Scientific Thinking Lecture Notes PDF

Course Name: “Scientific Thinking” Dr. Manal Shams-Dean Ahmed Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology Faculty of Education Suez Canal University sinaiuniversity.net Scientific Thinking Science,...

Course Name: “Scientific Thinking” Dr. Manal Shams-Dean Ahmed Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology Faculty of Education Suez Canal University sinaiuniversity.net Scientific Thinking Science, Thinking & Scientific Thinking [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Types [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Types (4) Concrete/Literal Thinking: Concrete thinking is reasoning that’s based on what you can see, hear, feel, and experience in the here and now. It’s sometimes called literal thinking, because it’s reasoning that focuses on physical objects, immediate experiences, and exact interpretations. Concrete thinking focuses on facts and information in the immediate present “physical information”. Concrete thinking looks at ideas and problems very literally and pointedly. Its goal is to find the simplest solution as quickly as possible. [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Types (5) Abstract Thinking: Abstract thinking is useful in puzzle-solving, since abstract thinking has no problem dealing with figurative language and symbols. So they make very good problem solvers who can easily see something from multiple perspectives, find the connections between different ideas and make relations and connections. Abstract Thinking is the tendency to think about objects, concepts or ideas that are not physically present at that moment or situation. It includes interpreting metaphors, and analogies as a form of abstract thinking. [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Types (6) Divergent/Lateral Thinking: Divergent thinking and convergent thinking are two types of thinking that are more concerned with how you find solutions and answers. o Divergent thinking is used to find many different creative ideas to overcome a problem and find a solution to it in a short period of time. o A person can think outside the box and come up with new and unconventional ideas. o Divergent thinking does not require a high IQ. It only requires the divergent thinker to be intellectually curious and not afraid to take risks. o This type of thinking is therefore often connected with creative and abstract thinking. [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Types (7) Convergent/ vertical Thinking: ▪ Convergent thinking is based on the assumption that there is one single best solution to any problem. It's the process in which the most reasonable solution is chosen in order to solve problems. ▪ Convergent thinking aims to arrive at a best or optimal solution to a specific problem, and emphasis on speed and accuracy. ▪ Convergent thinking depends on the use of previous and available information. ▪ Convergent thinking is generally used in mathematical, scientific, technical, and professional tasks that require specific and correct solutions. However, convergent thinking may be ineffective in solving problems that require innovative and unconventional solutions. [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Types [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg Scientific Thinking Thinking Improvement ▪Although Thinking is something we do naturally, it can be improved/ developed. ▪By making ourselves better thinkers, we can understand the world better and solve our problems more effectively. ▪It is useful to improve our thinking because thinking has many benefits for the individual and society. [email protected] Dr/ Manal Shams www.su.edu.eg  THANK YOU * For any questions feel free * To contact me by mail [email protected] Dr. Manal Shams-Dean Ahmed Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology Faculty of Education Suez Canal University