of Malacca and the spice trade which originated there. ## Slide 26- How did the arrival of Europeans to the Indian Ocean change existing trade systems? The very short answer to this questions is: Despite some restructuring, trade in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish after the arrival of Europeans. This slide gives some very brief examples of how some changes were brought to some of the regional merchants of the Indian Ocean upon arrival of the Europeans. What is important to note is that the Europeans were often heavy handed in their dealings with existing merchants and trading ports, but ultimately the goal was not to destroy the existing trade network; rather the goal was to capitalize on it and control it. Omani-Portuguese example to highlight: The Portuguese gained control of the Omani port city of Muscat in 1507 and remained in control until 1650. The Omanis were engaged in a rivalry over control of trade and they attacked Portuguese-held Fort Jesus in Mombasa (on the Swahili Coast) in 1696. They gained control of the fort and the Portuguese no longer controlled the important trading city of Mombasa. ## Slide 27- Labor Systems in the Americas This next portion of the lecture deals with the second Historical Development (Key Concept): Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems. ## Slide 28- Colonial Economic Systems: Plantations We are switching gears to economic systems in the Americas: Spanish Cuba is a good example of the planation economy that developed in the Americas which required huge amounts of labor. When the Spanish began using Cuba for the production of sugarcane, they initially enslaved the local native population, known as the Tainos. By the mid-1500s, however, most of the native Taino population of Cuba had been wiped out and a new source of labor was needed to replace the Tainos and to keep up with the growing sugar production. This was when African slaves were imported to Cuba as chattel slaves. The Portuguese colony of Brazil was also a huge importer of African slaves because of its sugar plantation economy. Brazil dominated sugar production in the 1500s and that production began to shift the Caribbean in the mid-1600s. The British colonies in North America also relied on chattel slavery for their agriculture-based economies. From 1672 to 1713, an estimated 125,000 African slaves were brought to the British colonies via the Middle Passage. ## Slide 29- Indentured Servitude in the British Colonies Indentured servants came to the British colonies in North Americas first through the Virginia Company. The demand for labor in the colonies was large, but many Europeans could not afford the trip to the Americas to fill these labor roles. The Virginia Company solved this problem by allowing potential laborers in Europe to borrow against their future earnings in the colonies to pay for the voyage. Indentured servants would sign a contract agreeing to work a certain number of year in exchange for the voyage to the colonies. Pictured on the right is an indentured servitude contract from the 1800s. It is estimated that more than half of all Europeans to arrive in the British colonies from around 1600 up until the Revolutionary War were indentured servants. Pictured on the left is a notice on newly arrived indentured servants to the colonies. Indentured servitude labor was later surpassed by slavery in the British colonies. ## Slide 30- Mit'a System Prior to the arrival of the Spanish, the Mit'a system was a form of public service in the Incan Empire. All men aged 15 to 50 gave a certain amount of time each year as a form of payment, or tribute, to work on public projects for the empire. It was important that those working in the mit'a system had enough time to tend to their own personal family lives, so labor in the mit'a system was regulated so it offered a balanced life for those who had to participate. After the Spanish colonized and overthrew the Incan Empire, the existing mit'a system was adapted for the benefit of the Spanish. The Spanish were interested in mining silver, and silver had been discovered in a city called Potosí in what is now Bolivia. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo was sent to Peru in 1569 and he used the mit'a system as a way to send native laborers into the silver mines in Potosí. The result of this change to the mit'a system was a breakdown of native communities. People fled the new mit'a system and public works (such as roads) began to degrade. The traditional mit'a system had been transformed into a new form of coerced labor. Pictured on this slide is an illustration of Potosí in 1553. The mountain shown was home to the infamous silver mine, and it was referred to as "the mountain that eats men." ## Slide 31- Spanish Encomienda System The concept of the encomienda system originated in Spain after the conquest of the Moors during the Reconquista in 1492. Those who conquered Moorish territory were given the right to use the conquered non-Christians as laborers, and in exchange, those laborers were supposed to receive certain benefits, namely protection. This system was expanded into Spanish colonies both in the Americas and the Philippines, but it took a much more inhumane form in the Spanish colonies. In Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), the native Tainos were in a revolt against Spanish governor Francisco de Bobadilla who the Spanish Crown replaced with Nicolás de Ovando in 1502. Nicolás de Ovando is credited with implementing the first encomienda system in the Americas in an effort to quell the Taino revolt. It was his implementation of the encomienda system that became a new labor system that was more brutal than the original encomienda system from Spain in the Iberian peninsula. In de Ovando's system, the native Tainos were forced to do hard labor and suffered harsh punishments or death in event of resistance. The encomienda system in the Americas more closely resembled slavery, while the original system in Spain resembled European feudalism. Encomienda systems in the Americas were the subject of much controversy because of their corrupt nature and harsh conditions. The Spanish Crown considered conquered natives in the Americas to be subjects of the Crown, and were therefore (theoretically) afforded some protection. Most encomienda systems only lasted a few decades but they persisted longer in New Spain (Mexico) and Peru. All encomienda systems in the Spanish Empire were abolished by 1791. ## Slide 32- Spanish Hacienda System The hacienda system was one in which Spanish conquerors were granted land to be used for agricultural purposes. Coerced labor was used within the hacienda system. This system was similar to the manorial system in Europe (discussed in topic 1.6 Developments in Europe). There was usually a large estate home and then the fields were either crops or livestock was tended. The document shown on this slide is from a dispute over lands adjacent to a large hacienda in New Spain in 1569. The livestock from the hacienda was to remain inside the red lines because they had been encroaching on native home and farm sites (the small, brown houses) outside of the hacienda. ## Slide 33- Encomienda and Hacienda Systems Historians have had a difficult time understanding the exact relationship and distinction between these two systems in Spanish colonial America. Arguments have been made that the encomienda system gave rise to the hacienda system, or that these two