HS3151 Professional English-I Notes 2022-2023 - PDF

HS3151-Professional English-I Academic year: 2022-2023 First Semester-Unit wise Notes  SYLLABUS HS3151- PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH - I UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION 12 Listening –for general information-specifi...

HS3151-Professional English-I Academic year: 2022-2023 First Semester-Unit wise Notes  SYLLABUS HS3151- PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH - I UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION 12 Listening –for general information-specific details- conversation: Introduction to classmates - Audio/ video (formal & informal); Telephone conversation; Listening to voicemail & messages; Listening and filling a form Speaking - Self Introduction; Introducing a friend; Conversation - politeness strategies; Telephone conversation; Leave a voicemail; Leave a message with another person; asking for information to fill details in a form. Reading - Reading brochures (technical context), telephone messages / social media messages relevant to technical contexts and emails. Writing - Writing emails / letters introducing oneself Grammar - Present Tense (simple and progressive); Question types: Wh / Yes or No/ and Tags Vocabulary - Synonyms; One word substitution; Abbreviations & Acronyms (as used in technicalcontexts). UNIT II NARRATION AND SUMMATION 12 Listening - Listening to podcasts, anecdotes / stories / event narration; documentaries andinterviews with celebrities. Speaking - Narrating personal experiences / events; Interviewing a celebrity; Reporting / and summarizing documentaries / podcasts/ interviews. Reading - Reading biographies, travelogues, newspaper reports, Excerpts from literature, travel & technical blogs. Writing - Guided writing-- Paragraph writing Short Report on an event (field trip etc.) Grammar –Past tense (simple); Subject-Verb Agreement; and Prepositions Vocabulary - Word forms (prefixes & suffixes); Synonyms and Antonyms. Phrasal verbs. UNIT III DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS / PRODUCT 12 Listening - Listen to a product and process descriptions; a classroom lecture; and advertisementsabout products. Speaking – Picture description; giving instruction to use the product; Presenting a product; andSummarizing a lecture. Reading – Reading advertisements, gadget reviews; user manuals. Writing - Writing definitions; instructions; and Product /Process description. Grammar - Imperatives; Adjectives; Degrees of comparison; Present & Past Perfect Tenses. Vocabulary - Compound Nouns, Homonyms; and Homophones, discourse markers (connectives & sequence words) UNIT IV CLASSIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12 Listening – Listening to TED Talks; Scientific lectures; and educational videos. Speaking – Small Talk; Mini presentations and making recommendations. Reading – Newspaper articles; Journal reports –and Non Verbal Communication (tables, pie chartsetc,) Writing–Note-making/Note-taking(*Study skills to be taught, not tested; Writingrecommendations; Transferring information from non verbal (chart , graph etc, to verbal mode) Grammar – Articles; Pronouns - Possessive & Relative pronouns. Vocabulary - Collocations; Fixed / Semi fixed expressions. UNIT V EXPRESSION 12 Listening – Listening to debates/ discussions; different viewpoints on an issue; and paneldiscussions. Speaking –group discussions, Debates, and Expressing opinions through Simulations & Role play. Reading – Reading editorials; and Opinion Blogs; Writing – Essay Writing (Descriptive or narrative). Grammar – Future Tenses, Punctuation;Negation(Statements & Questions);Simple,Compound & Complex Sentences. Vocabulary - Cause & Effect Expressions – Content vs Function words. TEXT BOOKS:  English for Engineers & Technologists Orient Blackswan Private Ltd. Department of English, Anna University, (2020 edition)  English for Science & Technology Cambridge University Press, 2021.  Authored by Dr. Veena Selvam, Dr. Sujatha Priyadarshini, Dr. Deepa Mary Francis, Dr. KN. Shoba, and Dr. Lourdes Joevani, Department of English, Anna University. REFERENCES:  Technical Communication – Principles And Practices By Meenakshi Raman & Sangeeta Sharma, Oxford Univ. Press, 2016, New Delhi.  A Course Book on Technical English By Lakshmi Narayanan, Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd.  English For Technical Communication (With CD) By Aysha Viswamohan, Mcgraw Hill Education, ISBN : 0070264244.  Effective Communication Skill, Kulbhusan Kumar, R S Salaria, Khanna Publishing House.  Learning to Communicate – Dr. V. Chellammal, Allied Publishing House, New Delhi,2003. COURSE OBJECTIVES:  To improve the communicative competence of learners  To help learners use language effectively in academic /work contexts  To build on students’ English language skills by engaging them in listening, speaking and grammar learning activities that are relevant to authentic contexts.  To develop learners’ ability to read and write complex texts, summaries, articles, blogs, definitions, essays and user manuals.  To use language efficiently in expressing their opinions via various media. COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of the course, learners will be able  To listen and comprehend complex academic texts  To read and infer the denotative and connotative meanings of technical texts  To write definitions, descriptions, narrations and essays on various topics  To speak fluently and accurately in formal and informal communicative contexts  To express their opinions effectively in both oral and written medium of communication REFERENCES: 1.Technical Communication – Principles And Practices By Meenakshi Raman & Sangeeta Sharma, Oxford Univ. Press, 2016, New Delhi. 2.A Course Book on Technical English By Lakshmi Narayanan, Scitech Publications (India)Pvt. Ltd. 3.English For Technical Communication (With CD) By Aysha Viswamohan, Mcgraw Hill Education, ISBN : 0070264244. 4.Effective Communication Skill, Kulbhusan Kumar, R S Salaria, Khanna Publishing House. Learning to Communicate – Dr. V. Chellammal, Allied Publishing House, New Delhi,2003. UNIT-1 PART-A: WH- questions YES or NO questions Question Tag Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Synonyms One Word Substitutes Abbreviations and Acronyms PART- B: Email Letter Writing Interpretation of Charts Reading: Brochure/Social media messages Speaking: Self Introduction VERB WH QUESTIONS There are two main types of questions: Yes/No questions and WH- question. WH- questions are questions starting with WH-words including: what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how. Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people and so on. Below is a list of question words and example sentences: Question words Meaning Examples who person Who's that? That's Nancy. where place Where do you live? In Boston why reason Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to get up early when time When do you go to work? At 7:00 how manner How do you go? By car what object, idea or action What do you do? I am an engineer which choice Which one do you prefer? The red one. whose possession Whose is this book? It's Alan's. whom object of the verb Whom did you meet? I met the manager. what kind description What kind of music do you like? I like quiet songs what time time What time did you come home? how many quantity (countable) How many students are there? There are twenty.  amount, price how much How much time have we got? Ten minutes (uncountable) how long duration, length How long did you stay in that hotel? For two weeks. how often frequency How often do you go to the gym? Twice a week. how far distance How far is your school? It's one mile far. how old age How old are you? I'm 16. how come reason How come I didn't see at the party? Question words Usages Examples Used to ask about - What are you doing? What things - What do you think about the movie? - When will the meeting start? When Used to ask about time - When are you leaving? Used to ask about - Where’s my bag? Where places - Where do you live? Used to ask about - Who do you love the most in your family? Who people - Who told you that story? - Whom did you see in the morning? I saw Mr. Mark, my Used to ask about English teacher. Whom people (object of verb) - Whom was Jim talking to? He was talking to Jack, his new roommate. - Which one do you choose? The left or right? Used to ask about Which - Of all the drinks in the menu, which one would you choices like? Used to ask about - Whose pencil is this? Is it yours? Whose possession - Whose books are these? Used to ask about - Why did it happen? I didn’t understand. Why reasons/ causes - Why is he crying?  Used to ask about - How can you explain this problem? Please tell us. How manner/ process - How can you get here? Examples: 1. John is writing a letter. What is John writing? 2. She walks home from school. Who walks home from school? 3. The children are sitting in the garden. Where are the children sitting? 4. Peter runs with his dog on Sundays. When does Peter run with his dog? 5. My rabbit has a cage in the garden. What does your rabbit have in the garden? 6. They go to work by bus. How do they go to work? 7. David likes cats because they are nice. Why does David like cats? 8. Jenny isn't sleeping late today. Who isn't sleeping late today? 9. We are going to the cinema. Where are we going? 10. I'm leaving now. When are you leaving 1.---- book is this? 2.---- is your name? 3.---- are you from? 4.---- is your birthday? 5.---- is your best friend? Daniel or Andre? 6.---- are you waiting here? 7.---- do you go to school? By car or by bus? 8.---- is your new car? 9.---- is your problem? 10.