English For Academic and Professional Purposes PDF

reviewer ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES @elleriaaah 01 Fundamental Considerations on Text Production OBJECTIVITY and Consumption Academic and profess...

reviewer ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES @elleriaaah 01 Fundamental Considerations on Text Production OBJECTIVITY and Consumption Academic and professional language should be FACTORS THAT AFFECT WRITING AND SPEAKING objective and unbiased. TOPIC Markel & Selber, 2018 - if readers suspect that you the key here is customizing your material for your are trying to manipulate peoples’ opinions about an audience and considering your level of expertise in issue, by overstating or omitting facts, they will doubt choosing your topic the validity of the entire document/statement Writing about “Essentials of Job Interview” could be Personal language - Using this would depend on the relevant to graduating students as they are looking writing context, purpose, and audience. This would toward employment help the writer or speaker establish a connection and ROLE OF THE WRITER convey his/her passion and involvement in the topic. in academic and professional writing intersects at However, in academic and professional writing and some point but differs at many levels speaking, personal experience is only a support for the affected by the purpose of the writer, his/her development of the main idea. It should not be the knowledge of the topic, and the type of audience main idea itself. he/she will have. Emotive language - type of language appeals to the PURPOSE OF THE MATERIAL emotions or values of the audience. Attempts to stir The purpose of writing whether it is for the academe or the emotion of the readers/listeners through a specific field of expertise falls under two categories: superlatives and exaggeration. (1) to help other learn about a subject, carry out a task, Judgmental language - shows the personal judgment or make a decision; and of the writer or speaker. It sounds as though the (2) to reinforce or change the attitude and motivate speaker/writer has come to a conclusion based on readers to take action (Markel & Selber, 2018). his/her previously-held beliefs rather than through a TARGET AUDIENCE review of the relevant literature. Nilep (n.d.) - an academic paper could be written for EXPLICITNESS an instructor or a group of professors, and a Use clear and direct language. professional paper in the form of a technical report is Stay away from figurative language such as metaphor, written for colleagues in your field. simile, and irony as these can obscure the meaning of Thinking about your audience affects what you write your statement. and how you write your article Instead of saying, “This night is colder compared to last night,” be explicit by saying, “This night is colder as the ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL AND ACADEMIC thermostat reads 25°C. Whereas, last night, we had LANGUAGE 30°C for the whole night”. The second statement FORMALITY clearly showed the reason behind the conclusion made Purdue University (n.d.) - the level of formality in by stating figures. “should be determined by the audience’s expectations Gillet (2020) - explicitness is needed (1) to make it and the writer’s purpose.” clear to the readers how the various parts of the text The levels of formality are formal, semi-formal, and are related and (2) to acknowledge the sources of the informal. ideas in the text It is advised that one should use the formal tone when Why do we need to use signaling words? - To signal the writing or speaking to an unknown audience. readers that the line of argument is going to change, To In contrast, a person is allowed to use a semi-formal indicate that the sentence gives reasons for something in tone when writing to speaking with an individual that is another sentence, To signal that you are giving extra well-known to him/her. information, To explicitly tell the readers that you are giving Lastly, one should note that the informal tone has no examples, To acknowledge the sources of the ideas that place in academic or professional writing. were used Formal - I am applying for the Administrative Assistant position advertised in the newspaper. I am an excellent HEDGING candidate for the job because of my significant use of linguistic devices to express hesitation or secretarial experience, excellent language skills, and uncertainty as well as to demonstrate politeness and sense of organization. indirectness (enago,com., 2020). Semiformal - I am applying for the Administrative used to soften one’s words and to avoid making a Assistant position that is currently open in the direct statement, or committing to a particular action company. As you are aware, I have worked as an intern or decision with your company in this position before. As such, I not often used in academic writing, legal documents, and only have experience and knowledge of this position news reports. but also already understand the company’s needs and minimize the possibility of another academic opposing requirements for this job. the claims that are being made Informal - Hi! I read in the paper that y’all were to conform to the currently accepted style of looking for an Administrative Assistant. I think that I am academic writing good for that job because I’ve done stuff like it in the to enable the author to devise a politeness strategy past, am good with words, and am incredibly well where they can acknowledge that there may be flaws organized. in their claims  Introductory verbs - seem, tend, look like, appear to practice of marking and writing comments to enhance be, think, believe, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest one's understanding and recall of the text he/she is Nouns - assumption, likelihood, possibility, probably