systems were inherently intermingled. Much like the feudal and manorial systems in Europe, these two Spanish colonial labor systems were distinct, but also overlapped. The biggest distinction we can make between these two systems lies in the legal proclamations of Spanish Crown. Encomiendas were the direct result of a law passed by the Crown that granted the right to collect tribute from non-Christians in conquered lands in the form of labor. The haciendas were land grants from the Spanish Crown. Many encomiendas and haciendas operated in much the same way, but it was the underlying "awarding" of either rights to labor or tracts of land that differentiates the two. ## Slide 34- Learning Objective The focus of this section is Social Interactions and Organization (S if you're using the SPICE-T acronym) ## Slide 35- Continuities in African Slavery Forms of slavery existed in Africa (and most other parts of the world) prior to the trans-Atlantic slave trade that was fueled by European colonies in the Americas. Slaves from West and Central Africa were traded along the trans-Saharan trade routes and in the Indian Ocean trade routes. Many West and Central African societies were slave-holding societies. These slaves were generally captives from outside groups that were warring with one another. These prisoners of war would often be put to work, and this was a common form of slavery in Africa. Elites or royalty from various African states considered their slaves to be an extension of their kinship group. The slaves themselves were not considered property, but whatever those slaves produced was the property of the slave-holder. This is a very different type of slavery from chattel slavery in the Americas. In chattel slavery, the slave is considered property that can be bought, sold, and inherited. The children of slaves in the chattel form are also an extension of that property. This was not the case in the more traditional forms of slavery in Africa. The non-chattel slavery within Africa continued after Europeans began trading for slaves in Africa in the 1500s. This represents a continuity in African slavery, however, it does not mean that the new slave trade between Africans and Europeans did not also bring about changes. Students may recall the large procession that Mansa Musa of the Mali Empire took on his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 that included over 10,000 slaves. ## Slide 36- Chattel Slavery in the Triangular Trade Recall from topic 4.2 the example of the colony of Brazil within the Triangular Trade. The labor demands for sugar production were so high in the late 1500s to the 1700s, that Brazil received about half of all enslaved people brought tot he Americas via the Middle Passage during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. The Caribbean region was also a major destination for enslaved Africans because of sugar plantations there as well. The dangerous and demanding sugar planation colonies were the destination for about 90% of all enslaved people that were taken to the Americas. The other 10% went to North American colonies, with tobacco plantations receiving the majority of imported slaves. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade lasted from 1526 to 1867. The key point in discussing changes to slavery through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade is the development of chattel slavery. Chattel slavery was much more brutal that the forms of slavery found within the African continent prior to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. ## Slide 37- Changes in Slavery Systems The system of traditional African slavery continued in Africa even after the onset of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade which brought about chattel slavery. So, it's important to recognize that chattel slavery did not replace traditional slavery, but rather it was a new form of slavery that affected slaves leaving the African continent for the Americas. The word "chattel" literally refers to a piece of property, and this gives us some insight into how chattel slavery differed from traditional African slavery. Slaves in the Americas which were part of the chattel slavery system were stripped of all elements of personhood- they became property. One effect of this notion of slaves not being considered people was that they became disposable. They were literally worked to death on the harsh sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean, and were simply replaced with new slaves. This part of the reason why such a huge majority of slaves brought to the Americas were taken to Brazil and the Caribbean. This slide highlights some key differences in chattel slavery from its traditional form. A major point in the development of chattel slavery in the Americas is that it was based upon race. Anyone of African decent in the Americas was given slave status. ## Slide 38- Demographic Changes in the Americas In the Americas, the slave trade caused large demographic shifts because of the sheer numbers of people arriving from Africa. In both the Caribbean and South American colonies that utilized slave labor, racial mixing occurred because the Europeans in those colonies typically did not have their families with them. In North America, however, many entire families from Europe came to the colonies which reduced the instances of racial mixing compared to the Caribbean and Brazil. Additionally, segregation laws introduced in North America also prevented the same demographic shifts that occurs in other colonies in the Americas. ## Slide 39- Social and Demographic Changes in Africa Over the course of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa lost about 12 million people. This systematic extraction of people produced long-term negative effects within the African continent, and particularly West Africa. Of the 12 million enslaved Africans that were sent to the Americas, about 10 million came areas along Africa's west coast. Because younger and stronger men were the targets of slave raids, many societies began to weaken and were conquered by neighboring warlords. The population loss experienced in the areas that were most often targeting by slave raiders caused severe poverty and a halt to social and economic development. For African societies which were directly engaging in the slave trade with Europeans, the effects were a little different. During the active years of the slave trade, these African states grew incredibly wealthy. However, as the slave trade slowed because of both new laws banned the trade and because of new technology that reduced the need for manual labor, these once prosperous states and kingdoms that relied on the slave trade fell into sharp decline. This led to European conquest of many of these weakened kingdoms later on. Overall, the slave trade sent much of West and Central Africa into social and economic decline. Watch this quick video to get a visual of the sheer numbers of people extracted from Africa through the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKo-_Xxfywk (Linked in the slide notes) ## Slide 40- King Afonso I of the Kongo These two slides contain an excerpt from a letter to Portuguese King Joao III from King Afonso I of the Kongo in 1526. Questions to go along with this excerpt are on students' guided notes packet and on slide 42 following the end of the excerpt. Students have the full excerpt on their notes, so you may have them read it independently or you may