---- old are you? 11.---- are you sad? 12.---- car is the fastest? Change the statements to questions using the question word in parenthesis. 1. They do their homework at night. (when) 2. Mr. Robertson came to the party alone. (who) 3. The car is across the street from the house. (where) 4. I like the red blouse, not the blue one. (which) 5. She felt better after she took a nap. (how) 6. That is an English book. (what) 7. My sister called her boyfriend yesterday (when) 8. She talked to him for an hour. (how long) 9. He studies piano at the university. (what) 10. The party lasted all night. (how long) 11. The check was for $5.50. (how much) 12. She was eating a sandwich. (what) 13. She is working hard. (what) 14. My parents have two cars. (how many) 15. They are coming to visit tomorrow. (when) 16. He is going to work right now. (where) 17. The man with the white hat is my brother. (who) 18. I don’t get up early because I like to sleep late. (why) 19. We have an English class every day. (how often) 20. They like to dance on weekends. (what) Change the following sentences to questions beginning with the given question word. 1. They live in Brooklyn. Where ? 2. The lesson begins at 8 o´clock. What time ? 3. They get home at 6 o´clock every night. What time ? 4. She speaks French very well. What ? 5. Those books cost one dollar. How much ? 6. They travel by car. How ? 7. She wants to learn English because she wants a better job. Why ? 8. They meet on the corner every morning. Where ? 9. She teaches us grammar. What ? 10. He gets up at seven every morning. When ? 11. Those girls sell newspaper there. What ? Supply DO or DOES to complete the following present tense questions. 1. Where ----John live? 2. What time ---- the plane leave? 3. Where ----you hang your hat and coat during the lesson? 4. Where---- they live? 5. What ----these girls generally do over the weekend? 6. How ---- that child go to school? 7. Who ---- Helen help at home? 8. When ----we eat lunch in the cafeteria? Transform these sentences into Wh- question and yes or no question: 1. He loves this town. 2. They like soccer. 3. She can drive a lorry.  4. They are nice. 5. They went to the swimming pool. 6. She wastes her money on jewelery. 7. He decided to leave his wife. 8. She wakes up early. 9. They should revise their lessons. 10. He was born in this town. Yes / No questions Yes or No questions are those questions that expect ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as answer.. These questions do not take the question words when, what, where etc. Yes / No questions are used to check information or ask for confirmation. ‘Are you coming with us?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Has he returned the car?’ ‘No, he hasn’t.’ ‘Do you live in Chicago?’ ‘No, I don’t.’ ‘Does she speak English?’ ‘Yes, she does.’ ‘Did you meet John yesterday?’ ‘No, I didn’t.’ Note the use of auxiliary verbs in the above examples. When we answer Yes / No questions we do not normally repeat the complete the question. Instead, we use an appropriate auxiliary verb. This auxiliary is usually present in the question. ‘Does Mike live with you?’ ‘Yes, he does.’ ‘Did Maya tell you she wasn’t coming?’ ‘No, she didn’t.’ In negative answers we use the auxiliary verb and not. Usually a contracted form is used. ‘Have you ever visited Argentina?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ ‘Will you help me?’ ‘No, I won’t.’ (won’t = will not) Here is an overview of Yes / No questions in different tenses. Present Simple ‘Do you speak English?’ ‘Yes, I do.’ ‘Does she speak English?’ ‘No, she doesn’t.’ Present continuous ‘Are you coming with us?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ ‘Is it raining?’ ‘Yes, it is.’ ‘Is it snowing?’ ‘No, it isn’t.’ Present Perfect  ‘Have you received the letter?’ ‘Yes, I have.’ ‘Has he returned from Mumbai?’ ‘No, he hasn’t.’ Past Simple ‘Did you know the answer?’ ‘No, I didn’t.’ ‘Did he get the letter?’ ‘Yes, he did.’ Past Continuous ‘Were you sleeping then?’ ‘Yes, I was.’ ‘Was he reading his lessons?’ ‘No, he wasn’t.’ Future Simple ‘Will you come with me?’ ‘Yes, I will.’ ‘Will you help me?’ ‘No, I won’t.’ Making Yes/No Questions Be ( am, is, are, was, were ) + Subject + …. Sentence Question I am a doctor. Am I a doctor? He is from England. Is he from England? We are happy. Are we happy? She was ready. Was she ready? They were the same. Were they the same? Sentence Question I am studying English. Am I studying English? He is watching television. Is he watching television? We are working in the office. Are we working in the office? She was waiting at the bus stop. Was she waiting at the bus stop? They were coming to take me away. Were they coming to take me away? Making Yes/No Questions Do ( as an auxiliary verb ) + Subject + Main Verb + …. Sentence Question I put the keys on the table. Do I put the keys on the table? She gets up early in mornings. Does she get up early in mornings? Coffee grows in Brazil. Does coffee grow in Brazil? You like spend time at home. Do you like spend time at home? They write letter to me. Do they write letter to me? We drank milk. Did we drink milk? He cleaned his room. Did he clean his room? Question Tag A question tag also called tag questions or tail questions is a word format used to make any statement or sentence into a question statement. It is placed at the end of the sentence, along with a question mark.  If the statement is in the positive form, then the question tag will be in the negative form, and if the statement is in the negative form, the question tag will be in the positive form, respectively.  The question tag of any statement is in the tense form determined by the tense of the statement’s auxiliary verb of a modal verb, respectively, and proceeds further.  If there is an absence of the auxiliary verb in the sentence, we can use do/does as per the subject.  Invert the position of the subject and an auxiliary verb as in the sentence. A question tag is used generally in the English Language, mostly when we have confirmed something from someone, or we check whether the person is agreed or not, or something is true or else. We often use question tags when we expect the listener to agree with our statement. In this case, when the statement is positive, we use a negative question tag. She's a doctor, isn't she? Yesterday was so much fun, wasn't it? If the statement is negative, we use a positive question tag. He isn't here, is he? The trains are never on time, are they? Nobody has called for me, have they? Formation If there is an auxiliary verb in the statement, we use it to form the question tag. I don't need to finish this today, do I? James is working on that, isn't he? Your parents have retired, haven't they? The phone didn't ring, did it? It was raining that day, wasn't it? Your mum hadn't met him before, had she? The bus stop's over there, isn't it? None of those customers were happy, were they? Jenni eats cheese, doesn't she? I said that already, didn't I? They could hear me, couldn't they? You won't tell anyone, will you? I'm never on time, am I? I'm going to get an email with the details, aren't I? Exercise 1. He's still sleeping, ________ ( is not he?/ isn't he?/ wasn't he?) 2. You do go to school, ________ (do you?/ aren't you?/ don't you?) 3. Let's go for a walk, ________( shall we?/ shan't we?/ will we?) 4. We won't be late, ________ (won't we?/ will we?/ are we?) 5. Nobody called, ________ (do they?/ didn't they?/ did they?) 6. They will wash the car, ________ (will it?/ won't they?/ wouldn't they?) 7. We must lock the doors, ________ (mustn't they?/ shouldn't we?/ mustn't we?) 8. I'm right, ________ (amn't I?/ am not I?/ aren't I?) 9. So you bought a car, ________ (did you?/ haven't you?/ weren't you?) 10. You wouldn't like to invite my Dad, ________ (did you?/ would you?/ won't you?) The 12 Basic English Tenses  Present Simple I do.  Present Continuous I am doing  Present Perfect I have done  Present Perfect Continuous I have been doing  Past Simple I did, I did do  Past Continuous I was doing  Past Perfect I had done  Past Perfect Continuous I had been doing  Future Simple I will do  Future Continuous I will be doing  Future Perfect I will have done  Future Perfect Continuous I will have been doing Present Simple The Present Simple tense is the most basic tense in English and uses the base form of the verb (except for the verb be). The only change from the base is the addition of s for third person singular. How do we make the Present Simple tense? There are two basic structures for the Present Simple: 1. Positive sentences subject + main verb 2. Negative and question sentences subject + auxiliary do + main verb conjugated in Present Simple do, does base Look at these examples with the main verb like: subject auxiliary verb main verb  subject auxiliary verb main verb I, you, we, they like coffee. + He, she, it likes coffee. I, you, we, they do not like coffee. - He, she, it does not like coffee. Do I, you, we, they like coffee? ? Does he, she, it like coffee? From the above table, notice the following points... For positive sentences:  There is no auxiliary verb.  We conjugate the main verb by adding s to the third person singular. main verb be I am French. + You, we, they are French. He, she, it is French. I am not old. - You, we, they are not old. He, she, it is not old. Am I late? ? Are you, we, they late? Is he, she, it late? From the above table, notice the following points...  There is no auxiliary verb, even for questions and negatives.  The main verb (be) is conjugated in the Present Simple: am, are, is  For negative sentences, we insert not after the main verb.  