Fuels And Combustion Review Of Fossil Fuels PDF

COURSE The chapter aims to: OBJECTIVES Identify the different forms of fossil fuels used as source of energy. Determine the different types of coal, oil and gas. Discuss the status and impact...

COURSE The chapter aims to: OBJECTIVES Identify the different forms of fossil fuels used as source of energy. Determine the different types of coal, oil and gas. Discuss the status and impact of the use of fossil fuel COURSE Fossil Fuels OUTLINE Coal Petroleum Natural Gas World’s Energy Resources Negative Impact of Fossil Fuel It is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits (hydrocarbon-containing natural resources) of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals. It includes: A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. It is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is extracted by mining wherein the top producers are China, United States, India, European Union, and Australia respectively. A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. It is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is extracted by mining wherein the top producers are China, United States, India, European Union, and Australia respectively. Types: Peat Lignite Bituminous/Sub Bituminous Steam Anthracite Graphite Uses: Power generation Uses: Power generation Steel production Uses: Power generation Steel production Cement manufacturing Uses: Power generation Steel production Cement manufacturing Ingredients for industrial and commercial products Uses on agriculture Coal is essential for production of raw materials in infrastructure and machinery for agriculture It is a source of electricity transmitted to farms Some farms use fly ash for fertilizer as a source Is Coal Ash in Soil a Good Idea? A naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels with approximate hydrocarbon range of C5H12 to C18H38 The process involves exploration, extraction, refining, and transporting (often with oil tankers and pipelines) Most countries in Middle East has abundant supply of petroleum but according to U.S. Energy Information Administration, top petroleum producing countries in the world are Russia, Saudi Arabia, United States, Iraq, Iran and China respectively. Bitumen A low-grade of crude oil which is composed of complex, heavy hydrocarbons Most refined bitumen is used in the construction industry commonly for paving and roofing applications Minor uses includes soundproofing, explosives, mildew protection, as a binder in briquettes, as a backing to mirrors, on shoe soles. As well, it is used as a fence post coating and is used in soil stabilization. Bitumen Fuel oil It also known as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil It is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. It is the heaviest commercial fuel and commonly used for vessels (bunker fuel or bunker crude) The oil is also used for heating home and commercial buildings, generating electricity from boilers, and fueling some vehicles such as trucks. Fuel oil Lubricating oil “Mineral oil” is used to refer to lubricating base oils derived from crude oil Lubricating oil is a class of oils used to reduce the friction, heat, and wear between mechanical components that are in contact with each other. It is usually used for mechanical components of engines such as gears, bearings, pistons, cylinders, turbines, and hydraulic components. Lubricating oil Diesel It is a liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. Petroleum derived diesel is called petrodiesel. The fuel is usually used for cars, trucks and heavy equipment. It is also used for aircrafts and military vehicles. Kerosene It is also called paraffin or paraffin oil, flammable hydrocarbon liquid commonly used as a fuel. It is typically pale yellow or colourless and has a not-unpleasant characteristic odour. It is obtained from petroleum and is used for burning in kerosene lamps and domestic heaters or furnaces, as a fuel or fuel component for jet engines, and as a solvent for greases and insecticides. Kerosene Naphtha It is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture produced from commonly on petroleum distillates. It is also produced from natural gas condensates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat. It is the most common raw material for the creation of plastics such as polypropylene and polyethylene It can be found in various cleaning agents where its low evaporation point comes in handy and as a dilution agent for paints, varnish and asphalt It can also breakdown to produce butane and gasoline Naphtha Petrol Petrol or gasoline is a mixture of volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and used as fuel for internal-combustion engines. It used for cars, sport utility vehicles, light trucks, and motorcycles Refinery gas It consists of mainly propane and butane gases which can be compressed or liquefied It is primarily used for used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles It is also used as raw materials for refrigerants such as R-290 and R-600a. Uses in agriculture Gasoline and diesel fuels are essential for agricultural machineries such as tractors, and irrigation pumps. Raw materials is agriculture such as plastics are obtained from petroleum products. Farm to market road made from asphalt uses petroleum products such as bitumen. It also used as raw materials for pesticides and other chemicals. A naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane (CH4) with small amounts of impurities such as CO2, N2, H2S, and He. Top producers of natural gas includes U.S., Russia, Iran, and Qatar respectively. It is a major source of electricity generation through the use of cogeneration, gas turbines and steam turbines. It is commonly used for domestic and commercial purpose such as cooking and heating. CNG is a cleaner and also cheaper alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel. It is a major feedstock for the production of ammonia, via the Haber process, for use in fertilizer production. Non-renewable Environmental Hazards Accidents can be disastrous Price fluctuations Overdependence Need Huge Amount of Reserves Impact on Aquatic Life by Oil Spill