Forensic Ballistics PDF

 BALLISTICS Is the science of the motion of the projectile and the condition that affects their motion. It is a science in itself for it is an orderly arranged knowledge, which is a product of series of experimentation, observation and testing. PROJECTILE...

 BALLISTICS Is the science of the motion of the projectile and the condition that affects their motion. It is a science in itself for it is an orderly arranged knowledge, which is a product of series of experimentation, observation and testing. PROJECTILE Is any metallic on non-metallic ball which is propelled from a firearm. an object that can be fired or launched, such as bullet, artillery shell, or rocket; MOTION Refers to the mobility or movement of the projectile from the time it leaves the shell empty, it leaves the gun muzzle and until it reach its target or fall in the ground  3 TYPES OF MOTION DIRECT MOTION Is the forward motion of the bullet or shots out of the shell by the action of the expansive force of gases from a burning gunpowder. ROTATORY MOTION Is the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm which is either twisted to the left or to the right TRANSLATIONAL MOTION Is the action of bullet once it hits a target and subsequently ricocheted.  ORIGIN OF THE WORD BALLISTICS The word Ballistics was derived from two GREEK WORDS The word “ballo” and the word “ballein” which literally mean, “to throw”. The term also said to have been derived from THE ROMAN WAR MACHINE called “Ballista”, a gigantic catapult that was used to furl missiles or large object at a distance like stone, dead animal or even dead person  BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS ❖Interior Ballistics ❖Exterior Ballistics ❖Terminal Ballistics ❖Forensic Ballistics ❖Shot Ballistics ❖Wound Ballistics  INTERIOR (INTERNAL) BALLISTICS It treats of the motion of the projectile while it is still inside the firearm (chamber /barrel) which extends from the breech to the muzzle. The explosion of the bullet is.0002 sec The bullets occupies the muzzle of the firearm for only 0.01 sec.  THE CONDITIONS ATTRIBUTED TO INTERNAL BALLISTICS ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. FIRING PIN HITTING THE PRIMER 2. IGNITION OF THE PRIMING MIXTURE The priming mixture (composing of the KCLO3, sulfur and carbon) located either at the cavity rim or at the center of the primer upon the striking effect of the firing pin will ignite and such action is known as “Percussion action” 3. COMBUSTION OF THE GUN POWDER/POWDER CHARGE OR PROPELLANT. Note: approx. 0.00001 sec 4. EXPANSION OF HEATED GAS. 5. PRESSURE DEVELOPED 6. ENERGY GENERATED 7. RECOIL OF THE GUN Is the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet upon explosion. The backward or rearward movement of the gun in relation to the forward movement of the bullet. Jump is another portion of the recoil action characterized as the backward and upward movement of that takes place before the bullet leaves the muzzle 8. VELOCITY OF THE BULLET INSIDE THE BARREL It is the relative speed of the bullet per unit of time while it is still inside the barrel expressed in feet per second 9. ROTATION OF THE BULLET INSIDE THE BARREL 10. ENGRAVING OF THE CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF THE BULLET 1. Firing pin hitting the primer 2. Ignition of the priming mixture 3. Combustion of the gun powder/powder charge or propellant 4. Expansion of heated gas 5. Pressure developed 6. Energy generated 7. Recoil of the gun 8. Velocity of the bullet inside the barrel 9. Rotation of the bullet inside the barrel 10. Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet  MISFIRE Failure of the cartridge to explode after the firing pin strikes the primer Defects: 1) Broken Firing Pin 2) Loose Firing Pin 3) Lacking length in Firing Pin (specially homemade gun) HANGFIRE Delayed of explosion of the cartridge after the firing pin strikes the primer Defects: 1. Wet Priming Mixture 2. The Anvil is not properly fixed (slanting position) 3. No vent or flash hole (Factory defect) 4. No priming mixture at all (Factory defect)  EXTERIOR (EXTERNAL) BALLISTICS Treats of the attributes or movement of the projectile after leaving the gun muzzle. From after leaving the muzzle to before immediately hitting the target The study of the passage of the projectile through space or the air The primary factors that govern external ballistics are the weight and shape of the bullet. IT INVOLES THE FOLLOWING: a. MUZZLE BLAST Is the noise created at the muzzle point of the gun. b. MUZZLE ENERGY Energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot-pound. C. TRAJECTORY Refers to the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle until it hits the target. It is also described as the actual curve path taken by a bullet during its. Stages of trajectory: A.Straight horizontal line B.Parabola like flight C. Vertical drop (Reason: Pull of Gravity)  D. RANGE It refers to the imaginary straight distance between the muzzle of the gun and the target Accurate Range – shooter has control of his shots Effective Range – bullet was fired it is still capable of inflicting fatal injury (Lethal Range) Maximum Range – farthest distance the bullet can travel Maximum Effective Range – farthest distance that the bullet can inflict fatal injury Point Blank Range - A shot fired so closed to the target that no sighting is necessary for effective aiming. Maximum Point Blank Range – Farthest distance the bullet will path stays within critical zone. In other words the maximum range at which you don't have to adjust your point of aim to hit the target's vital zone E. VELOCITY Refers to the rate of speed of the bullet (during its flight) per unit of time usually express is feet per second (ft/sec.) a. Revolver 600 ft/sec b. Pistol 1,200 ft/sec c. Rifle 2,500 ft/sec d. Shotgun 3,300 ft/sec F. PULL OF GRAVITY It is the downward reaction of the bullet towards the earth surface due to its weight. G. AIR RESISTANCE Refers to the force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight. H. PENETRATION – the entry of the bullet in the target. I. RICOCHET – the bouncing of a projectile after hitting a surface.  NOTE ON THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN EXTERIOR BALLISTICS: BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT – This describes the ability of a bullet to maintain its velocity against air resistance. DRIFT - is the curve taken by the bullet while in flight. A right hand rifling curves to the right while that of the left and rifling curves to the left. GYROSCOPIC ACTION - refers to the stillness of its rotating motion and attained its highest momentum or stability in flight and penetrating power. YAW - the unstable rotating motion of a bullet. TUMBLE – rotation of the bullet around the center WOBBLE - The unsteady and uneven spin or rotation of a bullet; usually caused by insufficient twist in the rifle barrel KEYHOLE SHOT - the tumbling of the bullet in its flight and hitting the target sideways as a result of not spinning on its axis. TANDEM BULLET – two or more bullet leaving the barrel one after another  TERMINAL BALLISTICS Is that branch of Ballistics which deals with the effects of the impact of the projectile on the target The science of terminal ballistics is most important to the surgeon and is the most common source of controversy when discussing ballistic wounding  Terminal ballisticians are involved in studying these phenomena: 1. TERMINAL ACCURACY It refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the target. 