For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the main verb. How do we use the Present Simple tense? We use the Present Simple to talk about:  general time (action verbs)  situations now (stative verbs)  general time and situations now (verb be) Present Simple for general time We use the Present Simple tense when:  the action is general  the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future  the action is not only happening now  the statement is always true Examples:  I live in New York.  The Moon goes round t the Earth.  John drives a taxi.  He does not drive a bus.  We meet every Thursday.  We do not work at night.  Do you play football? Present Simple for now For stative verbs, we can use the Present Simple to talk about now. Stative verbs do not describe action. They describe state, and are verbs such as: like, sound, belong to, need, seem. We can use these verbs with the Present Simple tense to talk about a situation at the present time, not general. I want coffee. It looks interesting. Present Simple for general time and now  The verb be is always special. It is a stative verb, and we use it in the Present Simple tense to talk about now situations and about general situations. Look at these examples of the verb be in the Present Simple tense - some are general and some are now: I am not fat. Ram is tall. We are hungry. Exercise  1. Do you _____ chocolate milk? (like/likes)  2. He _____ not want to go to the movies.(is/does/do)  3. He ____________ now. (plays tennis/ wants breakfast)  4. It _____ a beautiful day today. (is/am/are)  5. Sorry, Lisa _____ not here at the moment. (is/am/be)  6. They're not here. They ____________ right now. (swim at the beach/ are on holiday)  7. Robert _____ not go to my school. (is/does/are)  8. My parents _____ in a two-bedroom apartment. (live/lives/are live)  9. We _____ European. (are/do)  10. You _____ so happy today! (look/seem)  Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations and acronyms are shortened forms of words or phrases. An abbreviation is typically a shortened form of words used to represent the whole (such as Dr. or Prof.) while an acronym contains a set of initial letters from a phrase that usually form another word (such as radar or scuba).An acronym is an abbreviation used as a word which is formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. 15 commonly used abbreviations 15 commonly used acronyms  Km: kilometer(s)  Dept.: department  DOB: Date Of Birth  Eng.: England, English  FYI: For Your Information  Col.: colonel  HR: Human Resources  Geog.: geography  ATM: Automated Teller Machine  Govt.: government  DND: Do Not Disturb  Lit.: literary, literature  UFO: Unidentified Flying Object  Ref.: reference  ASAP: As Soon As Possible  Rept.: report  HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus  viz.: videlicet, 'namely'  DIY: Do it Yourself  Yr.: year  IQ: Intelligence Quotient  St.: Saint  PIN: Personal Identification Number  Subj.: subject  SOS: Save Our Souls  Univ.: university  FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation  Vocab.: vocabulary  NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration  AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Everyday Use  appt. - appointment  apt. - apartment  A.S.A.P. - as soon as possible  B.Y.O.B. - bring your own bottle, used for parties where guests are expected to bring their own drinks or restaurants that don't sell alcohol.  c/o - care of, used when sending mail to someone who's not at their usual address  dept. - department  D.I.Y. - Do it yourself  est. - established   E.T.A. - estimated time of arrival  approx. - approximately  min. - minute or minimum  misc. - miscellaneous  Mr. - Mister  Mrs. - Mistress (pronounced Missus)  no. - number  R.S.V.P. - Répondez, s'il vous plait, this initialism comes from the French for "please reply." It's used on invitations to parties and events and is intended (as it says) to be responded to with a "yes, we will attend," or "no, we will not."  tel. - telephone  temp. - temperature or temporary  vet. - veteran or veterinarian  vs. - versus Academic and Job Titles  BA - Bachelor of Arts  BS - Bachelor of Science  MA - Master of Arts   M.PHIL or MPHIL - Master of Philosophy  JD - Juris Doctor  DC - Doctor of Chiropractic  PA - Personal Assistant  MD - Managing Director  VP - Vice President  SVP - Senior Vice President  EVP - Executive Vice President  CMO - Chief Marketing Officer  CFO - Chief Financial Officer  CEO - Chief Executive Officer Common acronyms AM/PM Abbreviations for “ante meridiem” and “post meridiem” ASAP As soon as possible BOGO Buy one, get one BOPUS Buy online, pick up in store ICYMI An abbreviation meaning “in case you missed it” FOMO Fear of missing out FWIW An abbreviation meaning “for what it’s worth” LASER Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation Commonly considered an abbreviation for “miss,” but technically it’s not an Ms. abbreviation for anything. The period is there to indicate that it’s a valid title for adults to use. P.S. An abbreviation for “postscript” PIN Personal identification number RADAR Radio detecting and ranging RIP Rest in peace (this can also be an initialism, as some people say “r” “i” “p”) SCUBA Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus SMART Specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, time-bound (commonly used when  setting goals) SNAFU Situation normal, all fouled up Acronym used in mathematics to remember the trigonometric functions sine, SOHCAHTOA cosine, and tangent. SONAR Sound navigation and ranging Commonly assumed to stand for “save our ship”, but technically, the SOS international distress signal doesn’t stand for anything TASER Tom A. Swift Electric Rifle VIN Vehicle identification number WD-40 Water Displacement, 40th formula YOLO You only live once ZIP Zone improvement plan Computer and Internet acronyms AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript And XML CAPTCHA Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-Only Memory DVD Digital Versatile Disc Fios Fiber Optic Service GIF Graphics Interchange Format JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JSON JavaScript Object Notation PNG Portable Network Graphics RAM Random Access Memory SIM Subscriber Identity Module (as in a SIM card) URL An initialism that stands for “Uniform Resource Locator” An abbreviation commonly thought to stand for “Wireless Fidelity”, but WiFi technically, it doesn’t stand for anything Military and government acronyms AWOL Absent without leave CONUS The Continental United States FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOTUS First Lady of the United States FOIA Freedom of Information Act HIPPA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development ICE Immigration and Customs Enforcement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OCONUS Outside the Continental United States OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration POTUS President of the United States SCOTUS Supreme Court of the United States SWAT Special Weapons And Tactics WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Medical acronyms AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome COVID-19 Corona virus disease of 2019 CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure ICU Intensive care unit NICU Neonatal intensive care unit ROM Range of motion SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome STAT An abbreviation for “statim,” which is Latin for “immediately” UTI Urinary tract infection One Word Substitution One Word Substitution Person/People One who is not sure about God’s existence Agnostic A person who deliberately sets fire to a building Arsonist One who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession Amateur One who can use either hand with ease Ambidextrous One who makes an official examination of accounts Auditor A person who believes in or tries to bring about a state of lawlessness Anarchist A person who has changed his faith Apostate One who does not believe in the existence of God Atheist A person appointed by two parties to solve a dispute Arbitrator One who leads an austere life Ascetic An unconventional style of living Bohemian One who is bad in spellings Cacographer One who feeds on human flesh Cannibal A person who is blindly devoted to an idea/ a person displaying Chauvinist aggressive or exaggerated patriotism A critical judge of any art and craft Connoisseur Persons living at the same time Contemporaries One who is recovering health after illness Convalescent A girl/woman who flirts with a man Coquette A person who regards the whole world as his country Cosmopolitan One who is a centre of attraction Cynosure One who sneers at the beliefs of others Cynic A leader or orator who espouses the cause of the common people Demagogue A person having a sophisticated charm Debonair A leader who sways his followers by his oratory Demagogue A dabbler (not serious) in art, science and literature Dilettante One who is for pleasure of eating and drinking Epicure One who often talks of his achievements Egotist Someone who leaves one country to settle in another Emigrant A man who is womanish in his habits Effeminate One who is hard to please (very selective in his habits) Fastidious One who runs away from justice Fugitive One who is filled with excessive enthusiasm in religious matters Fanatic One who believes in fate Fatalist A lover of good food Gourmand Conferred as an honour Honorary A person who acts against religion Heretic A person of intellectual or erudite tastes Highbrow A patient with imaginary symptoms and ailments Hypochondriac A person who is controlled by wife Henpeck One who shows sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality Indefatigable Someone who attacks