reading Lexical verbs - believe, assume, suggest, seem, interpret OUTLINING Modal verbs - can, could, may, might, should, would the reader could identify the main point of the text and Modal adverbs - possibly, perhaps, conceivably, its supporting details. In pre-writing, outlining helps in arguably, certainly, definitely, clearly, rationally organizing ideas while reading. Modal adjectives - possible, probable, certain, helps in breaking down the information and identifying definite, clear, likely the pattern that the writer used to present his/her That clauses - It could be the case that… It might be ideas. suggested that… There is every hope that… It can be can be done formally using alphanumeric and roman concluded that… numeral characters and informally through bullets. One should use hedging sparingly as readers/listeners SUMMARIZING might be confused as to where the writer or speaker reduces a text to its main idea and necessary stand on regarding a specific issue. information you should learn how to balance between explicitness shorter than the original text as it leaves out details and caution in the said field so that the statements and terms would not sound as if they were made by a person who test of one's judgment on what concepts should be does not have confidence in his/her thoughts, ideas, omitted or preserved. and opinions. IN-TEXT CITATION 02 Note Taking and Citation Short Quotation Long Quotation PLAGIARISM Quotations from sources without pages act of copying another person's ideas, words, or work Summary or paraphrase and pretending that they are your own If you paraphrase on idea from another work, include the PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS author and year of publication in your in text reference and University of Lynchburg's "Statement on remove the page numbers. APA guidelines Plagiarism" - occurs when the writer, creator, or inventor presents other's information, data, REFERENCE LIST interpretations, and conclusions as to his/her own. BOOKS includes not only written but creative works such as Author, A. A., (Year of publication), Fiele of work: musical pieces, lyrics, designs, and patterns, etc. Capital letter also for subtitle (#of the edition, volume). Publisher. PLAGIARISM OF LANGUAGE Ramos, 1. Q. (2020). English for academic and when an author gets important sentences, clauses, or professional purposes (2 ed.). Ilao Publishing House. words from the source claim it as his or her own PRINT JOURNAL Bagumbayan, A. C. (2010). The dawn of peace. The THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLAGIARISM Daily News, 1611, 6-7 WORD-FOR-WORD PLAGIARISM ELECTRONIC JOURNAL writer simply copied a huge portion of the text, put it in Francisco, K., & Toralba, C. (2020). Writing Difficulties his/her paper, and assumed the ownership of the in Using Prepositions of Time: Basis for Instructional ideas by not placing any mark that the idea was Development. Purdue Journal of Languages, 5(1), 24- borrowed, such as parenthetical citation, quotation 26 https://doi.org/17.7107/4288284315572 marks, and indention. MAGAZINE PLAGIARISM BY PARAPHRASE Fermin, C. (2018, August). Never say never. first type happens when the exact ideas of the original Cosmopolite, 182(16) 33-34. text are copied, and there are only a few words or NEWSPAPER phrases that were substituted through finding its Cabangal, M. (2019, March). The government and its closest synonym or using a simpler term. people. The Daily Inquirer, 28, 2C. second type happens when the original text was REVIEW paraphrased, but the writer did not put any Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the sell-knowledge parenthetical citation. myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero MOSAIC PLAGIARISM under control, by RA. Wicklund & M. Eckert). In this type, words and phrases are lifted directly and Contemporary Psychology, 38(5), 466-467 scattered in the text or paragraph. Often a result of disordered notetaking and lack of willingness to 03 The Reaction Paper, Review and Critique paraphrase, the writer changes the introduction and the ending statement and copies the information in REACTION PAPER between. "response paper" essay that conveys the writer's reaction to one or NOTE TAKING TECHNIQUES several texts or films that he or she has read or seen ANNOTATING close reading REVIEW PAPER Goal - abstract state of being, a condition, an end, or describes, analyzes, and evaluates a work. an aspiration. may give you the main information about a piece of Objectives - statements of measurable outcomes work. that, collectively, will help the applicant measure Each paragraph in the body should deal with a progress toward accomplishing the project goals. different theme that is relevant to the topic. Methodology and Timelines - set of philosophical foundations you used in your chosen research method. CRITIQUE PAPER It also discusses whether you are using a qualitative or genre of academic writing that briefly summarizes and quantitative method. critically evaluates a work or concept. Benefits/Anticipated Outcomes - indicates the can be used to carefully analyze a variety of works people who will benefit from the project and how they such as creative works will benefit. written by a critic or an expert on a particular field. Budget/Support - This section contains either the expected to contain an in-depth or technical analysis following: (1) an outline of the main budget categories of a material as its writer has the authority to comment for the requested project support; (2) a single bottom- on the work being evaluated. line amount of the request and a brief discussion of how that amount will be used. SIMPLE CONCEPT PAPER 04 Concept Paper to define, illustrate, or explain a concept that could be CONCEPT PAPER new, unfamiliar, or controversial. defines an idea or a concept and explains