2. TERMINAL ENERGY Is the energy or force of the projectile when it strikes the target same as striking energy. Shocking Power – the power of the bullet that results in the instantaneous death of the victim. Stopping Power – the power of the bullet that put the victim out of action instantly. 3. TERMINAL VELOCITY Is the speed of the bullet upon striking the target. 4. TERMINAL PENETRATION Is the depth of entry of the bullet in the target.  WOUND BALLISTICS - It refers to the study of projectile penetration on tissues. Gunshot Wound (GSW) It is an open wound produced by the penetration of bullet slug within the tissues of the body. The bullet which was propelled from the gun as well as the flame from the heated expanded gases in short range fire is the one that produces injury. 1. Contact – gun muzzle pressed against, or within an inch or two, of the body. 2. Close discharge – 6 inches to 2 ft. 3. Distance Discharge – over 2 ft. or 3 ft. DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN GUNSHOT WOUND OF ENTRANCE AND WOUND OF EXIT DIFFERENTIAL POINTS WOUND OF ENTRANCE WOUND OF EXIT Size of the wound smaller than the missile bigger than the missile Everted Edge of the wound Inverted no definite shape Shape of the wound Round or oval absent Contusion collar present in contact absent Gunpowder tattooing and near contact fire absent Presence or absence always present maybe absent if the slug is lodged inside the body Protrusion of tissue Absent maybe present Paraffin test positive in contact and near negative fire  SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ON BULLETS SOUVENIR BULLET – bullet has been lodged and has remained in the body BULLET MIGRATION – bullet that is not lodged in place where it was previously located BULLET EMBOLISM – special form of bullet migration when the bullet loses its momentum while inside the chamber of the heart or inside the big blood vessels and carried out by the circulating blood to some parts of the body where it may lodged The "Odd and Even Rule" in Gunshot Wounds If the number of gunshot wounds of entrance and exit found in the body of the victim is even, the presumption is that no bullet is lodged in the body, but if the number of the gunshot wounds of entrance and exit is odd, the presumption is that one or more bullets might have been lodged in the body.  SHOTS BALLISTICS Deals with the attributes and properties of shots and pellets. Focused with the study of shots/pellets from smoothbore firearms like shotguns and muskets SHOTGUN WOUND It is an open wound produced by the penetration of pellets or shots within the tissues of the body. In shotgun fire, the pellets penetrate and usually lodged inside the body and a tendency for a wider dispersion of pellets at a certain distance except in contact and near contact fires.  FORENSIC BALLISTICS This branch of ballistics is the product of the application of the ballistics to law. Forensic Ballistics is defined as the study of the motion of the projectile as applied to law or simply the science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through them SCOPE OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS 1. Field Investigation 2. Ballistics Technical Examination of the Exhibits 3. Legal Proceeding  FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Conducted by the first officers on the case in the field when they investigate a case or cases wherein firearms have been used. This is a routine job of the investigating officers, and this involves recognition, collection, marking, preservation, and transmittal of ballistics exhibits like fired bullets, fired shells, firearms and allied matters.  TECHNICAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE BALLISTICS EXHIBITS This is the job performed by the firearms examiners in the laboratory. It involves marking of the evidence firearms, test firings of evidence firearms to obtain test bullets and test shells for comparative purposes, photomicrography under the bullet comparison microscope, preparation of comparative charts, and the making of reports on the findings and observations of the firearms examiners.  LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Court Trials - wherein the ballistics report of the firearm examiner and the ballistics exhibits are presented during the trial of the case in a court of justice.  FIREARM LEGAL DEFINITION OF FIREARM “FIREARMS” OR “ARMS” are herein used includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, pistols and all other deadly weapons from which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other missile may discharge off by means of gunpowder or other explosives. The term also includes air rifles EXCEPT such as being of small caliber and limited range used as toys. The BARREL of any firearm shall be considered a COMPLETE FIREARM for all purposes hereof (Sec. 877, Revised Administrative Code see also Sec. 290 National Internal Revenue Code). FIREARM refers to ANY handheld or portable weapon, whether a small arm or light weapon, that expels or is designed to expel a bullet, shot, slug, missile or any projectile, which is discharged by means of expansive force of gases from burning gunpowder or other form of combustion or any similar instrument or implement. For purposes of this Act, the BARREL, FRAME OR RECEIVER IS CONSIDERED A FIREARM. (RA 10591) SEC. 35. Use of an Imitation Firearm. – An imitation firearm used in the commission of a crime shall be considered a real firearm as defined in this Act and the person who committed the crime shall be punished in accordance with this Act: Provided, That injuries caused on the occasion of the conduct of competitions, sports, games, or any recreation activities involving imitation firearms shall not be punishable under this Act. (RA 10591) TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF FIREARM – Instrument used for the propulsion of a projectile by means of expansive force of gases from burning powder.  MAN BEHIND FIREARMS JOHN M. BROWNING Wizard of the modern firearms and pioneered the breech loading single shot rifled which was adopted by Winchester. SAMUEL COLT Patented the first practical revolver and maker of the Colt Peace Maker, a famous revolver in the history. ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTH Father of the percussion powder. MAJOR UZIEL GAL An Israeli army who designed UZI (Israel) in the year 1950. COL. CALVIN H. GODDARD Father of modern Ballistics. JOHN C. GARAND Designed and invented the Semi automatic U.S. Rifle Cal. 30. M1 garand. GEORGE HYDE A well-known expert in the field of SMG, (also known as grease gun) developed in 1941. M3A1 (USA). MICHAEL KALASHNIKOV Designed the AK (Automat Kalashnikova) 47 (Soviet Union) adopted by the Russian Army in the year 1951. HORACE SMITH Founded the great firm of Smith and Wesson and pioneered in making breech loading rifles. EUGENE STONER Designed the U.S. M16 Armalite under licensed by Colt Company from July 1959 onwards. L.C. SMITH Developed shotgun bearing his name now the Ithaca gun Company. JOHN T. THOMPSON Developed in the course of WW1 the Thompson M1A1 and model of 1928 A1 (USA). Pioneered the making of Thompson sub-machine gun. DANIEL B. WESSON Associates of Horace Smith in the making of Revolver. DAVID “CARBINE” WILLIAMS Maker of the first known Carbine. OLIVER WINCHESTER One of the earliest rifle and pistol maker. HENRY DERRINGER He gave his name to the whole class of firearm BENJAMIN ROBINS Conducted various experiment in interior ballistics. His findings gave the right to him called “Father of Modern Gunnery”. Developed ballistic pendulum. JOHN DEAN “JEFF” COOPER Creator of the “modern technique” of handgun shooting, and an expert on the use and history of small arms who coined the term HOPLOPHOBIA or the fear of firearm.  CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS ACCORDING TO INTERIOR BARREL CONSTRUCTION 1.SMOOTH BORE FIREARMS = Firearms that have no rifling (lands and grooves) inside their gun barrel. Examples: Shotguns and Musket 2. RIFLED BORE FIREARMS = Firearms that have rifling inside their gun barrel. Examples: Pistols, Revolvers, and other modern weapons. LANDS – that portion of the bore remaining after the rifling of grooves have been cut GROOVES – spiral cuts in a bore which cause the bullet to spin as it travels down the barrel  ACCORDING TO THE CALIBER OF THE PROJECTILE PROPELLED ARTILLERY Refers to those type of firearms that propels projectile with more than one inch diameter. Examples: Cannons, Mortars and Bazookas: SMALL ARMS Are firearms that propels projectile with less than one inch diameter and it can be handled, moved and operated by one man. Examples: Machine gun, shoulder arms and handguns. MACHINE GUNS is a type of firearm that is primarily designed for military use. Is a weapon which shoots, or is designed to shoot, automatically more than one shot without manual reloading, by a single press of the trigger. SUB MACHINE GUN Is a light, portable form of machine gun, utilizing a pistol size ammunition, having a shoulder stock that may or may not be folded and designed to be fired with both hands  SHOULDER ARMS are those types of firearm that were normally fired from the shoulder. RIFLES A shoulder weapon designed to fire a projectile with more accuracy through a long rifled bore barrel, usually more than 22 inches. CARBINE A short barrel rifle, with its barrel rifle, measuring not longer than 22 inches. It fires a single projectile though a rifle- bore either semi-automatic or fully automatic, for every press of the trigger. MUSKETS Is an ancient smoothbore and muzzle loading military shoulder arms designed to fire a shots or a single round lead ball. A more detailed discussion of musketeers can be found on chapter 8 in the discussion of Ignition system. SHOTGUN A smooth bore and a breech loading shoulder arms designed to fire a number of lead pellets or a shots in one charge (FBA Manual)  THE BARREL CONSTRUCTION OF SHOTGUN MAY ALSO BE FOUND IN DIFFERENT BORE CONSTRUCTION. SINGLE BARRELED SHOTGUN - Loads, closes, fires and deloads single cartridge. DOUBLE BARRELED SHOTGUN - Side by side barrel or over and under. PUMP ACTION TYPE SHOTGUN/ SLIDE ACTION - The operated by means of sliding lever under the barrel. AUTO-LOADING SHOTGUNS - The same as auto loading rifles, the recoil action reloads the gun from the magazine. CYLINDER BORE TYPE -which the bore size is the same through out the barrel CHOKE BORED GUN - designed with a diminishing or reducing bore diameter type towards the muzzle. This type is designed to cause an effect to the travel of the shots. It makes the shots travel longer before it spreads. PARADOX GUN - still in a very rear occasions another type of shotgun can be observed to be having rifling only a few inch from its muzzle points.  HANDGUNS are those type of firearms that are designed or intended to be fired using one hand. TYPES OF HANDGUNS a) PISTOL b) REVOLVER PISTOL A handgun that could be semi-auto or auto/full auto. A handgun that is magazine feed. It is said that pistols were invented in the Italian town “PISTOIA” OR “PISTOLA” meaning “CITY” KOLIBRI AUTO PISTOL (Cal 2.7mm, 5 shots) is the smallest pistol in the World, made in 1914. Caliber.50 Now, considered the most powerful handgun in the world. It replaced Magnum.44. REVOLVER A handgun with a corresponding cylinder that revolves before the barrel which consist of different chambers. Kinds are Solid Frame (S.Colt), Swing-out (US), and Breaktop (UK) SINGLE ACTION, a type of revolver that needs a manual cocking of the hammer before squeezing the trigger DOUBLE ACTION, a type of revolver that does not need manual cocking. Just press the trigger and it both cocked and released the hammer causing a much faster firing.  ACCORDING OF MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION 1.Single shot firearms = types of firearms designed to fire only one shot every loading. Examples: Single shot pistols, Revolvers and shotguns. 2. Repeating Arms = A type of firearms designed to fire several loads (shot) in one loading. Examples: Automatic pistols revolvers rifles and shotguns. 3. Automatic F/A = type of firearms that constitutes a continuous firing in a single press of the trigger and while the trigger is press. Examples: Machine guns and rifles 4. Slide/Pump Action type = types of firearms in which loading take place by back and forth manipulation of the under/over forearms of the gun. Examples: Shotgun and pistols 5. Bolt Action Type = Type of firearms in which reloading takes place by manipulating the both back and forth. Examples: Rifles, shotguns and machine guns. 6. Lever type (Break type) = loading takes place by lever action on the firearms. Examples: Rifles and shotguns.  MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF GUN Cane gun, knife pistols, cellphone gun, etc. = devices principally designed for other purpose to which a gun mechanism is incorporated also called as Freakish gun. Flare gun = designed for tracing or sending signals or locating enemy troops. Freakish gun = a tool in which firearm mechanism is attached to prevent easy identification. Gas gun = generally referring to all gun designed from firing tear gas. Harpoon guns = refers to a barbed spear in hunting large fish. Liberator = U.S. government made smooth bore gun used in Europe during war designed to fire an automatic colt pistol cartridge caliber.45. Multi – Barreled gun = refers to all types of gun containing a number of barrels. Paradox gun = a type of gun which contains lands and grooves a few inch from the muzzle point. Tools = are those devices which resembles a gun designed but are generally used for construction of furniture. Traps = refers to gun used for trapping animals that are fired to woods. Zip Gun = refers to all type of home made gun BARREL Gives direction to the bullet; the part of the gun that initiates the path of the bullet STAGES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF BARREL 1. Drilling – making of hole of barrel with the use of barrel blank. 