cherished ideas or traditional institutions Iconoclast One who does not express himself freely Introvert Who behaves without moral principles Immoral A person who is incapable of being tampered with Impregnable One who is unable to pay his debts Insolvent A person who is mentally ill Lunatic A person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society Misanthrope A person who is primarily concerned with making money at the Mercenary expense of ethics Someone in love with himself Narcissist One who collect coins as hobby Numismatist A lover of mankind Philanthropist A person who speaks more than one language Polyglot One who lives in solitude Recluse Someone who walks in sleep Somnambulist A person who is indifferent to the pains and pleasures of life Stoic A scolding nagging bad-tempered woman Termagant A person who shows a great or excessive fondness for one’s wife Uxorious One who possesses outstanding technical ability in a particular art or Virtuoso field One Word Substitution Profession/Research The medieval forerunner of chemistry Alchemy A person who presents a radio/television programme Anchor One who studies the evolution of mankind Anthropologist A person who is trained to travel in a spacecraft Astronaut The scientific study of the physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, Botany distribution, classification and economic importance of plants A person who draws or produces maps Cartographer A person who writes beautiful writing Calligrapher A person who composes the sequence of steps and moves for a Choreographer performance of dance A person employed to drive a private or hired car Chauffeur A person who introduces the performers or contestants in a variety Compere show A keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection Curator The branch of biology concerned with cyclical physiological Chronobiology phenomena A secret or disguised way of writing Cypher The study of statistics Demography The use of the fingers and hands to communicate and convey ideas Dactylology A person who sells and arranges cut flowers Florist A line of descent traced continuously from an ancestor Genealogy The therapeutic use of sunlight Heliotherapy The art or practise of garden cultivation and management Horticulture One who supervises in the examination hall Invigilator The theory or philosophy of law Jurisprudence A person who compiles dictionaries Lexicographer The scientific study of the structure and diseases of teeth Odontology One who presents a radio programme Radio Jockey The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing Rhetoric The branch of science concerned with the origin, structure and Petrology composition of rocks One who studies the elections and trends in voting Psephologist An artist who makes sculptures. Sculptor The scientific study of the behaviour, structure, physiology, Zoology classification and distribution of animals One Word Substitution Generic terms An act of abdicating or renouncing the throne Abdication An annual calendar containing important dates and statistical Almanac information such as astronomical data and tide tables A cold-blooded vertebrate animal that is born in water and breathes with Amphibian gills A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden Allegory meaning, typically a moral or political one A statement or proposition on which an abstractly defined structure is Axiom based A nation or person engaged in war or conflict, as recognized by Belligerent international law An examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the Biopsy presence, cause or extent of a disease The action or offence of speaking sacrilegiously about God or sacred Blasphemy things; profane talk The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence Chronology A vigorous campaign for political, social, or religious change Crusade Lasting for a very short time Ephemeral Spoken or done without preparation Extempore Release someone from a duty or obligation Exonerate Fond of company Gregarious Making marks that cannot be removed Indelible Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong Infallible Certain to happen Inevitable A sentimental longing or wistful affection for a period in the past Nostalgia A solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases Panacea A doctrine which identifies God with the universe Pantheism Excessively concerned with minor details or rules Pedantic The practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them Plagiarism off as one’s own A thing that is kept as a reminder of a person, place, or event Souvenir An imaginary ideal society free of poverty and suffering Utopia Denoting a sin that is not regarded as depriving the soul of divine grace Venial In exactly the same words as were used originally Verbatim One Word Substitutes Government/System A state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or Anarchy other controlling systems A form of government in which power is held by the nobility Aristocracy A system of government by one person with absolute power Autocracy A self-governing country or region Autonomy A system of government in which most of the important decisions are Bureaucracy taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible Democracy members of a state, typically through elected representatives A small group of people having control of a country or organization Oligarchy Government by the wealthy Plutocracy Government not connected with religious or spiritual matters Secular A form of government with a monarch at the head Monarchy A political system based on the government of men by God Thearchy List of One Word Substitutions Venue/Spot A collection of historical documents or records providing information Archives about a place, institution, or group of people A large cage, building, or enclosure to keep birds Aviary A building where animals are butchered Abattoir A place where bees are kept; a collection of beehives Apiary A building containing tanks of live fish of different species Aquarium A place or scene of activity, debate, or conflict Arena A collection of weapons and military equipment Arsenal An institution for the care of people who are mentally ill Asylum A hole or tunnel dug by a small animal, especially a rabbit, as a Burrow dwelling A collection of items of the same type stored in a hidden or inaccessible Cache place A public room or building where gambling games are played Casino A large burial ground, especially one not in a churchyard Cemetery A room in a public building where outdoor clothes or luggage may be Cloakroom left A place where a dead person’s body is cremated Crematorium A Christian community of nuns living together under monastic vows Convent Nursery where babies and young children are cared for during the Creche working day A stoppered glass container into which wine or spirit is decanted Decanter A large bedroom for a number of people in a school or institution Dormitory The nest of a squirrel, typically in the form of a mass of twigs in a tree Drey A room or building equipped for gymnastics, games, and other physical Gymnasium exercise A storehouse for threshed grain Granary A large building with an extensive floor area, typically for housing Hangar aircraft A box or cage, typically with a wire mesh front, for keeping rabbits or Hutch other small domesticated animals A place in a large institution for the care of those who are ill Infirmary A small shelter for a dog Kennel A place where wild animal live Lair A place where coins, medals, or tokens are made Mint A collection of wild animals kept in captivity for exhibition Menagerie A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living Monastery under religious vows A place where bodies are kept for identification Morgue A piece of enclosed land planted with fruit trees Orchard A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply Reservoir A small kitchen or room at the back of a house used for washing dishes Scullery and another dirty household work A close-fitting cover for the blade of a knife or sword Sheath A room or building for sick children in a boarding school Sanatorium A place where animal hides are tanned Tannery A large, tall cupboard in which clothes may be hung or stored Wardrobe One Word Substitution Group/Collection A group of guns or missile launchers operated together at one place Battery A large bundle bound for storage or transport Bale A large gathering of people of a particular type Bevy An arrangement of flowers that is usually given as a present Bouquet A family of young animals Brood A group of things that have been hidden in a secret place Cache A group of people, typically with vehicles or animals travelling together Caravan A closed political meeting Caucus An exclusive circle of people with a common purpose Clique A group of followers hired to applaud at a performance Claque A series of stars Constellation A funeral procession Cortege A group of worshippers Congregation A herd or flock of animals being driven in a body Drove A small fleet of ships or boats Flotilla A small growth of trees without underbrush Grove A community of people smaller than a village Hamlet A group of cattle or sheep or other domestic mammals Herd A large group of people Horde A temporary police force Posse A large number of fish swimming together Shoal A strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid Torrent Exercise Q.1. The Government wing responsible for making Rules 1. Judiciary 2. Executive 3. Court 4. Legislature Answer (4) Legislature Q.2. Life history of a person written by that person 1. Autobiography 2. Topography 3. Flexography 4. Biography Answer (1) Autobiography Q.3. One who does not take any alcoholic drink 1. Saint 2. Teetotaller 3. Forestaller 4. Vegetarian Answer (2) Teetotaller Q.4. A speech delivered without any previous preparation 1. Elocution 2. Dialogue 3. Extempore 4. Dialect Answer (3) Extempore Q.5. A disease which attacks many people in a particular area in one time 1. Epidemic 2. Pandemic 3. Sardonic 4. Academic Answer (1) Epidemic PART B Letter Email Writing Email stands for electronic mail. It is the most preferred means of communication because it is cheaper and faster. It is used in formal, semi-formal as well as an informal way of expression or writing. There are two ways to write the email:  Formally  Informally How to write a professional email Writing a professional email must not only account for the body of the email, but also the tonality you maintain. Here is how to write a professional email: 1. Start with an interesting subject line The subject line is a short message that is displayed before the contents of the email are visible in the inbox. It summarizes the intention of your email in usually seven to eight words. Moreover, a subject line helps the recipient to quickly identify your email in their inbox. For example, Minutes from today's meeting or Update on developments on the XYZ project. 