Introduction to Logic PDF MC103 NUR 2022-2023

Introduction to logic MC103 NUR – LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING SUMMER SEMESTER 2022-2023 JULY 11, 2023 Learning objectives At the end of the session, the students shall be able to:  define logic  describe the nature of logic as a philosophical discipline  dis...

Introduction to logic MC103 NUR – LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING SUMMER SEMESTER 2022-2023 JULY 11, 2023 Learning objectives At the end of the session, the students shall be able to:  define logic  describe the nature of logic as a philosophical discipline  discuss the importance of logic in daily life  differentiate deductive and inductive logic (or reasoning)  apply logic in nursing EXERCISES: EXERCISES: EXERCISES: EXERCISES: EXERCISES:  LOGIC  It originated from the word “logos” – to reason  Refers to the science that studies the principles of “correct reasoning”  A product of clear reasoning or thinking  It involves the drawing of inferences  LOGIC as a PHILOSOPHICAL DISCIPLINE  Philosophy is based on reasoning  Logicis the study of what makes a sound argument or judgment (and also studies the kind of mistakes one makes in the process of reasoning)  Studying logic makes one a better philosopher and a reasonable thinker  The logical person  A logical thinker …  observes  analyzes  draws conclusions (based on acquired input or data)  Is able to justify his/her strategies, actions and decisions based on the facts gathered  The logical person  Logic is better than emotion.  When one thinks critically and uses “reason” to objectively think about a decision, the better the decision be in most instances. The logical person  IMPORTANCE of LOGIC in DAILY LIFE  Logic shapes every choice we make in daily life.  Logical thinking enables people to learn and make decisions affecting their lives.  It helps people separate truth from falsehood and unreasonable beliefs.  It helps in problem-solving and decision-making.  It helps people come up with new ideas.  It helps achieve goals.  Reasoning  It is the ability to draw logical conclusions based on evidences or stated assumptions.  It is helpful in evaluating situations, selecting problem-solving strategies, drawing logical conclusions, developing and describing and applying the solutions.  TYPES of REASONING  Inductive reasoning takes specific examples to make a general rule.  Deductive reasoning takes general rule and uses it to make a more specific example.  TYPES of REASONING INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE REASONING REASONING From specific to general From general to specific Uses patterns, trends or Uses facts or general observations principles Is judging by experience Is Judging by logical progression TYPES of REASONING  INDUCTIVE REASONING EXAMPLES (Specific to General thinking)  Jane is having fever because of a urinary infection. Milos is also having fever due to a tonsillar infection. Conclusion: Infections cause fever.  Elizabeth is feeling dizzy because she skipped breakfast. Ronaldo complains of dizziness since he did not yet take his lunch. Conclusion: Hunger or skipping meals can make people dizzy.  My neighbor goes to the hospital because he is ill. I was admitted in the hospital 3 years back when I was ill. Conclusion: Ill people go to the hospital.  DEDUCTIVE REASONING EXAMPLES (GENERAL to SPECIFIC thinking)  Vaccines are used to protect people from common illnesses. Jane is fully vaccinated. Conclusion: Jane is protected from common illnesses.  Persons with diabetes have consistently high blood sugar levels. Elizabeth is diagnosed with diabetes. Conclusion: Elizabeth’s blood sugar is high.  Antibiotics are given to patients with infection. Alexander is given an antibiotic. Conclusion: Alexander has an infection.  Exercises: State whether the following examples use INDUCTIVE or DEDUCTIVE LOGIC. 1. Most patients with acute appendicitis complain of right lower quadrant pain (RLQ). Rachelle complaints of RLQ pain. She must have an acute appendicitis. 2. A 6-year old child drank milk tea and developed diarrhea. Jason, 5 years old, drank milk tea is admitted due to diarrhea. Milk tea causes diarrhea in young children. 3. Paracetamol is usually given to patients with fever. John has a temperature of 38.5 0C. He will be given Paracetamol. 4. Women beginning age 50 are usually menopaused. Maria is 52 years old. She is menopaused. 5. Amy, Susie, Tessy, Liza, Nadine and Kathe are adolescents who take iron supplements because they are anemic. Most female adolescents area anemic. LOGICAL THINKING and the NURSE  Logical thinking is necessary for good problem- solving and decision-making by nurses. Nurses constantly gather information from clients, LOGICAL co-workers, etc… and they have to evaluate these in order to take the necessary purposeful actions to THINKING help resolve client and work-related problems. and the Nurses work with many and different individuals – NURSE they should be able to communicate effectively. Nurses help diagnose and treat client conditions, with the use of logic, they are capable of effecting quality and safe health care. References:  Berman, A., Snyder, S. & Frandsen, G. (2020). Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing : Concepts, Process, and Practice (11th Ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J. :Pearson Prentice Hall  Brunt, Barbara. (2005). Critical Thinking in Nursing: An Integrated Review. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 36. 60-7. 10.3928/0022-0124-20050301-05. Retrieved on July 11, 2022 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7900769_Critical_Thinking_in_Nursing_An_Integrat ed_Review  Hardin, S. & Bishop, S. M. (n.d.) Logical Reasoning. Retrieved on July 11, 2022 at https://nursekey.com/logical-reasoning/  https://brilliant.org/logic/ (for first 5 exercises given pre-discussion)