Unit 4 History Exam Review PDF

TECHNOLOGY maritime technology ◦Lateen sail ‣ Triangular sail that helped steer with wind on either side ◦Astrolabe ‣ Determines the latitude and longitude of a point ◦Magnetic compass ‣ Developed in china, helped with direction ◦Astronomic charts...

TECHNOLOGY maritime technology ◦Lateen sail ‣ Triangular sail that helped steer with wind on either side ◦Astrolabe ‣ Determines the latitude and longitude of a point ◦Magnetic compass ‣ Developed in china, helped with direction ◦Astronomic charts ‣ Diagrams of the stars These were not created by Europeans, they adopted them from other countries through merchant activity Innovations ◦Caravel shipbuilding ◦Carrack (Portuguese ship) ◦Fluyt (Dutch ship) CAUSES OF EUROPEAN EXPANSION State sponsored exploration ◦Monarchies would spend on explorers Economic gains (gold and spices) Religious reasons To establish trading post empires to assert dominance ◦Mostly Portuguese and Dutch at rst COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Prior to Columbus, there were other in uential ppl that set the scene for maritime exploration ◦Amerigo Vespucci ‣ Realized America is new and not the spice islands ◦Ferdinand Magellan ‣ First to prove the world his round Transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the eastern and western hemispheres ◦New world an old world Great Dying ◦Europeans arrived and brought disease, and they devastes indegenous populations ‣ Smallpox ‣ Measles ‣ Malaria Food ◦Europeans brought wheat, grapes, and olives, but also brought Asian and african goods like banana and sugar ‣ Indigenous people adopted these, which diversi ed their diets and increased their lifespan ◦New world had maize, manioc, potato’s ‣ Same e ect, healthier and increase in population in Europe Creation of cash crops ◦Sugar cane in Caribbean ◦Exported to make money ◦Coerced labor Animals  ◦Europeans brought grazing animals like pigs, sheep, cattle, and horse ◦Put strains on agriculture, erosion E ects ◦improved diets—>fueling population growth in Asia, America, and Africa ◦Introduction of livestock ◦Spread of invasive plants ◦Population decline in the Americas from diseases ◦Blending of cultures ◦Christianity spread ◦Started global trade between the Americas and the rest of the world ◦Eventually, colonization and slave trade SEA BASED EMPIRES motives ◦God, gold, and gory Portuguese ◦Weren’t interested in peaceful relations with Africa and Asia ◦Wanted to dominate with a trading post empire ◦Used caravels, carracks, and canons Spain ◦Established full blown colones ◦Philippines ◦Tribute systems, taxation, coerced labor ◦Interested in spreading culture and language as well Dutch ◦Used same methods as Portuguese British ◦Established trading posts that would later become full blown colonies across the Mughal coast Economic labor system ◦Spanish used mita ◦Chattel slavery ‣ Race based ‣ Most cruel form of slavery ‣ Hereditary ◦Indentured servitude ‣ Contract bound for a period of time’ ◦Encomienda system ‣ Spanish ‣ Indigenous ppl were forced to provide labor for the gov ◦Hacienda system ‣ Large agricultural estates worked by indigenous ppl ECONOMICS Mercantilism ◦Want as much gold and silver as they can get ◦Want more export than imports ◦Mother countries take raw materials and turn them into usable products joint stock companies ◦Gov approved business funded by private investors SPANISH OVERSEAS EMPIRE land belonged to the Aztecs and incas ◦Hernan cortes conquered Aztecs ◦Henry Pizarro conquered Incas Most wealthy, urbanized, densely populated Encomienda system ◦Coerced labor of indigenous ppl required by local authorities ◦Later the Spanish Crown abolished it and replaced it with other systems like hacienda Hacienda system ◦Private estate owners employed indigenous ppl ◦Peons = ppl who worked the estates Hierarchy (casta system) ◦A lot of racial mixing ◦Europeans did this to empower themselves ◦Top = male Spanish settlers ‣ Peninsulares Europeans born in old world ‣ Creole European blood born in new world ◦Middle = mestizos ‣ Multiracial population between Spanish men and Native American women ◦bottom = indigenous ppl ‣ They were forcibly converted, gave tributes and learned Spanish the empires main things were their silver mining and agriculture BRAZIL AND CARIBBEAN main cash crop was sugar Prominent use of slavery ◦Horrible conditions ◦High death rates gender imbalance ◦More men than women bc when they brought the slaves over they wanted more men mulattoes ◦Multi-racial ◦European and African NORTH AMERICAN settler colonies Considered “leftovers” of the new world Christian setters at the top Slavery was present, but not prominent ◦Less indiegnous ppl as well EUROPEANS REACH THE NEW WORLD the European advantage ◦Closer to the new world than other countries ◦Religion, gain wealth and status, rivalries with other European states, wanted to dominate overseas land  ◦Technology ‣ Gunpowder ‣ Magnetic compass ‣ Sternpost rudder ‣ Lateen sail ◦Germs and diseases (smallpox) CHRISTIANITY IN THE NEW WORLDS at the time, Christianity wasn’t expanding like the Muslim world so the new world was a place where they could propagate it Native Americans were forcibly converted ◦Baptized ◦Attended services ◦Embraced the saints ◦Europeans sought the destruction of their cultural gods How they expanded ◦Force ◦Syncretism to appeal to them ‣ Crosses with carvings ‣ Aztec washing ritual (baptism) ‣ Virgin of Guadalupe Mexican version of Virgin Mary Her power increased in the new world bc the indigenous ppl had more female gods ‣ Mexican Christianity formed as its own thing part from Spanish Christianity In china, the jesuits aimed at the converting the Chinese elite, but it didnt end up working SILVER silver is the only thing the Europeans have that china wants It’s the hottest commodity Spanish America produces the most ◦It enriched the Spanish Crown temporarily, but due to ill investment they collapsed City of Potosí arose bc of the mines Really harsh conditions for ppl running the mines ◦severe demographic and social disruptions among Indigenous communities created direct economic ties between the Americas and Asia First truly global currency silver wealth was concentrated in the hands of elites deforestation, soil erosion, and mercury pollution TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE Worst from of chattel slavery Violent, coerced, brutal African societies shipped across the Middle Passage ◦Mostly west Africa bc it was closest to Europe and Americas, on its way to the new world, wind pattens Context ◦After the seizure of Constantinople, Slavic slave trade diminished so they had to look for ppl who were readily available, immune to disease, and experience in farming African societies also perpetuated this cycle of slave trade ◦They traded gunpowder, silver, and shells in exchange for their ppl  Most intense slavery was in the Caribbean and Brazil Colonial law allowed violence and limited rights Change ◦Compared to previous labor systems ‣ Based on race ‣ More intense Less rights ‣ trans oceanic ‣ Hereditary Continuity ◦Coerced and forced How ◦force, trade, and imprisonment ◦Slavers were POW to other African societies, debtors, outcast ◦African political elites and merchants captured the slaves and brought them to the market ◦Triangular trade ‣ Ships carry manufactured products from Europe to Africa, they exchange them for slaves, and then they go to the new world and the slaves work to harvest the cash crops, and then the Europeans return to Europe with raw materials Why ◦Cheap ◦Racially motivated ◦On the way ◦Gain power ◦Disease resistant, good at farming, readily available Impact ◦New races and increased ethnic diversity ◦Religious syncretism ◦Foundational to settling of Americas ◦Slowed africas growth ‣ Permanently set them back ‣ Population decrease ‣ Social disruption ‣ Unbalanced sex ratios