2. Reaming – with the drilled hole, it is being reamed from breech end to muzzle to remove imperfections, scratches and irregularities. This operation undergoes 1) Roughing, 2) Finishing 3) Burnishing. 3. Broaching - the construction of rifling inside the barrel. Tools used are: 1) Cutter 2) Scraper 3) Broach 4) Button. 4. Lapping - smoothening/polishing of the inner surface of the barrel. BREECH The part of the barrel at the opposite end of the muzzle BREECHBLOCK Also known as the bolt, it is the steel block that closes the breech against the force of the charge during firing; the face of this block which comes in contact with the base of the cartridge is the breech-face BUTT The part of the stock which is held against the shoulder to stabilize the gun during firing (for rifles and shotguns) CHAMBER The part of the bore into which a cartridge is placed; the enlarged space at the breech of the barrel where the cartridge is fed CYLINDER The part of the revolver that serves as the magazine as well as chamber for cartridges EJECTOR The mechanism that throws the empty shell (cartridge case) from the firearm EXTRACTOR The mechanism that pulls the empty shell from the chamber FRAME Also called receiver, the part of the gun that houses the internal parts; the body of a firearm to which the barrel, stock, pistol grip, sights, etc. are fixed and within which lies the firing and breech mechanism GRIP The smaller part of the stock behind the trigger guard (for rifles and shotguns); the part of the gun firmly held the shooter thus stabilizing the aim while squeezing the trigger; HAMMER The part of the firing mechanism in revolvers and some pistol that is released by the sear or the main spring once the trigger is pressed; it strikes the firing pin causing the pin to move forward and hit the primer MAGAZINE A device for storing cartridges in a repeating firearm for loading into the chamber MUZZLE The end of the front end of the barrel where the bullet or pellet exits FRONT SIGHT The fixed sight on top of the barrel near the muzzle used to aim the gun at the target REAR SIGHT The sight found at the top of the breech area; this sight can be moved to change where the bullet will hit RECOIL SPRING The spring in automatic or self loading weapons which returns the bolt or breech block after recoil; sometimes known as the return spring TRIGGER The part of the gun that initiates the action when the shooter is ready to fire his weapon TRIGGER GUARD The safety device designed to protect the trigger from accidental bumping or pressing that may result to accidental firing  AMMUNITION LEGAL DEFINITION Ammunition refers to loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbine, shotgun, revolvers and pistols from which a ball, shot shell or other missiles maybe fired by means of gun powder or other explosive. The term also includes ammunition for air rifles as mentioned elsewhere in the code. (Chapter VII, Sec.290 of NIRC as well as Sec 877 RAC) Ammunition refers to a complete unfixed unit consisting of a bullet, gunpowder, cartridge case and primer or loaded shell for use in any firearm (Sec. 3, RA no. 10591) TECHNICAL DEFINITION Ammunition refers to a group of cartridge or to a single cartridge. Cartridge is a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet (ball), primer (cap), cartridge case (shell) and gunpowder (propellant).  GENERAL TYPES OF AMMUNITION DUMMY a carefully made replica of a cartridge, usually made of steel and discreetly dimensioned to be used by weapons instructors, inspectors and repairmen when checking if weapons are functional DRILL AMMO completely inert and without an explosive propellant; used in military training to practice loading and manipulation of firearms BLANK AMMO a cartridge without a bullet; may contain gunpowder and priming mixture thus designed to produce gunshot to indicate firing; used for theatrical performance and military training LIVE AMMO the real ammunition since it is composed of a complete unit of unfired cartridge CLASSIFICATION OF AMMUNITIONS ACCORDING TO ITS EFFECTS PENETRATORS - pierce targets using a single bullet, HIGH EXPLOSIVES - burst before hitting their target, fragmenting into thousands of penetrating pieces or becoming a high-speed jet of molten metal, and CARRIER PROJECTILES - break open near the target to deliver leaflets, radar-deceiving materials, or submunitions (small ammunition). RIOT CONTROL AMMUNITION This is used by law enforcement officials to subdue rioters without causing serious injury. Most of this ammunition consists of hard rubber bullets. Another type is made of soft rubber rings that look like doughnuts and may contain tear gas. These rings cause less damage than do the rubber bullets  ORIGIN OF THE WORD CARTRIDGE The term cartridge is derived from the word “charta”, the Latin word for paper. Later on, it came through the French word “cartouche”, meaning a roll of paper, which indicates that the original cartridges were not the brass gilding- metal tipped units which we are familiar with today.  CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGE ACCORDING TO THE LOCATION OF THE PRIMER PIN-FIRE The first cartridge of a self –exploding type which enjoyed any real general use was the type called the “pin fire” commonly attributed to Monsier Le Facheux of Paris, around 1896 Is a type of cartridge in which the ignition cap (primer) is concealed inside the cartridge case and has a pin resting upon it This type of cartridge is no longer used (Obsolete). RIM FIRE Is a type of cartridge in which the priming mixture is located at the hallow rim of the case can be fired if the cartridge is tuck by the firing pin on the rim of the case The simplest form of modern cartridge In this type, the priming mixture is contained or located in a cavity inside and around the rim of the cartridge which is a very sensitive area If a rim fire cartridge is struck anywhere in the sensitive area, the priming substance is crushed between the front and rear of the case rim. This denotes or ignites the priming mixture, causing a flash of flame. These rim-fire cartridges are generally found in caliber.22s. 1845 – FLOBERT, a native of France, developed a bullet breech cap which was in reality the first rim cartridge CENTER FIRE It refers to a cartridge in which primer cup (ignition cap) is centrally placed in the base of the cartridge case and the priming mixture is exploded by the impact of the firing pin and with the support of the anvil. 1858 – The Morse Cartridge marked the beginning of the rapid development of center fire cartridge.  