3.1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry.pdf

AQA Chemistry A-level 3.3.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Detailed Notes https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc This work by PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc 3.3.1.1 - Nomenclature There are different way...

AQA Chemistry A-level 3.3.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Detailed Notes https://bit.ly/pmt-edu-cc This work by PMT Education is licensed under https://bit.ly/pmt-cc CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc 3.3.1.1 - Nomenclature There are different way of writing and representing organic compounds: 1. Empirical Formula - The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. 2. Molecular Formula - The true number of atoms of each element in a compound. 3. General Formula - All members of a homologous organic series follow the general formula. Example: 4. Structural Formula - Shows the structural arrangement of atoms within a molecule. Example: 5. Displayed Formula - Shows every atom and every bond in an organic compound. Example: 6. Skeletal Formula - Shows only the bonds in a compound and any non-carbon atoms. - Vertices are carbon atoms. - Hydrogen is assumed to be bonded to them unless stated otherwise. Example: https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Homologous Series Organic compounds are often part of a ​homologous series​, in which all members follow a general formula​ and react in a very similar way. Each consecutive member ​differs by CH​2​ and there is an​ increase in boiling points ​as chain length increases. Example: 3.3.1.2 - Reaction Mechanisms These show the ​movement of electrons​ within a reaction, shown with ​curly arrows​. Example: Mechanisms are used to show the reactions of organic compounds. https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc 3.3.1.3 - Isomerism Isomers are molecules with the ​same molecular formula​ but a ​different arrangement​ of atoms within the molecule. Structural Isomers These have a ​different structural arrangement​ of atoms. They can be ​straight ​chains or branched​ chains but will have the same molecular formula. Example: Position Isomers These have the ​functional group​ of the molecule in a ​different position​ of the carbon chain. Example: https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Functional Group Isomers These have a different arrangement of the same molecular formula so that the molecule has a different functional group​. Example: Stereoisomers These have a ​different spatial arrangement​. A type of stereoisomerism is​ E-Z isomerism​, where ​limited rotation​ around a double carbon bond means that groups can either be ‘together’ or ‘apart’. The ​E​ isomer (german for entgegen meaning apart) has these groups apart​.​ The ​Z​ isomer (german for zusammen meaning together) has these groups ​together​ on the same side of the double bond. Example: https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules There is a ​priority of different groups​ in molecules that can display E-Z isomerism. The atom or group on each side of the double bond with the ​higher Ar or Mr​ is given the ​higher priority​. These groups are used to determine if it is the E or Z isomer. Example: Therefore this molecule is the Z isomer as the highest priority atoms are on the same side. https://bit.ly/pmt-edu https://bit.ly/pmt-cc https://bit.ly/pmt-cc