its essence Introduction - This section serves as a hook to the to clarify the "whatness" of that idea or concept readers. A glimpse of the paper's thesis statement, answer the question: What is it? And What about it? arguments and/or claims, and purpose should be seen used to summarize a research project or a project at this part. proposal Body - the writer should elaborate on the main points It tells the reader what the project is, why it is of an idea or a concept. Related literature could be important, and how it will be carried out presented and analyzed to support the idea being defined. Any conflicting ideas or definitions should also DEVELOPING CONCEPTS be clarified, and examples should be given to help the Writing definitions is important in developing concept readers grasp the concept being discussed. papers Conclusion - reemphasizes the thesis statement, Definitions serve as a frame of reference for provides a summary of the body, and relates the discussions as it provides the meaning of a word or concept's importance to a specific field. term used in the paper. 05 Position Paper 3 TYPES OF DEFINITIONS FORMAL SENTENCE DEFINITIONS POSITION PAPER include the term or word to be defined, the class or the devoted to discussing one side of an issue group where the term belongs, and the distinguishing devoted to presenting information, the position paper features or the qualities that make the term unique. tackles one significant issue of a community on which INFORMAL DEFINITIONS the author takes a stand. do not include distinguishing features critical examination of a position using facts and EXTENDED DEFINITIONS inductive reasoning, which addresses both strengths essay-length texts that elaborate the meaning of a and weaknesses of the author's opinion term or concept through different rhetorical patterns PARTS OF POSITION PAPER PARTS OF A CONCEPT PAPER INTRODUCTION FOR RESEARCH PAPERS AND PROPOSALS identifies the issue that will be discussed and states Introduction - identifies how and where the the author's position on that issue applicant's/writer's mission and the potential sponsor's BODY or funder's mission intersect or align. contains the central argument Purpose - Also known as the need or rationale, it background information, evidence supporting the outlines what others have written about the topic and author's position, and a discussion of both sides of the focuses on the gap in knowledge to be filled, the issue which addresses and refute arguments that problem to be solved, or the need to be addressed by contradict the author's position. the applicant's proposed project CONCLUSION Note: The introduction and purpose can be merged into a restates the key points and suggests resolutions to the background section that contains all the elements issue. presented in the two (2) sections mentioned above. Project Description - In this section, the applicant WRITING A POSITION PAPER addresses the unique, unusual, distinctive, innovative, position paper aims to convince the audience that the and/or novel aspects of the approach, showing why opinion is valid and worth listening to by presenting the applicant's team has the best solution and credible evidence presenting a compelling case for funding. Before composing a position paper, one should first know if the topic is relevant and that both its negative and positive sides are plausible. 5 STEPS TO WRITING A POSITION PAPER Select a topic for your paper conduct preliminary research challenge your own topic continue to collect supporting evidence create an outline 05 Technical Report TECHNICAL REPORT formal report designed to convey technical information in a clear and easily accessible format. It is divided into sections which allow different readers to access different levels of information written statement of the facts of a situation, project, process or test; how these facts were ascertained; their significance; the conclusions that have been drawn from them; and in some cases the recommendations that are being made PARTS OF A TECHNICAL REPORT BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY history or the nature of the problem in focus and the reasons why the writer is addressing it through research. RELATED LITERATURE covers previous works on the area and previous attempts to solve the problem in comparison with the writer's own report/study. After reading your related work section, a reader should understand the key idea and contribution of each significant piece of related work, how they fit together, and how your work differs METHODS, MATERIALS, AND PARTICIPANTS describes the different data collection techniques and the strategies used to answer the research questions. A general description of the participants is also given as well as the criteria used in selecting them. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION expounds the answers to the research questions. Also, this section presents the findings from the literature, surveys, interviews, and/or experiments CONCLUSION sums up the key points of your discussion the essential features of your design/product/model, or the significant outcomes of your investigation RECOMMENDATION addresses the limitations of the report/study and suggests how they might be overcome in future work. REFERENCE LIST A listing of books and articles you have used or consulted using the citation format mandated by your school or university. Popular citation styles include American Psychological Association (APA) format, Modern Language Association (MLA) format, and Chicago. APPENDICES contains materials that are not included in the main body of the text due to its effect to the logical presentation of the text either by its sheer volume or level of relevance. Materials such as lists of symbols, derivation of an equation, and figures and tables can be found in this section.