According to Rim Diameter (Center-Fire Cartridge) RIMMED TYPE - has a diameter more than the cylindrical portion SEMI-RIMMED TYPE - diameter if the rim is slightly greater than diameter of body RIMLESS CARTRIDGE - based or head of the cartridge has the same diameter as that of the cylindrical portion REBATED TYPE - smaller than the body of cartridge case BELTED TYPE - cartridge are attached in a series in a canvass belt for successive fires  ACCORDING CALIBER CAL. MM. Cal..22 about 5.59 mm- used in revolver, pistol and rifles Cal..25 about 6.35 mm- used in pistols and rifles. Cal..30 about 7.63 mm- (mauser) – for carbines and other rifles Cal..30 about 7.63 mm (luger) Cal..32 about 7.65 mm for automatic pistols and revolvers Cal..380 about 9 mm- used for pistols Cal..357 used in magnum.357 revolvers Cal..45 about 11 mm – used in automatic pistols Cal..50 used in.50 cal. Machine gun NOTE: CALIBER TO MILLIMETER (MULTIPLY BY 25.4) MILLIMITER TO CALIBER (DIVIDED BY 25.4)  CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FIREARMS REVOLVER PISTOL RIFLE SHOTGUN CARTRIDGES CARTRIDGES CARTRIDGES CARTRIDGES  SHOTGUN CARTRIDGES It refers to a complete unit of unfired cartridge consisting of the pellets, primer, case, wads and gunpowder. GAUGE OF SHOTGUN Compared with other types of firearms, shotgun has very unique characteristics in terms of its diameter designation both for its firearm and cartridge use. The unit of measurement used in shotgun is expressed in GAUGE. This is determined by the number of solid lead balls of pure lead, each with diameter of the barrel that can be prepared from one pound of lead. At present the 10-gauge shotgun is considered with the biggest diameter while the.410 as the smallest one. Listed below are the equivalents of diameter in gauge to inch. Gauge Inch 10.775 inch 12.729 inch 16.670 inch 20.615 inch 28.550 inch. 410.410 inch  TYPES OF SHOTS 1. Soft or Drop Shots - made by pure or nearly pure lead, to which a small amount of arsenic has been added to make it take on the form of a spherical drop as it falls down the shot tower. This type is easy to deformed or flattened, loose their velocity quicker, low penetrating power and string out more. 2. Chilled or Hard Shot - is a type of shot with a small amount of antimony mixed with lead to increase hardness. It does no deform easily, better patterns, less string and more uniform velocity and penetration. 3. Coated or Plated Shot - also called as “lubaloy” shot. A chilled shot coated with thin copper through electroplating design for greater strength and elasticity, great resistance to deformation and leading and better pattern. Buck Shot = a large size lead shot for used in shotgun  PARTS OF A CARTRIDGE BULLET CARTRIDGE CASE GUNPOWDER PRIMER  CARTRIDGE CASES/SHELL (70% copper, 30% zinc) It is a tubular metallic or non-metallic container which holds together the bullet, gunpowder and primer. It is the portion of the cartridge that is automatically ejected from the automatic firearm during firing and this remains at the scene of the crime. This is firearm evidence that can help trace a particular firearm from which it was fired. FUNCTIONS OF CARTRIGE CASE The function of cartridge case is basically the same whether it is fired in revolvers, pistols, rifles, shotguns, or machine guns. These include: It holds the bullet, gunpowder and primer assembled into one unit. It serves as a waterproof container for the gunpowder.It prevents the escape of the gases to the rear as the sidewalls of the cartridge case are forced against the walls of the chamber by the pressure. It serves as a “gas seal” at the breech end of the barrel. CARTRIDGE CASES ACCORDING SHAPES BOTTLED-NECKED – where a wide bodied case is, just before the case mouth, reduced in diameter to that of the bullet. ex. 5.56mm STRAIGHT CASED – where the case diameter is approximately the same along its length. Ex. Cal. 38 TAPERED CASE – where a wide based cartridge case is gradually reduced in diameter along its length. Ex. “magnum jet” Cal..22.  PARTS OF THE CARTRIDGE CASE BASE - the bottom portion of the case which holds: a)the primer which contains the priming mixture; b) the shell head which contains the head stamp, caliber, and year of manufacture. RIM - is the part of the cartridge designed to limit the forward movement of the cartridge to chamber. EXTRACTING GROOVES - is the circular groove near the rim of the shell designed for automatic withdrawal of the case from the chamber PRIMER POCKET - is that part of the shell which provides the means for the primer to be put in the central position. Its function is extended to: (a) hold the primer in place; (b) to provide means to prevent the escape of gas; (c) to provide solid support for primer anvil. BODY - is the cylindrical part of the shell which house the gunpowder SHOULDER - that part of the cartridge case which support the neck of the cartridge which is evident in a bottleneck type NECK - is that part of the shell which is actually occupied by the bullet. This is obvious in a bottleneck type of shell but not with the straight type. VENTS OR FLASH HOLES – the “vent” or “flash holes” is the hole in the web or bottom of the primer pocket through which the primer “flash” provides ignition to the powder charge. It is the “opening” or “canal” that connects the priming mixture with the gunpowder CRIMP - Part of the mouth of the cartridge case that is turned in upon the bullet, it aids in the holding of the bullet out of the neck which affects the burning rate of the gun powder. Crimping – It is a mechanical operation engaged in loading metallic cartridges, which consists in turning over slightly or compressing the mouth of the metallic shell or case to hold the bullet securely in its place. SHELL CANNELURE is the cylindrical groove in the outer surface of the cartridge case designed to secure the shell to the chamber as well as prevent bullet from being push down to the powder charge  BULLETS The word “Bullet” was derived from French word “Boullette” which means a small ball. This term is generally used when we are referring to projectile fired from any small arms, which has a variety of form, especially during the earlier history. In a more technical sense, bullet refers to a metallic or non-metallic cylindrical ball propelled from a firearm it is sometimes called as shots or slugs. NOTE: The general term for bullets, shots/pellets/ balls is Projectile.  GENERAL TYPES OF BULLETS LEAD TYPE Made of lead or alloy of metals, tin and antimony. JACKETED TYPE Is a type of bullet consisting of the regular lead core, coated with a copper alloy in order to prevent lead fouling of the barrel and is generally used in pistols and other high power guns. made of lead core covered with jacket of harder material, such as gilding metal, copper alloy approximately 90% and zinc 10% Purpose of Jacket of Bullet: To prevent adherence of lead or metal inside the gun barrel To have better penetration of the bullet to the target CONICAL – the free end of the bullet is tapering and pointed HEMISPHERICAL – the free end is dome like and commonly observed in short firearm WAD CUTTER (SQUARE NOSE) – the free end is flattened commonly used in target practices GENERAL RULE: REVOLVER – soft metal round nose bullet RIFLE AND SELF-LOADING FIREARM – Full jacketed bullet AUTOMATIC FIREARM – semi-jacketed bullet  ACCORDING TO THEIR MAXIMUM EFFECT TO THEIR TARGETS Ball Type – Is a type of bullet, which is intended for anti-personnel and general use. Armor piercing – is a type of military bullet designed to penetrate light steel armor. Its mechanical construction makes it capable of penetrating through some light vehicles.  