Notes on the Salient Features of RA 9003 PDF

Republic Act No. 9003 “The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” An Act providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalt...

Republic Act No. 9003 “The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” An Act providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes. BRIEF HISTORY The Payatas landslide was a garbage dump collapse at Payatas, Quezon City, Philippines, on July 10, 2000. A large pile of garbage first collapsed and then went up in flames which resulted in the destruction of about 100 squatters' houses. 218 people were killed, according to official data, and caused 300 missing persons. Other sources, however, suggest that 705 people were killed in Payatas (Westfall, 2001) and many first-hand accounts note the number is far greater than the official figure, perhaps closer to 1,000. The landslide prompted the passage of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, which mandates the closure of open dumpsites in the Philippines by 2004 and controlled dumpsites by 2006. The dumpsite was reorganized into a controlled disposal facility in 2004 and was permanently closed in 2017. Milestone Dates for RA 9003 January 26, 2001 Approval of RA 9003 February 16, 2001 Effectivity of RA 9003 Signing of the IRR of RA 9003 under DAO December 21, 2001 2001-34 series of 2001 and took effect in January 2002 All Open Dumpsites should have been closed February 16, 2004 or converted to Controlled Disposal Facilities (Sec. 37) All Controlled Disposal Facilities shall be February 16, 2006 deemed closed and phase-out (Sec. 37) DAO 2001-34 series of 2001: Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 9003) Scope: These Rules shall lay down the powers and functions of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the Department of Trade and Industry, all other concerned agencies and local government units, the rights and obligations of stakeholders and the rights and duties of the people with respect to the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste Management. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 1 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera What is SOLID WASTE? ‒ refer to all discarded household, commercial, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings construction debris, agricultural wastes and non-hazardous/non- toxic solid waste. The term “solid waste” as used in this act shall NOT include: 1) waste identified as HAZARDOUS WASTE of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semi- solid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or serious illness or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and other organism; 2) INFECTIOUS WASTE from hospitals, clinics and the like 3) waste resulting from MINING ACTIVITIES, including contaminated soil and debris What is SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT? ‒ refer to the DISCIPLINE associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes CHAPTER 1: Basic Policies Section 2. Declaration of Policies. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall: a. Ensure the protection of public health and environment; b. Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource conservation and recovery; c. Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles; d. Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in ecological waste management excluding incineration; e. Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery; f. Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management; g. Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector; h. Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments; i. Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 2 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  j. Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry. Chapter II: Institutional Mechanism ▪ National Solid Waste Management Commission (Policy Making) ▪ DENR-EMB-NSWMC/S (Technical Support and Enforcement) ▪ Local Government Units (Implementation) ▪ Waste Generators/Citizens Section 4. National Solid Waste Management Commission. There is hereby established a National Solid Waste Management Commission, hereinafter referred to as the Commission, under the Office of the President. The Commission shall be composed of fourteen (14) members from the government sector and three (3) members from the private sector. a. Government Sector ▪ Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) ▪ Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) ▪ Department of Science and Technology (DOST) ▪ Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) ▪ Department of Health (DOH) ▪ Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) ▪ Department of Agriculture (DA) ▪ Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) ▪ League of provincial governors ▪ League of city mayors ▪ League of municipal mayors ▪ Association of barangay councils ▪ Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) ▪ Philippine Information Agency b. The private sector shall be represented by the following: ▪ A representative from nongovernment organizations (NGOs) whose principal purpose is to promote recycling and the protection of air and water quality ▪ A representative from the recycling industry ▪ A representative from the manufacturing or packaging industry Support Institutional Mechanisms: Section 7. NATIONAL ECOLOGY CENTER ✓ It is established under the commission and is headed by the Director of the EMB in his ex-officio capacity. ✓ It shall maintain a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary pool of experts including those from the academe, inventors, practicing professionals, business and industry, youth, women and other concerned sectors, who shall be screened according to qualifications set by the Commission. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 3 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  ✓ It shall provide technical expertise, information, training and networking services for the implementation of the provisions of RA 9003. Section 8. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR) Roles of the Department ✓ Chair the Commission created pursuant to this Act; ✓ Prepare an annual National Solid Waste Management Status Report; ✓ Prepare and distribute information, education and communication materials on solid waste management; ✓ Establish methods and other parameters for the measurement of waste reduction, collection and disposal; ✓ Provide technical and other capability building assistance and support to the LGUs in the development and implementation of local solid waste management plans and programs; ✓ Recommend policies to eliminate barriers to waste reduction programs; ✓ Exercise visitorial and enforcement powers to ensure strict compliance with this Act; ✓ Perform such other powers and functions necessary to achieve the objectives to this Act; and ✓ Issue rules and regulations to effectively implement the provisions of this Act. Section 10. LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs) Roles of LGUs ✓ Pursuant to the relevant provisions of R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act within their respective jurisdictions. ✓ Local Solid Waste Management Boards shall be created and established in each of the concerned LGUs ✓ The province, city, or municipality, through its local solid waste management boards, shall prepare its respective 10- year SWM plans consistent with the National Solid Waste Management Framework. ✓ Provided, that the waste management plan shall be for the re-use, recycling and composting of wastes generated in their respective jurisdictions: Provided, further that the SWM Plan of the LGU shall ensure the efficient management of solid waste generated within its jurisdiction. ✓ Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable and reusable wastes; Provided, that the collection of non-recyclable materials and special wastes shall be the responsibility of the municipality or city. Solid Waste Management Boards at the Local Government Level Section 11. Provincial SWM Board ✓ Consolidate Plans and Programs, establishing activities and complementing efforts at the local and barangay levels Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 4 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera Section 12. City and Municipal SWM Board ✓ Each city or municipality shall form a City or Municipal Waste Management Board that shall prepare, submit and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste generated in areas under its geographic and political coverage. Section 7 of the IRR. Barangay SWM Committee ✓ Formulate solid waste management program consistent with the city/municipal solid waste management plan ✓ Segregate and collect biodegradable and recyclable wastes ✓ Establish a Materials Recovery Facility Chapter III: Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Section 16. Local Government Unit Solid Waste Management Plans The province, city or municipality, through its local solid waste management boards, shall prepare its respective 10-year solid waste management plans consistent with the National Solid Waste Management Framework Approach to Ecological Solid Waste Management Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 5 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera SECTION 17. The Components of the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan The solid waste management plan shall include, but not be limited to, the following components: a. City or Municipal Profile b. Waste Characterization c. Collection and Transfer d. Processing e. Source Reduction f. Recycling g. Composting h. Solid waste facility capacity and final disposal i. Education and public information j. Special Waste k. Resource requirement and funding l. Privatization of solid waste management projects m. Incentive programs Segregation of Solid Waste Section 21. Mandatory Segregation of Solid Waste The LGUs shall evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in providing collection services, type of collection system, or combination of systems, that best meet their need: Provided, that segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at source, to include: Section 22. Requirements for the Segregation and Storage of Solid Waste 1. There shall be a separate container for each type of waste from all sources; 2. The solid waste container depending on its use shall be properly marked or identified for on-site collection