2. Give greetings Ideally, you must include the recipient's name if you are aware of it. If not, then a sir/madame would do. If you are struggling to abide by a gender-neutral approach, then in the case of women, prefix their name with a Ms. Most importantly, irrespective of the recipient's gender, add a comma at the end of the greetings line. For example, Dear Ms Jessy or Dear Mr Arjun. 3. Write the core email body This section holds the key information that requires the recipient's focus. Write a detailed, yet succinct, message that describes your intention. It is imperative to be mindful of the time your reader may need to understand the intention of the email. For example, This email is in reference to my job application at Fine Foods International. I have received my interview results and I'm glad to embrace this opportunity. 4. Include a closing line The closing line is usually where you can place a call to action or inform the reader of the next steps. Consider ways to avoid forcing them to respond to you. Instead, write your line in such a way that they feel inspired or motivated to take action. A best practise is to find ways to continue the conversation, whether that is through email or in person. For example, We can chat about this on-call tomorrow afternoon. or If you could update me on this I would really appreciate it. 5. End with a signature Being the very last section of your email, the signature maintains a sense of neutral authority and professionalism. It usually includes your complete present professional identification by name, job position, company name, phone number and possibly, an alternative email address for you. Ensure that you begin your signature with Sincerely or Best regards, Raj,Junior HR Manager,Buzz Games Ltd. 6. Proofread your email Double-check the tone of voice of your email. Establish a neutral tone that helps the reader concentrate and craft a reply that you are expecting. An email that is free of spelling and grammatical errors is easier for others to read and comprehend, meaning you may be more likely to receive a response. It is important that your email have a high readability, meaning the recipient can understand your communication. Format of Email Writing The email writing format is likewise for each of the categories, though the selection of words and language varies depending upon the kind of email. One can employ friendly and casual writing in informal emails. The language utilized in formal emails should be professional, precise, and formal. The Important steps for writing the email are:  Subject Line  Salutation  Body of the mail  Signature line  Email Writing Format Samples From: Sender’s Mail id To: Recipient’s Mail id Cc: Other concerned person’s with visible email ids Bcc: Other concerned person’s with invisible email ids Subject: Reason for writing the mail Greeting/Salutation: Display your respect (Such as Sir, Respected Sir) Main Body: Content of the email   Introduction  Discuss the matter in detail  Conclusion Closing line: Thank you for the consideration Attachments: Attach reference files Signature line: Name and contact details Examples Write a letter to inform your classmates regarding the intra-college quiz competition. To: (email id of recipient) Cc: Bcc: Subject: Intra-college Quiz Competition. Hello Everyone! This is to notify you all that an intra-college quiz competition is going to be conducted in our college on Jan 25 from 11:00 am in Auditorium – 01. Everyone is therefore invited to take part in the competition so that our department can win. For further inquiries, feel free to contact me. Thanks, (Your name) Class representative Informal Email Writing Sample An email addressed to any friend, family members or relatives appears under this section. The practice of polite, friendly and casual terms along with proper salutations and closings are some of the rules of the informal emails. Suppose we need to write the invitation to a birthday party in the mail to your friends, then the sample would be: To: (Email of the recipient) CC/BCC: (If you need to add more recipient) Subject: Invitation to a birthday party Hi, I hope this mail finds you in considerable time. I am very happy to invite you to my birthday party on Jan 03 at XYZ Hotel from 7:00 pm to 10:00 pm. The theme of the birthday party is ‘Cinderella”. It would be excellent if you come and join us at the party. We will have a great time and fun together. See You Soon (Your Name) Interpretation of Charts  Data Interpretation is the process of making sense out of a collection of data that has been processed. This collection may be present in various forms like bar graphs, line charts and tabular forms and other similar forms. Bar Graph-A bar graph is nothing but a pictorial representation of data wherein every independent variable attains only discrete value. They are used for representing various types of data.  PIE-CHART The pie chart is primarily used to illustrate how different parts make up a whole. The best way to present your data in a pie chart is to compare the categories with each other. The following comparison words can be used interchangeably:  to compare   compared to  as opposed to  versus  more than  the majority of  only a small monitory  greater than  less than Here we have an example of a pie chart that represents how internet users aged 16+ prefer to browse the web: This example demonstrates the best way to summarize data by selecting and reporting the main features: Reading brochures: Questions: 1. What is a funded program? 2. What this brochure is about? 3. What are the advantages in joining this program? 4. Who are the beneficiaries? 5. Give the synonym for the given words: a. Speed up b. Supercharge c. equipped d. implement e. exclusive Question: 1.Who conducts the symposium? 2. What is symposium? 3. What are the information available in the brochure? 4. Which department can participate in the competition? 5. Interpret the three pictures given in the brochure. 6. Give the meaning for the following: a. Paper presentation b. Convenor c. Innovation d. Debate e. Coordinator UNIT-II PART A Preposition Simple Past Tense Subject-Verb Agreement Prefix- Suffix Synonyms-Antonyms Phrasal verbs PART B Paragraph writing Essay writing Reading: Technical blog, Travelogues, Newspaper Speaking: Narrating personal experience PART A Preposition Preposition is a word or group of words that is used with a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, location, or time, or to introduce an object. Types of Prepositions Prepositions indicate direction, time, location, and spatial relationships, as well as other abstract types of relationships. Direction: Look to the left and you’ll see our destination. Time: We’ve been working since this morning. Location: We saw a movie at the theater. Space: The dog hid under the table. Exercise 1. The boys are swimming _____ the river. 2. She mentioned that she would get _____ the details later. 3. Look ____ that lady, she looks gorgeous ____ what is she wearing! 4. We were eating our lunch ____ the classroom when everyone was downstairs. 5. I saw the movie ____ the TV. 6. My cat was sleeping ____ the closet. 7. Could you please look for my shoes? I had kept them ____ the couch. 8. It is noon right now, and the sun is shining directly ____ our heads. 9. They started their journey and pulled back out, ____ the road. 10. If my mother happed to be near, I would have ____ her arms right now. 11. She was disappointed ____ me for not being present ____ time. 12. I am not going to leave the room ____ you talk to me.  13. It is impossible to get what is on his mind ____ the look on his face. 14. I am going to Rita’s house ____ group study. 15. My father has gone ____ London ____ work. 16. Call me tomorrow, ____ the morning, and I will give you all the details. 17. He was supposed to be here ____ eleven o’clock. Where is he? 18. I have not met Akash ____ high school ended. 19. Have you been ____ the email that I sent you last night? 20. I did not even realize when things went ____ bad ____ worse. 21. What were you talking ____ last night? 22. My house is ____ the supermarket. So it is easy to get anything ____ any time. 23. Today I wouldn’t have been anything ____ the love and support ____ my family. 24. Where are you ____ to? 25. Let’s take the red car ____ of the black one. Common Prepositions Aboard: Can’t climb aboard without a preposition About: Can’t make much ado about nothing without about Above: Can’t go above and beyond the call of duty without the preposition above Absent: Can’t be absent from school either! According to: How could you site a source without ‘according to?’ Across: Guess you can’t sit across from anyone at Thanksgiving dinner After: No more after-parties without the word after Against: You’ll have to agree to everything if you can’t vote against things Ahead of: No one will ever again be ahead of their time without the preposition ahead. Along: You need along to signify that you are going along for the side Alongside: You also need alongside to describe where you are, alongside your best friend. Amid: Amid all the chaos, the preposition amid stands out. Amidst: Amidst the rubble, you have the word amidst. Among: The preposition among allows you to be among friends. Anti: Anti-matter and anti-establishment both depend on the preposition anti Around- Around is a pretty important preposition if you are around town. As- As long as prepositions exist, sentences make sense. as far as- As far as we’re concerned, as is a pretty important preposition as well as- Knowing prepositions as well as their meanings is important. At- You’ll need at to describe the time at which you’ll arrive. Atop- How could you be atop a high mountain without atop Before- Mind before matter is the key to learning prepositions such as before. Behind- Falling behind on your prepositions, such as behind, would be bad. Below- There are prepositions above and below the preposition below. Between- No more secrets between you and me without the preposition between. But- What would a toddler whine about if they couldn’t say ‘But mommy!’ By- It would be hard to get by without the preposition by Considering- Considering all these great prepositions, wouldn’t you be sad if you didn’t have this list Down- Without down, the famous rule of gravity that what goes up must come down wouldn’t have a lot of meaning. During- We’ve added before and after to the list, during completes the trifecta Except- We can’t name all the prepositions except for except! Excluding- Excluding excluding would also be a terrible mistake! Following: Following right along with our pattern, following is the next preposition on the list. For- If it weren’t for the preposition for it would be hard for you to talk. From- Prepositions such as from are far from unimportant In- In case you didn’t know, in is a preposition also! In addition to- In addition to is a lovely addition to the preposition list. In case of- In case of emergency, you can always use a preposition to get help. Inside- Now you have the inside track on prepositions! Into- Without the preposition into, you couldn’t get into trouble. Like- Like is, like, the most, like, overused preposition on, like, the planet. mid- Mid is a good preposition to be midway through the list- of course, it isn’t quite mid way but we’re close! Near- Without near, we wouldn’t be able to tell you that you are near to the end o the list Next- Next is a good preposition to be the next item on the prepositions list! next to- Next to the preposition, next, ‘next to’ may be the most important word notwithstanding- Notwithstanding the importance of prepositions, this list is still fun of- Without Of, we wouldn’t have Of Mice and Men (or, well, any other sentence or title that uses “off”) Off- The name of a popular bug spray, Off! Is also a great preposition. On- On the same topic, the preposition on is the opposite of the preposition off on account of- On account of prepositions, such as on account of, we can communicate. on behalf of- On behalf of English speaker’s everywhere, we say that prepositions are great. on top of- On top of all the other wonderful prepositions, we also have ‘on top of’ onto- Onto the next preposition, which is onto. Opposite- Is there an opposite to the preposition opposite? Outside- Without prepositions, you could never think outside the box. outside of- You could also never color outside of the lines. Over- The preposition over is required to think things over. owing to- Owing to prepositions, we are able to communicate. Past- Don’t look past the preposition past. Per- Per our instructions, the preposition per should be learned. Plus- Plus is a preposition plus a math word! prior to- Prior to learning prepositions, such as prior to, communicate was way less fun. Regarding- Movies such as Regarding Henry take advantage of the preposition regarding. Round- Without a preposition, such as round, you couldn’t go round the town. Save- You also couldn’t Save the Wales without the preposition save Since- Since you asked, since is also a preposition Than- There are few prepositions greater than than Through- When Alice went through the looking glass, she used a preposition. Throughout- Throughout history, the preposition throughout has been used. To- Without “to,” Shakespeare could not have asked his famous question- to be or not to be. Until- Until you read his list, you may not have known that until was a preposition. Up- Up up and away is a cry you couldn’t say without prepositions. With- With or without your consent, prepositions will keep on directing sentences. Within- Within the confines of many sentences, you are likely to find the preposition within. Without- Without the preposition, without, you’d be without a clue Simple Past Tense The simple past is a verb tense that is used to talk about things that happened or existed before now. Imagine someone asks what your brother Wolfgang did while he was in town last weekend. Eg: Wolfgang entered a hula hoop contest. He won the silver medal. You can also use the simple past to talk about a past state of being, such as the way someone felt about something. This is often expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase. Wolfgang was proud of his hula hoop victory. The contest was the highlight of his week. How to Formulate the Simple Past For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already ends in an e): Play→Played Type→Typed Listen→Listened Push→Pushed Love→Loved For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular verbs looks exactly like the root form: Put→Put Cut→Cut Set→Set Cost→Cost Hit→Hit For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more erratic: See→Saw Build→Built Go→Went Do→Did Rise→Rose Am/Is/Are→Was/Were Exercise 1 I ……… your letter this morning. (get) 2. How many deer ………… you ……… in the zoo? (see) 3. My father ………… a new house last month. ( build) 4. Prices ………… by forty percent last year. (rise) 5. Columbus ………… America. (discover) 6. Thousands of people ………… their lives in the earthquake. (lose) 7. Gangu ………… ten rupees from me. (borrow) 8. When ………… you ………… from Allahabad? (return) 9. I ………… to her house on foot. (go) 10. A thief ………… into our garage, last night. (break) Subject Verb Agreement Rule: 1 If two or more singular noun is connected by and we have to consider the whole subject is III person plural. So the subject agree only the plural verb Singular Singular Verb Plural Subject Plural Verb Subject He/she/it is/was/has/does(auxiliary) We/you/They Are/were/have/do(auxiliary) I Am/was/have/do(auxiliary  I He Does, has, works, goes, comes We Do, have, work, go, come She (Main Verb) You (Main Verb) It They Example: 1. Ramu and Somu ______(is/are) good friends. 2. Ramu and his friend _______ (has/have) come to my home. 3. Alex and his brothers _______ (has/have) attended the function. 4. Fire and water _______(do/does) not agree each other. 5. He and I ________ (am/is/are) well. 6. You and I _________ (work/works) hard. 7. Computer Class room and Lab _______(was/were) closed. 8. English lecturer and maths lecturer _______(is/are) going to tame the class. Rule: 1 (Exceptional) If two or more singular noun is connected by and we have to consider the whole subject is III person plural. But the subject represents one single ideas means we have to consider the subject is III person singular. So the subject agrees the singular verb. Example: 1. Slow and steady _____ (win/wins) the race. 2. Time and tide _______ (wait/waits) for none. 3. Bread and butter ______(is/are) wholesome food. 4. Law and order ________(are/is) an election issue. 5. Two and two _______(make/makes) four. Rule: 2 Two titles/designation are connected by and we have to consider the whole subject is III person plural. So the subjects agree only the plural verb. (Or) If two singular nouns are connected by and with two definite articles (The) we have to consider the whole subject is III person plural. So the subjects agree only the plural verb. Example: 1. The poet and the philanthropist ______ (are/is) coming for the function. 2. The secretary and the chairman ______(has/have) come 3. The principal and the English teacher _______(wants/want) to take the class 4. The bread and the jam ______ (is/are) eaten by ram. 5. The purse and the bag ______(are/is) in the car 6. The P.M and the C.M ________(has/have) gone to the Singapore. Rule: 2 (Exceptional) If two singular nouns are connected by and with one definite article (the) we have to consider the whole subject is III person Singular. So the subjects agree only the singular verb. Example: 1. The poet and philanthropist ______ (are/is) coming for the function. 2. The secretary and chairman ______(has/have) come. 3. The principal and English teacher _______(wants/want) to take the class. 4. The bread and jam ______ (is/are) eaten by Ram. 5. The purse and bag ______(are/is) in the car. 6. The P.M and C.M ________(has/have) gone to the Singapore. Rule: 3 If the sentence begin with “one of” we have to consider the whole subject is III person singular, even though the noun (or) subject nearer by the verb is plural Example 1. One of my friends ________ (is/are) going abroad today. 