Explosive Bullet - Is a small bullet containing a charge of explosive, which will detonate on impact. Incendiary Bullet –Type of military bullet used to cause fire in a target, generally designed to use by aircraft armament in order for the fuel tanks to ignite. Tracer Bullet – a type of military bullet capable of leaving visible marks or traces while in flight giving the gunner the chance to observe the strike of the shot or make adjustments in the event of a miss  PRIMER Is the ignition system of the cartridge used in a center fire type, containing a highly sensitive chemical compound that would easily ignite or bursts into flame when struck by the firing pin. Also called CAP or Percussion Cup 1807 – Alexander John Forsyth conceived the percussion ignition system. Considered as Father of the percussion ignition  TYPES OF PRIMER ACCORDING TO ANVIL BOXER PRIMER(US TYPE) one flash hole favorite in U.S. invented by Col. Edward Munier Boxer in 1869 BERDAN PRIMER (EUROPEAN TYPE) two flash holes or vents invented by Hiram Berdan of New York in 1850’s BERDAN-BOXER PRIMER – has THREE vents/flash holes. BATTERY CUP TYPE – used for shotgun shells, a variation of Berdan.  PARTS OF THE PRIMER PRIMER CUP Is the brass gilding metal cup which contains the priming mixture, the disc and the anvil. PRIMING MIXTURE Is the highly sensitive chemical compound which ignites by the mechanical blow of the firing pin. It is also called as percussion powder. ANVIL Is that portion of the primer which provides solid support and absorbs the blow of the firing pin causing friction that would initiates ignition. DISC Is a thin paper or foil which is pressed over the priming mixture in order to protect it from moisture attack.  TWO CLASSES OF PRIMING COMPOUNDS CORROSIVE – it has potassium chlorate – If ignited produces potassium chloride which draws moisture from the air and this moisture speeds the rusting and corrosion in gun barrels. (EARLY PRIMERS) CORROSION – chemical wear and tear of the inside of the barrel due to rust formation or chemical reaction by products of combustion during firing. EROSION – mechanical wear and tear of the inner surface of the gun barrel due to mechanical abrasion or sliding friction. NON-CORROSIVE (MOSTLY USED AT PRESENT) a.potassium chlorate (initiator & fuel) – 45% b.antimony (element & fuel) – 23% c. fulminate of mercury (initiator) – 32%  GUN POWDER Also called as propellant or Power Charge Is that mixture of chemicals of various compositions designed to propel the projectile by means of its expansive force of gas when burned. Although it burns rapidly upon ignition, it is classified as low-explosive mixture. GENERALLY, THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF POWDER IN SMALL ARMS. THESE ARE: 1. BLACK POWDER (EUROPEANS) – The standard ingredients are: Potassium nitrate 75%, Sulphur 10% and Charcoal 15%. It’s characteristics are: a. oldest propellant powder b. consist of irregular grains and have either a dull or shiny black surface c. produces grayish smoke and considerable residue is left in the barrel d. burns with reasonable great rapidity when ignited  PERSONALITITES ROGER BACON (1248) - an English monk and scientist, credited with the invention of gunpowder (blackpowder). CONSTANTINE ANKLITZEN (A.K.A. BERTHOLD SCHWARTZ) (1300) - A German monk was credited for the application of gunpowder for propelling missile. QUALITIES OF BLACK POWDER (TYPICAL TO ALL EXPLOSIVES) When ignited, it will burn by itself without aid from the outside air in burning, it gives off large amount of gas a considerable amount of heat is evolved 2. SMOKELESS POWDER – This powder does not gives off huge cloud of smoke like black powder. This is commonly used in modern cartridges and is considered as the most powerful propellants Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine as the major ingredients PERSONALITIES CAPTAIN E. SCHULTZE of the Prussian Army, made the 1st successful used of smokeless powder in shotgun in the year 1864 LATER, M. VIEILLE of French developed the first smokeless powder for riffle in the year 1884 and named it “poudre B” In 1887, Alfred Nobel invented a smokeless powder with nitroglycerine (40%) and nitrocellulose (60%) as the main composition and called it “Ballistite” FREDERICK ABEL & JAMES DEWAR (1890) – obtained a patent of modifying smokeless gunpowder, they called it Cordite.  CLASSIFICATION OF SMOKELESS POWDER Single based (Nitrocellulose) Double based - Nitrocellulose and Nitroglycerine Triple based – Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine and Nitroguanadine PARAFFIN TEST - test performed to extract the nitrates embedded in the skin. DIPHENYLAMINE TEST OR DPA TEST – a test that determines the presence and location of nitrate, chemical needed is diphenylamine reagent.  FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION The identification of fired bullets, cartridge cases or other ammunition components as having been fired from a specific firearm. Forensic Ballistics is sometimes properly called FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION  PROBLEMS IN FORENSIC BALLISTICS 1. Given a fired bullet to determine the caliber, type; make of firearm from which it was fired. 2. Given a fired shell to determine the caliber, type, and make of firearm from which it was fired. 3. Given a fired bullet and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not the fired bullet was fired from the suspected firearm. 4. Given a fired shell and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not the fired bullet was fired from the suspected firearm. 5. Given two or more fired bullets, to determine whether or not they were fired from one and the same firearm. 6. Given two or more fired shell/cartridge case, to determine whether or not they were fired from one and the same firearm.  TWO PRINCIPLES OF FIREARM IDENTIFICATION PRINCIPLES OF IDENTIFICATION THROUGH BULLETS a.No two barrels and microscopically identical as the surface of their bores all posses individual characteristics markings. b.When a bullet is fired from a rifled barrel, it becomes engraved by the riflings and this engraving on a bullet fired from one barrel will be different from that on a similar bullet fire from another barrel. And conversely,. The engraving on bullet from the same barrel will be the same. c. Every barrel leaves its “thumbmark” on every bullet which is fired through it, just as every breech face leaves its “thumbmark” on the base of the fired cartridge case. PRINCIPLES OF IDENTIFICATION THROUGH CARTIDGE CASE/SHELLS: a. The breech face and striker of every single firearm leave a microscopically individualities of their own b. The firearm leaves its “fingerprints” or “thumb mark” on every cartridge case which it fires. c. The whole principles of identification is based on the fact that since the breech face of every weapon must be individually distinct, the cartridge cases which is fired are imprinted with this individuality. The imprint on all cartridge cases fired from the same weapon are always the same, those on cartridge cases fired from different weapons must always be different.  