Gender and Reproductive Health PDF

Gender and Reproductive Health Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti Divisi Biostatistik, Demografi dan Kesehatan Reproduksi Departemen KMKP, FK, Udayana Gender Gender: characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, beh...

Gender and Reproductive Health Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti Divisi Biostatistik, Demografi dan Kesehatan Reproduksi Departemen KMKP, FK, Udayana Gender Gender: characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours, and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time Intersectionality Gender is hierarchical and produces inequalities that intersect with other social and economic inequalities. Gender-based discrimination intersects with other factors of discrimination, such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, age, geographic location, gender identity and sexual orientation, among others Gender Inequality Gender inequality is a characteristic of social structure according to which different social groups (in this case men and women) have certain differences resulting in unequal opportunities. Gender inequality is associated with social construction of masculinity and femininity as oppositional categories with unequal social value (Ferree, 1999) Gender bias is the tendency to give preferential treatment to one gender over another. It is a form of unconscious bias, which occurs when someone unconsciously attributes certain attitudes and stereotypes to a group of people Gender Norms Gender norms are societal expectations and rules regarding how men and women should behave, express themselves and interact with others according to their gender. Media, socialization and culture contribute to the development of gender norms and they differ across time and place. Gender socialization is one of the primary ways gender norms affect children. Gender socialization refers to how children learn the appropriate behavior, appearance and attitudes for their gender. For example, boys learn to be assertive, competitive and independent, while girls are encouraged to be nurturing, emotional and compliant. These gendered messages can shape children’s self-concept, beliefs and expectations about themselves and others. Diskusi Kelompok Kecil – 10 menit Diskusikan - Gender bias atau stereotyping yang pernah diamati disekitar - Gender norms yang pernah diamati disekitar Gender and Health Gender influences people’s experience of and access to healthcare. Gender inequality and discrimination faced by women and girls puts their health and well-being at risk. Women and girls often face greater barriers than men and boys to accessing health information and services. These barriers include restrictions on mobility; lack of access to decision-making power; lower literacy rates; discriminatory attitudes of communities and healthcare providers; and lack of training and awareness amongst healthcare providers and health systems of the specific health needs and challenges of women and girls. Gender and Reproductive Health 'sexual and reproductive health' can be defined as a person's right to a healthy body and the autonomy, education and healthcare to freely decide who to have sex with and how to avoid sexually transmitted infections or unintended pregnancy. Equality in reproductive health includes access, without discrimination, to affordable, quality reproductive health service e.g. contraception, including emergency contraception. The decision as to whether to continue a pregnancy or terminate it may shape a woman's entire future personal life as well as family life. Gender and Child Health Health issues and services among children Nutrition – intakes and growth Immunization Access to healthcare Access to education Gender inequality or bias can affect the difference on outcome or access to those services Immunization Coverage https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1472-698X-9-S1-S3  Girls have lower immunization coverage than boys Girls with higher birth orders and with older sisters are at higher risk of missing immunization compare to boys with similar condition In some states of India, the girl to boys ratio is the lowest What is your observation toward this result? Adolescence Reproductive Health Adolescent sexual and reproductive health refers to the physical and emotional wellbeing of adolescents and includes their ability to remain free from unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, STIs (including HIV/AIDS), and all forms of sexual violence and coercion Other health issues among adolescents which also may associated with gender. Nutrition Access to health service Access to education https://www.who.int/southeastasia/activities/adolescent-sexual-reproductive-health Adolescence Mental Health 2015 GSHS data analysis: student age 13-15 years in Indonesia Psychological distress among male significantly lower than female Ediputra et.al - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932022000426 Ediputra et.al - http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021932022000426  Dating Violence- Kekerasan dalam Pacaran https://pkbi.or.id/kekerasan-dalam-pacaran-waspadai-sejak- dini/#:~:text=Kekerasan%20dalam%20pacaran%20(KDP)%20atau,membatasi%20dalam%20sebuah%20hubungan%20pacaran. Gender Based Violence Gender-based violence can include sexual, physical, mental and economic harm inflicted in public or in private. It also includes threats of violence, coercion and manipulation. This can take many forms such as intimate partner violence, sexual violence, child marriage, female genital mutilation and so-called ‘honour crimes’. Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) is deeply rooted in discriminatory social norms, gender inequality and often connected to offline violence. It is actively a barrier against women, girls and gender-diverse people’s freedom of speech and their involvement in the public agenda https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/get-involved/30-for-2030/toolkit-youth-guide-to-end-online-gender- based-violence  Forms of OGBV Online surveillance/cyber stalking (penguntitan) Pesan atau panggilan meneror baik dalam bentuk teks, gambar atau video yang bersifat berulang, tidak diinginkan dan membuat tidak nyaman bahkan meneror atau mengancam. Cyber harassment/networked harassment (ancaman perkosaan atau kematian): Perilaku yang secara terus menerus mengejar orang lain dengan maksud menakut-nakuti atau mengancam. Sextortion (pemerasan seksual): Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan seksual. Cyber grooming Tindakan yang dilakukan seseorang untuk membangun kepercayaan, memanipulasi korban agar korban merasa tidak berdaya. Hacking (peretasan) Mengambil alih akun orang lain. Synthetic media/morphing (media buatan) Mengubah suatu gambar atau video dengan menambahkan wajah orang lain dengan tujuan merusak reputasi orang yang ada di gambar atau video tersebut.  Forms of OGBV Defamation and misrepresentation (penghinaan dan fitnah) Menyebarkan informasi yang tidak pantas atas seseorang yang bertujuan sengaja untuk merusak reputasi seseorang dan sengaja menyesatkan orang lain, terlepas kebenaran informasi tersebut. Impersonating (meniru identitas) Penggunaan teknologi untuk mengambil data korban dan membuat akun palsu atas nama korban. Tujuan dari akun palsu ini bisa untuk mempermalukan, menghina atau melakukan penipuan. Pelecehan seksual Pelecehan seksual online adalah serangan terhadap tubuh, seksualitas dan identitas gender seseorang menggunakan kata, gambar atau video dalam platform digital dengan tujuan merendahkan orang lain. Cyber flashing Tindakan mengirim atau merekam gambar dan video alat kelamin dan tindakan seks secara online tanpa persetujuan. Non consesual intimate images: Penyebaran konten intim, dimana pelaku memanfaatkan konten intim atau seksual berupa gambar/video milik korban untuk mengancam dan mengintimidasi korban agar menuruti kemauan pelaku. Diskusi Kelompok – 10 menit Diskusikan contoh lain issue gender pada kespro remaja dan anak Faktor apa saja yang bisa menyebabkan adanya perbedaan berbasis gender terkait kesehatan reproduksi anak dan remaja bisa dengan contoh kasus  Transforming Gender Norm Efforts to change gender and social norms to address inequalities in power and privilege between persons of Nation - global different genders, in order to free all people from harmful and destructive norms Strategy to reduce gender discrimination 1.Ensure equal access to education. 2.Empower women in the workplace. 3.Protect reproductive rights. 4.Strengthen legal protections. 5.Provide better medical care. 6.Achieve better political representation. 7.Prioritize the most marginalized https://www.unicef.org/media/117706/file/Gender%20Policy%202030.pdf Diskusi Kelompok- 10 menit Diskusikan contoh upaya dalam bentuk kebijakan, kampanye, perbaikan layanan dan lainnya yang dilakukan dalam mengurangi ketimpangan gender dalam kesehatan reproduksi anak dan remaja di berbagai tatanan