as “compostable”, “non-recyclable”, “recyclable” or “special waste”, or any other classification Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 6 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera Collection of Solid Waste Section 23. Requirements for Collection of Solid Waste 1. All collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of solid waste shall be equipped with personal protective equipment to protect them from the hazards of handling solid wastes; 2. Necessary training shall be given to the collectors and personnel that the solid wastes are handled properly and in accordance with the guidelines pursuant to this Act; and 3. Collection of solid wastes shall be done in a manner which prevents damage to the container and spillage or scattering of solid waste within the collection vicinity. Transport of Solid Waste Section 24. Requirements for the Transport of Solid Waste 1. The use of separate collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers shall be required for specific types of wastes. Otherwise, vehicles used for the collection and transport of solid wastes shall have the appropriate compartments to facilitate efficient storing of sorted wastes while in transit. 2. The equipment used in the collection and transportation of solid wastes shall be operated and maintained in such a manner as to minimize health and safety hazards; 3. Equipment shall be maintained in good condition and kept clean to prevent the harboring of vectors and the creation of nuisances; 4. The use of separate collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers shall be required for specific types of wastes; 5. Vehicles shall be designed to consider road size, condition and capacity to ensure the safe and efficient collection and transport of solid wastes; and 6. For the purpose of identification, vehicles shall bear the body number, the name and the telephone number of the contractor/agency collecting solid wastes. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES BASED ON MATERIAL COMPOSITION A. Biodegradable Waste (Nabubulok) ▪ Wastes that degrade or breakdown naturally ▪ Can be degraded or processed by any biological entity Examples: Fruit and vegetable peelings, leftover foods, vegetable trims, fish/fowl/meat/animal entrails/, soft shells, seeds, leaves, etc., Management of Compostable/Biodegradable Waste 1. Food for animals 2. Composting- a form of waste disposal where organic waste decomposes naturally under oxygen-rich conditions Components: a. Raw Material b. Aeration c. Moisture Content d. Temperature e. Microbial Activity Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 7 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera Rule XI Section 4 Minimum Requisites for Operating Composting Facilities a) The Facility shall not be sited in areas subject to frequent flooding, unless engineering controls are provided; b) Leachate and drainage control; c) Provisions for vector, odor, litter and dust control; d) Record keeping shall be maintained; e) Residues shall be managed as solid waste and shall be disposed; f) Temperature of compost piles, curing piles and processed composts shall be maintained; and g) Aerobic conditions shall be maintained to prevent creation of dangerous gases such as methane. Examples of Composting: 1. Container Composting 2. Aerated Composting 3. Windrow/Heap Composting - Piling biodegradable wastes in long rows 4. Vermi Composting - Red worms in bins feed on food scraps, yard trimming and other organic matter to create compost. The worms break down these materials into high quality of compost called vermi cast. 5. Eco Composting Receptacle A. Non-biodegradable Waste (Di-Nabubulok) ▪ Wastes that do not degrade or breakdown easily. It requires management through mechanical or chemical processing a. Recyclable Waste Recyclable material shall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use or for other purposes. Examples: Newspaper, ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metals, corrugated cardboard, aluminum, tin cans, glass, papers, etc. How to Manage Recyclable Waste? ✓ Segregate each type of recyclable and place them in separate containers ✓ Bring them to the Materials Recovery Facilities (MRF) ✓ Sell them to junkshop (Memorandum of Agreement with junkshops to ensure continuous collection of recyclable wastes stored at the MRF) ✓ Re-use and crafting of recyclable wastes Section 32. Establishment of LGU Materials Recovery Facility There shall be established a MRF in every barangay or cluster of barangays. Materials Recovery Facility - A facility that receives mixed wastes for final sorting, segregation, composting and recycling. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 8 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  - A facility where recyclable waste is processed and separated using manual and/or mechanical methods. - A facility that separates and prepares recyclable materials to be sold to end buyers Section 33. Guidelines for Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility a. The building and/or land layout and equipment must be designed to accommodate efficient and safe materials processing, movement and storage; b. The building must be designed to allow efficient and safe external access and to accommodate internal flow; c. If the MRF includes a composting operation, it shall comply with the provisions applicable to composting and composts indicated in this Act; and d. The following records shall be kept and maintained: - Record of daily weights or volume of waste received, processed and removed from the facility; - Daily logbook or file of the following information shall be maintained: fire, special occurrences, unauthorized loads, injury and property damage. b. Residual Waste Residual wastes are solid waste materials that are non-compostable and non-recyclable. Examples: Disposable diapers, Sanitary napkins, worn-out rugs, ceramics, candy wrappers/sachets, cartons which contain a plastic lining usually used for milk and juice containers, cigarette butts, etc. How to Manage Residual Waste? ✓ Residual wastes with potential for diversion are processed using alternative technologies Examples: Plastic Shredder, Bottle Crusher ✓ Convert into reusable products Upcycling is a form of recycling that creates higher-value products from items that would otherwise go to waste. ✓ Store in a separate container and collected by the municipal local government unit for disposal to a sanitary landfill Sanitary landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. c. Special Waste - refer to household hazardous wastes Examples: Paints, thinner, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters, bulky wastes, consumer electronics (which refer to worn-out, broken and other discarded items), white goods (which refer to large worn-out or broken household appliances), oil, tires, etc., Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 9 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera How to Manage Special Waste? ✓ Store in a rubberized drum and label the type of waste stored on it ✓ Scout for an accredited hazardous waste hauler, treater and transporter for its management and proper disposal CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES BASED ON THE SOURCE GENERATION a. Public Markets ‒ Main public market, Satellite public markets, Talipapa (open markets) b. Food Establishments ‒ Restaurants with dine-in facilities, Carinderias or eateries, Bakeries, Food stalls c. General Stores ‒ Malls or department stores, Grocery stores, Other general stores (hardware, sari-sari store, etc) d. Industries ‒ Agro-industries (piggeries, poultries), Food processing industries, Cottage industries – non-food (furniture-making, handicrafts, weaving), Manufacturing industries, Agricultural plantations, Rice, corn, and sugar mills e. Institutions ‒ City/Municipal halls and Provincial capitols, Offices, Churches, Schools f. Slaughterhouses g. Service centers ‒ Hotels and inns, Transport terminals, Funeral homes, Others (salons, tailor shops, junkshops, repair shops, gasoline stations, pawnshops, printing and copying centers, computer shops, etc) h. Recreation Centers ‒ Resorts and public beaches, Parks, cemeteries, and other public places, Cockpits, Gyms and sports centers, Others (movie houses, bars, etc) i. Health Related Sources ‒ Secondary and tertiary hospitals, Health centers, Clinics, Pharmacies and drug stores SECTION 17. The Components of the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan (b) Waste characterization — For the initial source reduction and recycling element of a local waste management plan, the LGU waste characterization component shall identify the constituent materials which comprise the solid waste generated within the jurisdiction of the LGU. The information shall be representative of the solid waste generated and disposed of within that area. The constituent materials shall be identified by volume, percentage in weight or its volumetric equivalent, material type, and source of generation which includes residential, commercial, industrial, governmental, or other sources. Future revisions of waste characterization studies shall identify the constituent materials which comprise the solid waste disposed of at permitted disposal facilities. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 10 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS) What is WACS? It is a process that will help is find out: ▪ How much waste is generated by our city or municipality, including establishments and other waste sources (in kilograms/day) ▪ What kind of materials are found in our wastes If we can study the amount of our waste, we can: ✓ Reduce the amount of waste we produce ✓ Reuse, recover, or recycle materials that have value ✓ Minimize what we have to treat or dispose Why do WACS? ✓ To understand what type of materials are in our waste (as mandated by RA 9003) ✓ To understand the physical and chemical characteristics of our waste ✓ To manage our waste now and in the future (as mandated by RA 9003) Two ways to analyze waste: 1. Based on composition 2. Based on physical and chemical properties According to the National Solid Waste Management Strategy for 2012-2016, a WACS has three stages: 1. Preparation and training This stage notably involves planning and selection of a particular WACS methodology that will be adopted and the training of personnel who will do the actual waste characterization among others. Examples of WACS methods to choose from are: seven-day WACS, three-day WACS, and adoption of full or partial WACS typology. 