TWO (2) GOVERNING CHARACTERISTICS IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION CLASS CHARACTERISTICS - These were set even before the manufacture of FAs. These are factory specifications. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS - Are determined after the manufacture of FA. Such marks are so minute that the use of the lens with high magnification is necessary to discover individuality. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS BORE DIAMETER NUMBER OF LANDS AND GROOVES WIDTH OF THE LANDS WIDTH OF THE GROOVES DIRECTION OF TWIST PITCH OF RIFLING DEPTH OF THE GROOVES  BORE DIAMETER (caliber or gauge) It is diameter to which the bore was reamed. The distance measured between two opposite lands inside the bore in a hundredths or thousandths of an inch. In most express in either caliber in inch or in millimeters  NUMBER OF LANDS AND GROOVES The number of lands an grooves inside the barrel of a given firearm are always the same or equal. It may run from 3 to 8, but the most in the modern firearm are five and six. LANDS = are the elevated portion of the bore of the firearm. GROOVES = are the depressed portion of the bore between the lands.  WIDTH OF THE LANDS Is dependent upon the bore diameter of the gun, grooves, width and number. The lands are the remainders of the circumference after subtracting all the grooves width. WIDTH OF THE GROOVES Is measured as the shortest distance between the two dies or edge of a grooves. DIRECTION OF TWIST Rifling inside the barrel of the gun is either twisted to the left or to the right which cause bullet to rotate as it passes through the bore, in order to ensure gyroscopic stability in its flight. PITCH OF RIFLING It is the measure of the twisting of the lands and grooves. It refers to the measure of the distance advance by the rifling in order to make a complete turn inside the barrel. DEPTH OF THE GROOVES The groove’s depth if measured on a radius of the bore. Grooves are usually few thousandths of an inch deep, which equal to the height of the lands.  CLASS CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT FIREARMS (TYPES OF RIFLINGS) 1. Steyer Type= is the type of rifling having four (4) lands and grooves, right twist and the width of the lands grooves. (4 RG=L) 2. Carbine Type = rifling having (4) lands and grooves, right twist, the width of the grooves is two (2) times the width of the lands (4RG2X). 3. Smith and Wesson = rifling having (5) lands and grooves, right hand twist , the width of the land and grooves are equal. (5RG=L) 4. Colt = type of rifling having six (6) lands and grooves, left twist, the width of the grooves is twice (2) the width of the lands. (6LG2X) 5. Browning = type of rifling having (6) lands and grooves, right hand twist, the width of the grooves is twice the width of the lands. (6RG2X) 6. Webley = Rifling having seven (7) lands and grooves, right hand twist, the width of the groove is three time larger than the boarder of the lands. (7RG3X) 7. Winchester = Rifling having six (6) lands and grooves, right hand twist, the width of the grooves is three time larger the width of the lands INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS MARKS FOUND OF FIRED BULLETS LAND MARKS = marks left on a fired bullet caused by its contact to the elevated portion (lands) of the bore of the firearm. It appears as slight depressions or scratches the cylindrical surface of the fired bullet. GROOVE MARKS = marks found on a fired bullet caused by the grooves of the barrel which is the same number as that of the landmarks. SKID MARKS = Marks that are generally found on fired bullet from a revolver. It is more or less located at the anterior portion of the fired bullet due to its forward movement from the chamber to the barrel of the gun before it initially rotates. STRIPPING MARKS = marks found on those bullet fired from a “loose-fit” barrel wherein the rifling are already been badly worn-out Worn-out in the rifling of the firearms can be cause by either chemical reaction brought about by rust (corrosion) or through excessive use (erosion) SHAVING MARKS = marks commonly found on bullet fired from a revolver cause by its forward movement to the barrel that is poorly aligned to the cylinder SLIPPAGE MARKS = marks found on fired bullets passing through either on oily or oversize barrel MARKS FOUND ON FIRED SHELLS FIRING PIN MARK = mark generally found at the base portion of the cartridge case more specifically near center of the primer cup in a center fire cartridge or at the rim cavity of a rim- fire cartridge. Considered as one of the most important marks for identification of firearms using fired shell. BREECH FACE MARK = mark found at the base portion of the shell cause by backward movement to the breech face of the block of the firearm. EXTRACTOR MARK = mark mostly found at the extracting groove of the fired cartridge case. Cause by its withdrawal from the chamber. EJECTOR MARK = mark generally found on cartridge case fired from an automatic firearms. It is located near the rim of the case cause by the throwing of shell from the firearm to the area of shooting. Shearing Mark = sometimes called “Secondary Firing Pin mark” found in the primer near the firing pin mark. Magazine Lip Mark = marking found at the two sides of the rim cause by the magazine lips during the loading of the cartridge into the magazine for firing. Chamber Mark = mark mostly found around the body of the fired cartridge case cause by the irregularities of nips inside the walls of the chamber. NOTE: In fired cartridge case either of the Firing pin mark and the Breech face marks can be used as basis for identification, in the absence or none use of these two, both the ejector and extractor marks can be utilized as secondary choice.  SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT USED IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION ANALYTICAL OR TORSION BALANCE Used for determining weights of bullets and shotgun pellets for possible determination of type, and make of firearm from which it was fired. Measurements are expressed in Grains or Grams. BULLET COMPARISON MICROSCOPE This valuable instrument is specially designed to permit the firearms examiner to determine the similarity and dissimilarity between two fired bullets or two fired shells, by simultaneously observing their magnified image in a single microscopic field. Col. Calvin H. Goddard, MD – 1st to own Bullet Comparison Microscope in 1925. He is also the Father of Modern Ballistics.  