2. One of the books _________ (is/are) missing. 3. One of the teachers ________ (has/have) good sense of humour. 4. One of the students ________ (was/were) writing an IAS exam. 5. One of my sisters _______ (is/are) doctor. 6. One of the players ________ (come/comes) from Chennai. Rule: 3 (Exceptional) If one of occurs in the middle of the sentence, which is connected by relative pronoun (who, which, that) we have to consider the whole subject is III person plural so the subject agree only the plural verb. Example 1. John is one of the students who ______ (is/are) dependable in all circumstances. 2. Mohan is one of the players who _______ (has/have) a number of medal. Rule: 4  When the phrase together with, along with, with, in addition to, as well as, besides come with singular subject or noun we have to consider the whole subject is III person singular. So the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example 1. The file, with all papers, ______ (is/are) missing. 2. Ram, along with his parents, _______ (has/have) gone to Singapore. 3. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, ________ (greet/greets) the delegates cordially. 4. The Principal, as well as the teacher, ________ (wants/want) to take the class 5. The meeting, including all the formalities, ________ (take/takes) about two hours. 6. The dog, along with its masters, ______ ( are/is) going for a walk 7. The man, with all his brothers, _______ (live/lives) in the same house. 8. Sheela, with her friends, ______ (was/ were) at the theatre Rule: 4 (Exceptional) When the phrase together with, along with, with, in addition to, as well as, besides come with singular subject or noun we have to consider the whole subject is III person singular. So the subject agrees only the singular verb. But the symbol comma is omitted in the written English we have to consider the subject is III person plural. So the subject agrees only the plural verb. Example 1. The file with all papers ______ (is/are) missing. 2. Ram along with his parents _______ (has/have) gone to Singapore. 3. The Prime Minister together with his wife ________ (greet/greets) the delegates cordially. 4. The Principal as well as the teacher ________ (wants/want) to take the class 5. The meeting including all the formalities ________ (take/takes) about two hours. 6. The dog along with its masters ______ ( are/is) going for a walk 7. The man with all his brothers _______ (live/lives) in the same house. 8. Sheela with her friends ______ (was/ were) at the theatre Rule: 5 If two or more singular noun or pronoun connected by or, nor, either……or, neither………..nor, we have to consider as a subject nearer by the verb. If nearer by the verb subject is singular we put singular verb. If it is plural we put plural verb. Example:  1. Neither Rosy nor her friend ______(has/have) come to my home. 2. Either my books or your bag _____ (is/are) on the table 3. Either your bag or my books _____ (is/are) on the table 4. Neither he nor you _____ (are/is) using the internet facilities 5. Neither he nor I ______(am/are/is) using the internet 6. Neither she nor they ______ (are/is) going to the movies 7. Either Sita or her well wishers _____ (was/were) present Rule: 6 If the sentence starts with indefinite pronoun like ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘every one’, ‘everybody’, ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘no one’, ‘nobody’, we have to consider the whole subject is called as a singular noun, even though the subject nearer by the verb is plural. So the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. Each of the books _______ (is/are) worth reading. 2. Neither of the answers ______ (is/are) correct. 3. Every day ________ (brings/bring) good will and cheer. 4. Each of the boys _______ (have/has) managed to get a prize. 5. Nobody _______ (know/knows) the way to the Railway Station. 6. Either of the two books _____ (is/are) not sufficient. 7. Something ________ (is/are) better than nothing. 8. Some one _____ ( has/have) broken the chair. 9. Each of the students ______ (has/have) answered first three questions. Though the indefinite pronoun is connected by and the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. Each boy and each girl _______ (have/has) a story. 2. Every man and every woman ________ (is/are) prone to death one day. Rule: 7 The following nouns are looking plural in form. Physics, Maths, News, Dynamics, Politics, Innings, Athletics, Classics, Comics, Billiards, but it accepts only singular verb. Example: 1. Physics ______ (is/are) interesting subjects.  2. Politics _______ (is/are) a dirty game. 3. No news ______ (is/are) good news. 4. The first innings _______ (is /are) over. 5. Ill news ________ (travels/travel) fast. Rule: 8 The following nouns are looking Singular in form. The cattle, the people, the police, the deer, but it accepts only plural verb. Example: 1. The cattle _____ (are/is) grazing in the field. 2. The people _______ (are/is) waiting for the president. 3. The police _______ (were/was) forced to act. 4. The deer______ (are/is) grazing in the field. Exceptional: If the cattle, the deer starts with a cattle, a deer the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. A cattle _____ (are/is) grazing in the field. 2. A police _______ (were/was) forced to act. 3. A deer______ (are/is) grazing in the field. Rule: 9 If the plural number comes with a distance, height, weight as a subject the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. Three thousand rupees ______ (is/are) not a huge amount. 2. Five years contract _____(is/are) too much. 3. Four hundred miles ______ (is/are) big distance. Exceptional But some of money or year when considered separately we have to consider the subject is third person plural so the subject agrees only the plural verb. Example: 1. One lakhs rupees ______ (were/was) distributed among the victims. 2. Seven years _______ (have/has) rolled since we shifted to Chennai. Rule: 10  If the sentence begins with class noun like furniture, stationary, footwear, food, information, equipments we have to consider the subject is third person singular so the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. The furniture in the room ________ (need/needs) polishing. 2. A factory with modern equipments ______ (is/are) for sale. 3. The foot wear you bought yesterday _______ (was/were) good. 4. The furniture in the room _____ (is/are) very old. 5. Much food ______ (is/are) wasted. Rule: 11 If the sentence begins with some of, most of, lots of, a great deal of, plenty of, lots of, one third of, we have to consider the subject is third person plural when the subject refers to the number. So the subject agrees only the plural verb. Example: 1. Some of the boys _______ (is/are) very intelligent. 2. Lots of fans _______ (have/has) come. 3. Half of the fruits ________ (are/is) not ripe yet. 4. Plenty of roses ________ (is/are) available in the market. 5. A lot of people _______ (prefer/prefers) tea to coffee. Exceptional The same noun takes singular verb when which refer to the quantity.(all the uncountable noun takes singular verb) Example: 1. Some of the sugar _______ (is/are) spilt. 2. Plenty of water _______(is/are) available here. 3. Some of the Music _______ (was/were) boring. Rule: 12 If the sentence begins with many a, more than one, we have to consider the subject is third person singular. So the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. Many a book ______ (is/are) interesting. 2. More than one candidate _____(was/were) absent in the meeting. 3. Many an artist ______ (do/does) not gain. Exceptional:  If many and more comes alone the subject agrees only the singular verb. Example: 1. Many book ______ (is/are) interesting. 2. More candidate _____(was/were) absent in the meeting. 3. Many artist ______ (do/does) not gain. Rule: 13 If the sentence begins with phrase like a team of, a chain of, a flock of, a bouquet of, a crowd of, a series of, a set of, we have to consider the subject is third person singular even though the subject nearer by the verb is plural. Example: 1. A series of serials ____ (is/are) telecast every day. 2. A team of ministers _______ (has/have) come on a visit. 3. A pair of scissors ______ (is/are) there. 4. A volley of questions ________ (was/were) put forth by the quiz master. Exceptional If the sentence begins with a number of that phrase accept only the plural verb. Example A number of students _______ (is/are) playing in the ground. But the sentence starts with the number of the subject agree only the plural verb. Example: The number of students _______ (is/are) playing in the ground. Rule: 14 Title, Names of books, Quotation, Proverbs always takes only singular verb. Example: 1. The discoveries channel ______ (gives/give) vast information. 2. Tempest _______ (make/makes) reading interesting. 3. Honesty _____ (is/are) the best policy. Rule: 15 If the sentence begins adjectives with definite article ‘the’ which refer to a group of people in a particular condition that subject agrees only the plural verb. The blind, the youth, the brave, the poor, the nation, etc. Example:  1. The brave _______ (die/dies) once. 2. The unemployed ________ (are/is) restless. 