2. Conduct of waste characterization Primarily includes actual sampling, identification of waste types, and determination of waste volume. 3. Data processing Data gathered from the conduct of WACS will be processed to serve as bases for SWM strategies and programs. Section 16 of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 900) mandates the Local Government Units to develop their 10-year Solid Waste Management Plans (SWMP) consistent with the National Solid Waste Management Framework and Section 17b identifies waste characterization as a required component. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 11 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  Effective waste management starts with waste avoidance, followed by what is popularly known as the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle). The next step is to adopt appropriate environmentally sound treatment and alternative technologies, to recover valuable materials from waste. In doing so, only small amount of residuals will need to be disposed in sanitary landfill disposal sites as prescribed by law. Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management 1. Flooding 2. Landslide 3. Health hazards 4. Ground & surface water contamination 5. Air pollution 6. Release of greenhouse gases 7. Foul odor 8. Contributes to Marine Debris Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 12 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  Chapter VII: Penal Provisions SECTION 48. Prohibited Acts. — The following acts are prohibited: Waste Management Facilities Section 37. Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Wastes No open dumps shall be established and operated, nor practice or disposal of solid waste by any person, including LGUs, which constitutes the use of open dumps for solid waste be allowed after the effectivity of this Act: Provided, that within 3 years after the effectivity of this Act, every LGU shall convert its open dumps into controlled dumps. Provided, further, that no controlled dumps shall be allowed 5 years following the effectivity of this Act. Open dump - A disposal area wherein the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning and consideration for environmental and health standards Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 13 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera Factors Affecting the Implementation of Section 37 1. Insufficient Budgetary Resources; 2. Difficulties in finding suitable site for development of a Sanitary Landfill; 3. Low compliance in the implementation of the SWM plan; and 4. Predominance of the NIMBY syndrome in potential Sanitary Landfill sites Residual Containment Area (RCA) ꟷ temporary storage of dry residual wastes that were placed in sacks. It has a roofing, walls and concrete flooring for the protection from vector/insect, litter, odor, dust, surface run- off waiting for the construction of SLF Operation of RCA: 1. Residual wastes to be stored at the RCA shall not exceed the capacity of the facility 2. Mix wastes shall not be accepted at the facility 3. The facility, its equipment and the surrounding area, storing residual wastes shall be routinely inspected by its operator for evidence of failure and necessary corrective action shall be undertaken immediately Section 44. Establishment of Common Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities ꟷ Pursuant to Section 33 of RA 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code, all provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays, through appropriate ordinances, are hereby mandated to consolidate, or coordinate efforts, services, and resources for purposes of jointly addressing common solid waste management problems and/or establishing common waste disposal facilities. ꟷ The Department, the Commission and local solid waste management boards shall provide technical assistance to the LGUs FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SWM Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 14 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  1. WASTE GENERATION 2. STORAGE 3. COLLECTION This involves gathering solid waste and hauling them to transfer stations, processing, and recovery stations, or to final disposal sites. In most solid waste management systems, the cost of collection accounts for a significant portion of the total cost (from 40 to 80%). The type of collection, types of waste and distance to the disposal site all determine the type of collection vehicle to be used. Collection deserves careful consideration as it can become the most expensive of the functions of solid waste management. Types of Collection 1. Curb service ‒ containers with wastes on curb side ‒ is a service provided to households for the disposal of refuse ‒ trucks collect waste and deliver it to either a landfill or a recycling plant where it is processed for reuse 2. Alley service ‒ The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen from refuse vehicles who deposit back the empty container. 3. Backyard carry ‒ collection crew enters the homeowner’s property and removes wastes from containers ‒ The collectors with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel barrow, or sack to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it. ‒ The bin is taken to solid waste vehicles where it is emptied 4. Set – out Set back service ‒ Container are set out from the homeowner’s property ‒ Set back after being emptied by additional crews ‒ Work in conjunction with the collection crew responsible for loading the collection vehicle 5. Set – out service ‒ Same as set out set back service ‒ Homeowner is responsible for returning the containers to their storage location Collection Routes ✓ The selection of a proper route for collection vehicles known as route optimization can result in significant savings in a city. ✓ The problem of route optimization was first addressed in 1736 by the famous mathematician Leonard Euler (1707 – 1783). He was asked to design a parade route for Konigsberg such that the parade would not cross any bridge over River Pregel more than once and would return to its starting place. Euler showed that such route was impossible for the king’s parade but he generalized the problem by specifying the conditions necessary to establish such route, now known as Euler’s tour. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 15 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  ✓ The objective of truck routing is to create a Euler’s tour, where a street is traversed only once and deadheading, traveling twice down the same street, is eliminated. In waste collection, the Euler’s tour is called “unicoursal route”. 4. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT When the location of the final disposal site is at a considerable distance from the waste collection points, it is often more economical to transfer the collected wastes to larger transport vehicles (larger container trucks, rail cars, or barges) before transporting them to the final disposal site. In this system, relatively smaller collection vehicles carry the wastes to a transfer station where the wastes are loaded into much larger transport vehicles. Properly designed transfer and transport system normally reduces the cost of collection and transport of wastes from on-site storage to final disposal sites. TRANSFER STATION Section 25. Guidelines for Transfer Station Transfer stations shall be designed and operated for efficient handling capacity and in compliance with environmental standards and guidelines set pursuant to this Act and other regulations. Transfer Station ‒ a facility utilized to receive solid wastes, temporarily store, separate, convert or process materials in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to larger vehicles for transport to an environmentally friendly disposal facility. Minimum Requirements for Establishing and Operating a Transfer Station (Rule X. Sec. 2 of the IRR of RA 9003) 1. Leachate and Drainage Control 2. Provision of vector, odor, litter and dust control 3. The facility shall consider the land use plan, proximity of collection area and accessibility of haul routes to disposal facility. Further, the design shall give primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in order to accommodate the storage of waste and vehicles for the loading and unloading of wastes. 4. The following record shall be kept and maintained: 5. Record of daily weights of volume of waste received and transferred; 6. Daily logbook or file of the following information shall be maintained: fire, special occurrences, unauthorized loads, injury and damage to property. 7. Waste shall be removed from the facility within 24 hours of its receipt. How Do Waste Transfer Stations Work? ▪ Waste Arrives – Upon arrival, waste loads are weighed on the weighbridge to assess the amount and allow for continued tracking. ▪ Waste Tipped – Waste loads are then tipped and the vehicle or used skip is able to be reassigned and quickly on its way. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 16 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  ▪ Waste Sorted – Waste is segregated at a Waste Transfer Station according to its material type, recyclability, size, and level of hazard it presents. There are various processes and specific machinery to handle various types of waste such as the waste screen and fines screen, used to sort small soils and aggregates. Manual sorting by staff is also undertaken, usually to separate specific recyclable materials. ▪ Waste Moved On – Once sorted and separated, waste can be moved on from the Waste Transfer Station to its next destination. In the hopes of helping the environment, recycling is prioritized, and landfill is the last resort. 5. DISPOSAL SANITARY LANDFILL Sanitary Landfill ‒ a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility Types of Landfills 1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill These landfills hold waste generated by households, hotels, and similar areas. This waste is non-hazardous. 2. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Landfill These landfills contain material produced during the process of construction, renovation and demolition. Materials in this category include concrete, wood and glass. C&D landfill waste is also considered non-hazardous. 