3. The French ______ (have/has) good food. 4. The youth of today _____ (are/is) the pillars of tomorrow. Prefix and suffix The most common prefixes Prefix Meaning Examples anti- against/opposed to anti-government, anti-racist, anti-war auto- self autobiography, automobile de- reverse or change de-classify, decontaminate, demotivate dis- reverse or remove disagree, displeasure, disqualify down- reduce or lower downgrade, downhearted extra- beyond extraordinary, extraterrestrial hyper- extreme hyperactive, hypertension il-, im-, in-, ir- not illegal, impossible, insecure, irregular inter- between interactive, international mega- very big, important megabyte, mega-deal, megaton mid- middle midday, midnight, mid-October mis- incorrectly, badly misaligned, mislead, misspelt non- not non-payment, non-smoking over- too much overcook, overcharge, overrate out- go beyond outdo, out-perform, outrun post- after post-election, post-war pre- before prehistoric, pre-war pro- in favour of pro-communist, pro-democracy re- again reconsider, redo, rewrite semi- half semicircle, semi-retired sub- under, below submarine, sub-Saharan super- above, beyond super-hero, supermodel tele- at a distance television, telepathic Prefix Meaning Examples trans- across transatlantic, transfer ultra- extremely ultra-compact, ultrasound un- remove, reverse, not undo, unpack, unhappy under- less than, beneath undercook, underestimate up- make or move higher upgrade, uphill Prefixes to make negatives a-, dis-, il-, in-, im-, ir-, non-, un-,mis-, re-,de-, mal-,non-,anti-,under- Prefixes change the meaning of the word to the opposite meaning. happy – unhappy, legal – illegal, like – dislike , patient – impatient, correct – incorrect. Usually when you add a prefix you don’t change the root word. multi + national = multinational in + complete = incomplete *notice the double letters in the following words. We just add the prefix to the root word * dis + satisfied = dissatisfied mis + spell = misspell un+ necessary = unnecessary im + mature = immature ir + responsible = irresponsible There are hundreds of prefixes, some of the most popular are: in-, ir-, il-, im-, un-, dis-, pre-, ex-, anti-, uni-, bi- Recognizing and understanding prefixes will help your spelling and reading. There are some rules which help us to know which prefix to add to which word but like all rules there are exceptions. * use il- before words starting with l legible – illegible, illuminate, illegal, illegible (But – unlawful, unlearn, unless…) *use ir- before words starting with r relevant – irrelevant, irresistible, irresponsible, irreconcilable, irregular, irradiate (But – unreal, unrated) *use im- before words stating with m, p and b mature – immature, immigrant, immortal, immoral, immaterial, immaculate, perfect – imperfect, impossible, impair, improper, impartial balance – imbalance (But we have unpack, unpick, unpaid… unmarked, unmarried, unmask) The four most common prefixes are un-, re-, in-, dis– un, in, il, im, ir, dis, non – these make nouns, verbs, adjectives negative, not, opposite. unfair, untidy, unable, uncover, unkind, unequal, uneven, unusual incomplete, informal, incorrect, indecent, insecure, indirect, inaccurate, inefficient, incompetent illegal, illegitimate, illogical, illiterate, illegible, illustrious, illuminate,immature, impatient irregular, irrelevant, irreplaceable, irresistible, irresponsible, irrational, irreconcilable, irreparable dishonest, dislike, disagree, disappear, disgrace, disloyal, disobey, distrust, dissatisfied non-smoker, non-toxic de, dis, un, re these indicate reversal of verb’s actions – reverse, back, again defrost, debug, decrease, deport, degrade, delete, detached disconnect, disinterested, disarm, disable unwrap, undo, untie, unplug, undress, unpack return, retell, regain, repaint, retry, redo, replay, reuse, regain, reword, rebuild, remodel… over, under, sub, mis to indicate something is wrong or bad, under, lowly oversleep, overpopulated ( = too much, excessive) undervalued, undercooked (= not enough) substandard, subspecies (= not enough, lowly) misunderstand, miscalculate, misspell, mistreat, misuse, misbehave, mistake (= bad) hyper, mega, super, ultra, micro, mini – to indicate size very big, very small, too much hypermarket, hyperactive megastore, megabyte supermarket, supermodel ultrasound, ultra-modern microwave, microchip miniskirt, minibus mono, uni, bi, tri, multi, semi – to indicate number, frequency, shape monorail, monologue, monologue, monopoly = (one) universal, unisex, unicycle, unison, unique, universe = (one, same) bilingual, bicycle, bifocals, biweekly, biannual = (two) triangle, tripod, tricycle, trilogy, triple, trio, triplets = (three) multinational, multicoloured/multicolored (AmE), multicultural, multivitamin, multiplex, multimedia, multipurpose, multi-storey/multistorey (see hyphens (-) below) = (many) semicircle, semicolon, semiconscious, semifinal (or semi-final)= (half) Suffixes The most common suffixes to make Nouns are: -al,-ance,-tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, - ant, -ship, -age, -ery. The most common suffixes to make Adjectives are: -al,-ful,-ic,-ical,-ish,-less,-like,-ous,-ly Common Adjective Suffixes (Noun → Adjective) NOUN – NOUN – SUFFIX NOUN – ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE accident – accidental brute – brutal region – regional -AL relating to region – regional person – personal universe –universal custom – customary moment – -ARY relating to quality or caution – cautionary compliment – momentary place diet – dietary complimentary honor – honorary beauty – beautiful wonder – wonderful awe – awful -FUL full of skill – skillful success – successful delight – delightful athlete – athletic -IC having the nature of; base – basic history – historic photograph – caused by science – scientific rhythm– rhythmic photographic history – historical magic – magical logic – logical -ICAL having the nature of alphabet – practice – practical statistic – statistical alphabetical fool – foolish child – childish self – selfish -ISH origin, nature sheep – sheepish pink – pinkish girl – girlish power – powerless friend – friendless worth – worthless -LESS without use – useless home – homeless penny – penniless like – lifelike lady – ladylike war – warlike -LIKE like child – childlike bird – birdlike spring – springlike friend – friendly cost – costly month – monthly -LY like day – daily order – orderly coward – cowardly danger – dangerous poison – poisonous nerve – nervous -OUS quality, nature mystery – courtesy – courteous victory – victorious mysterious  rain – rainy fun – funny dirt – dirty -Y like mess – messy dirt – dirty spot – spotty Verb to Noun Suffixes SUFFIX VERB – NOUN VERB – NOUN VERB – NOUN arrive –arrival deny –denial refuse – refusal -AL condition, quality approve – propose –proposal dismiss – dismissal approval attend – prefer – -ANCE / -ENCE action, state, attendance refer – reference preference condition or quality accept – exist –existence insure – insurance acceptance educate – eliminate – combine – -ATION / -TION action or education elimination combination resulting state inform – declare – immigrate – information declaration immigration confuse – impress – confusion divide –division -SION action or resulting state impression decide – revise – revision profess–profession decision depart – fail – failure press – pressure -URE action or resulting state departure enclose – legislate – erase – erasure enclosure legislature punish – agree– employ – punishment -MENT state, act, condition agreement employment govern – pay – payment argue – argument government break – breakage pack – package bag– baggage -AGE action, state, process post – postage pass – passage marry – marriage bless – blessing write – writing end –ending -ING action, state, process land – landing feed – feeding seat – seating cream – bake –bakery brew – brewery -ERY a business or trade, a creamery brave (Adj) – machine (N) – behavior, a condition slave (N) – bravery machinery  slavery Example: VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE 1. Argue argument arguable 2. apply application applicable 3. accept acceptance acceptable 4. advise advice advisory 5. analyse analysis analytic 6. act action active 7. believe belief believable 8. bleed blood bloody 9. break breakage breakable 10. communicate communication communicative 11.compare comparison comparable 12. constitute constitution constitutional 13. calculate calculation calculative 14. classify classification classifiable 15. connect connection connective 16. conclude conclusion conclude 17. conserve conservation conservative 18. consume consumption consumable 19. circulate circulation circulative 20. construct construction constructive 21. categorize category categorical 22. correct correction corrective 23. corrode corrosion corrosive 24. compensate compensation compensatory 25. conduct conduction conductive 26. consider consideration considerate 27. contribute contribution contributory 28. converge convergence convergent 29. decide decision decisive 30. define definition definite 31. destroy destruction destructive 32. dispose disposal disposable 33. declare declaration declarative 34. decorate decoration decorative 35. deduct deduction deductible 36. develop development developable 37. disagree disagreement disagreeable 38. economize economy economic/-cal 39. electrify electrification electric 40. employ employment employable 41. explode explosion explosive 42. generate generation generative 43. govern government governing 44. grow growth growing 45. imagine imagination imaginative 46. introduce introduction introductory 47. involve involvement involved 48. insulate insulation insulated 49. magnetize magnetism magnetic 50. agree agreement agreeable S.No. Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs 1 accept acceptance acceptable 2 achieve achievement achievable 3 act action active actively 4 act activity active actively 5 act activeness active actively 6 add addition additional 7 adjust adjustment adjustable 8 admire admiration admirable 9 advise advice advisable 10 amass mass massive massively 11 amazed amazement amazing 12 amuse amusement amusing 13 annoy annoyance