3. Hazardous Waste Landfill These landfills hold hazardous waste which includes wood-preserving wastes and spent solvent wastes. SECTION 40. Criteria for Siting a Sanitary Landfill ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF PROPOSED SITE FOR SLF (as per Sec. 40 of RA 9003 and NSWMC Resolution No. 64, Series of 2013 Site Selection Parameters Exclusion (Absolute) Criteria 1 Proximity to Groundwater The site shall not be located on shallow unconfined Resources aquifers. Areas in or within 500 meters upgradient of groundwater reservoir or water supply intakes (water supply wells, jetmatic pumps or open dug wells) used for private or public drinking, irrigation or livestock shall also be excluded. 2 Proximity to Perennial The site shall not be located within 300 meters of Surface Waters watershed areas or upgradient (point of intake) of any surface waters used for public or private drinking water supply, irrigation or livestock. 3 Local Geological Conditions The site shall not be located on areas with underlying rocks (Underlying Rock Formation) characterized as jointed, fractured or fissured; carbonate (limestone or dolomite); karst, and other porous rock Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 17 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera  formations; or in areas with sinkholes or caverns. 4 Seismic Conditions No facility shall be constructed at site within 75 meters (Proximity to Faults) from Holocene fault (faults from 60 million years old to present) or a known recent active fault. 5 Soil Properties and The site shall not be located in unstable, very soft and Availability of Cover settling soils (sand, coarse sand or fine sand) with high Material potential for liquefaction, slumping or erosion. 6 Topography (Terrain and The site shall not be located on a landslide-prone area with Slope) groundslopes nominally greater than 50% or 2:1 horizontal-to-vertical ratio or as determined by authorities. No site shall be situated in old quarries or abandoned mine pits. 7 Vulnerability to Flooding The site shall not be located in areas prone to seasonal flooding such as swamplands, marshes and wetlands. This also includes areas that are deemed very highly susceptible to meteorologically influenced and related natural hazards (flood-prone areas) as declared by DENR-MGB or other appropriate authorities. 8 Proximity to Residential The sites shall not be located in or within 250 meters of Areas and Other Sensitive existing or proposed residential, commercial or urban Land Users development areas, and areas of historical, archaeological, cultural, geological, or scientific interests, which are more than 100 years old and declared by National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Institute or National Museum. 9 Proximity to Ecologically The site shall not be located within 500 meters of the Sensitive or Environmentally boundaries of ecologically sensitive areas proclaimed as Critical Areas protected areas under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NlPAS) Act, or by any related issuances, as national parks (areas of national significance), conservation parks (areas with valuable wildlife or interesting natural features), recreation parks (areas managed primarily for public recreation with some native vegetation), forest reserves, sites of flora and fauna of national or regional significance, wildlife sanctuary, mangrove areas, coral reefs, or wetlands of important biodiversity. 10 Consistency with Current or The location of the facility shall be consistent with the Proposed Land Use existing or proposed land use classification or Classification comprehensive land use plan (CLUP) of the host local government unit (LGU). 11 Proximity to Airports The site shall not be located within three (3) kilometers of an airport servicing turbojet aircraft or 1.6 kilometers of an airport servicing piston driven or turboprop (propeller) aircraft. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 18 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera 12 Landfill Area and Lifespan The site shall be large enough to accommodate waste for a period of five (5) years, with provision for expansion, during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable waste disposal. 13 Haul Distance, Accessibility The site shall be accessible from major roadways and and Road Conditions thoroughfares, provided that if it is not accessible, the project design shall include means of access. Minimum Criteria for the Establishment of a Sanitary Landfill 1. Liners ‒ a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater ▪ Compact clay liners: These liners are normally made of dense, compacted clay solid enough to prevent waste, liquid or gas leaks from seeping into the environment. ▪ Plastic liners: These liners are made of dense plastic and other synthetic materials, normally 30 to 100 mils thick. Plastic liners are typically used in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. **In some cases, landfills use clay to first line the bottom, then plastic (or another synthetic material) on top to reinforce it. 2. Leachate collection and treatment system ‒ installation of pipes at the low areas of the liner to collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge. ‒ A leachate collection system filters waste liquids from the landfill using pipes, packs of gravel and layers of sand on the bottom of the landfill. Leachate is also treated during this process since the liquid is normally acidic after picking up contaminants while it seeped through the landfill. a. Leachate collection ponds: Perforated pipes throughout the landfill collect leachate and carry it to leachate collection ponds, also called sumps. Here, the leachate is tested for chemical levels and allowed to settle. b. Sent for treatment: Afterwards, the leachate is released to an onsite treatment facility or off-site wastewater treatment plant. Some landfills recirculate the leachate into the landfill, so it soaks into the waste and does not reappear. This reduces the amount of leachate in the landfill but increases the concentration of contaminants. c. Release: The treated leachate is then released into local bodies of water after it’s deemed safe and clean. A storm water drainage system uses pipes to keep rainwater out of the landfill using a number of structures: a. Drainage ditches: Storm water is collected through a pipe system and is carried from the landfill to drainage ditches around the landfill. These ditches are normally lined with concrete or gravel. b. Collection ponds: Next, the water is carried from the ditches to collection ponds, sometimes called sed ponds, where suspended soil particles settle out. Here, the storm water is also tested for leachate chemicals. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 19 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera c. Off-site: Finally, storm water is pumped or permitted to flow off site and back into the environment after it has been sufficiently filtered and the soil particles have settled. 3. Gas control recovery system ‒ a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect gas for treatment or productive use as an energy source ‒ Gas is a byproduct of waste decomposition and is generally made up of equal parts methane and carbon dioxide with hints of nitrogen and oxygen. If left untreated, the methane can explode or burn in the short term and contribute to global warming in the long term. Energy created from Landfill Gas ▪ Electricity: Gas is used as fuel to generate electricity at power plants either at the landfill or nearby. ▪ Alternative fuel: Gas is carried to an industrial or commercial facility and used in place of or in combination with fossil fuels. ▪ Processed gas: Gas is filtered to natural gas quality and transferred for use in places natural gas is normally applied, like kitchen stoves. 4. Ground water monitoring well system ‒ wells placed at an appropriate location and depth for taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality ▪ Upgradient wells: These wells test water before it moves under the disposal area to get a baseline measurement of the water’s quality before it passes. ▪ Downgradient wells: These wells test water after it’s passed the disposal area to see if there’s been contamination or any other impact to the groundwater 5. Soil cover Two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect the waste from long-term contact with the environment: a. a daily cover placed over the waste at the close of each day’s operations b. a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion. 6. Closure procedure With the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover systems and final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste. Installation of the final cover must be completed within six (6) months of the last receipt of wastes. 7. Post-closure care procedure During this period, the landfill owner shall be responsible for providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the landfill’s environmental protection features, operating monitoring equipment, remediating groundwater should it become contaminated and controlling landfill gas migration or emission. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 20 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera CAPPING A landfill is permanently capped with a plastic liner when it is full. After it’s capped, the landfill is covered with two feet of soil. Then, vegetation (normally grass and plants without penetrating roots) is planted on top to prevent soil erosion due to rainfall and wind. The landfill is monitored for 30 years to ensure there is no detrimental impact to the environment. DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER No. 10, SERIES OF 2006 Subject: Guidelines on the Categorized Final Disposal Facilities (Sanitary Landfill) Categories of Final Disposal Facilities (Sanitary Landfill) 1. Category 1: SLF applied to LGUs or cluster of LGUs with a collective disposable residual waste of less than or equal to 15 tons per day (TPD) 2. Category 2: SLF applied to LGUs or cluster of LGUs with a collective disposable residual waste of greater than 15 TPD but less than or equal to 75 TPD 3. Category 3: SLF applied to LGUs or cluster of LGUs with a collective disposable residual waste of greater than 75 TPD but less than or equal to 200 TPD 4. Category 4: SLF applied to LGUs or cluster of LGUs with a collective disposable residual waste of greater than 200 TPD. Salient Features of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 │ 21 Prepared by: Engr. MAAbellera