TWO POSITIONS IN COMPARING EVIDENCE & TEST BULLET INTERMARRIAGE – half of evidence & test bullet is projected: JUXTAPOSITION – the critical side by side examination of evidence and test bullet/shell. Juxtapose means putting two things together to emphasize their contrast between them. BULLET RECOVERY BOX – Consist of a wooden box, 12 “x”12”x 96, with a hinged to cover and with one end open. This long box is filled with ordinary cotton and separated into sections by cardboard petitions. CP–6 COMPARISON PROJECTOR – An instrument very much similar with the bullet comparison microscope, where 2 fired bullets or shells can be compared in one setting of the firearms examiner. William Howard Livens, engineer and British Army, was the inventor. HELIXOMETER – Type of instrument used in measuring pitch of rifling firearms. MACHINE REST - A machine use for testing the accuracy of a firearm. CALIPER – an instrument used for making measurements such as bullet diameter and bore diameter. ONOSCOPE – a small instrument sometimes used in examining the internal surface of the gun barrel in determining the irregularities inside the bore of the gun barrel. SHADOW GRAPH – Equipment used in firearms identification. It contains a series of microscopic lenses of different magnification that can be used in examining fired bullet or fired shells to determine their class characteristics and also for orientation purposes STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE – unlike the bullet comparison microscope does not have any camera attachment and no photomicrograph can be taken for court presentation. It is generally used in the preliminary examination of fired bullets and fired shells to determine the relative distribution of the class characteristics or for so-called orientation purposes. Cherubin d’Oreans (1671) – invented the first Stereoscopic-Style Microscope with two eyepieces in 1671. Francis Herbert Wenham (19th) of London – designed the first successful stereomicroscope. TAPER GAUGE – It is used primarily for determining bore diameter of firearms. This instrument is very useful for giving quick idea as to the caliber of a gun. CHRONOGRAPH – measure the velocity of bullet.. Alfred Lee Loomis (1918) – inventor MICROMETER (C-CLAMP LIKE) – similar in use with Caliper. William Gascoine (17th) – first ever inventor. STYLUS – a pointed instrument used to mark: TRIGGER PULL GAUGE – a mechanical trigger pull trigger tester TWEEZERS – used to handle bullets  EXPLOSIVES Explosive is any substance that may cause an explosion by its sudden decomposition or combustion. Explosive is also a material either pure single substance or mixture of substances which is capable of producing an explosion by its own energy  CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVE (AS TO FUNCTIONING CHARACTERISTICS) PROPELLANT OR LOW EXPLOSIVES - Are combustible materials containing within themselves all oxygen needed for their combustion that burn but do not explode and function by producing gas that produces explosion. Examples are Black powder, smokeless powder, firecrackers, and pyrotechnics PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE OR INITIATORS - Explode or donate when they are heated or subjected to shock. They do not burn. Sometimes they do not even contain the elements necessary for combustion. The materials themselves explode and the explosion results whether they are confined or not. Examples are Mercury fulminate, lead azide HIGH EXPLOSIVES - Explode under the influence of the shock of the explosion of primary explosive. They do not function by burning, in fact not all of them can be ignited by a flame and in small amount generally burn tranquilly and can be extinguished easily. If heated to a high temperature by external heat or by their own combustion, they sometimes explode. Examples are Ammonium nitrate, TNT, dynamite, nitroglycerine, picric acid, plastic explosives. EXPLOSION –rapid combustion, decomposition of gases, & consequent violent increase of pressure, usually causes a loud report. Sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting in pieces by internal pressure, as that of gas or steam (pressure explosion). DETONATION – One resulting from practically instantaneous decomposition or combustion of unstable compounds such as nitroglycerine, TNT or mercury fulminate, as distinguished from explosions of black powder. EXPLOSIVE – Any substance that may cause explosion by its sudden decomposition or combustion. BOMB – hollow projectile of iron generally spherical, containing explosive material w/c is fired by concussion or by time fuse. LOW EXPLOSIVES VS HIGH EXPLOSIVES Due to difference in explosion velocities between low & high explosives, difference in their effects are rather obvious –low explosives produce dull ‘boom’ & generally, ‘push’ type of damage, while high explosives detonate w/ sharp ‘crack’ & produce violent shattering type of damage localized at the site of the explosive, w/ intensity of disruptive or shattering damage diminishing rapidly w/ distance from this point. Ex. TNT, dynamite, nitroglycerine, picric acid.  EXAMPLES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES Ammonium nitrate –cheapest and most readily available salt of nitric acid. TNT (trinitrotoluene) –most widely used explosive. Nitroglycerine – most widely used commercial explosive. RDX (Royal Demolition eXplosive)– considered as one of most important military explosive used today. C4 – plastic explosive which is white and dough like in texture. Chloroacetophenone – CN is principal component in filler used in tear gas solutions. Fire Bombs – Molotov cocktail which is incendiary device, acids mixed with gasoline, alcohol and gasoline, etc.  TYPES OF EXPLOSION A. MECHANICAL EXPLOSION A.k.a. Hydraulic Explosion Occurrence: pressure inside container exceeds its structural strength Ex: Air pressure tanks for cleaning or paint spray, Water pressure tank, Air pumped kerosene burner ELECTRICAL EXPLOSION When happens: Electricity arcs through air, 2 objects of different electrical potential: brought close to one another, Large amount of heat develops, Heat rapidly expands air in and around arc producing popping sound of arc. C. NUCLEAR EXPLOSION Release of significant amount of energy by fusion or fission Result: significant increase of destructiveness Ex: Atomic Explosion D. CHEMICAL EXPLOSION When happens: Chemical reaction producing heat and gas at rate faster than surroundings can dissipate  -END- THANK YOU FOR LISTENING FUTURE REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS! PRACTICE QUIZ 1. It refers to the characteristics of a firearm which are determinable even before the manufacture of the firearm? A. Class Characteristics B. Individual Characteristics C. Repetitive mark D. accidental mark 2. What do you call the type of instrument used in measuring pitch of rifling firearms? A. Torsion Balance B. Helixometer C. Thermometer D. Caliper 3. It is known as the smallest pistol commercially available center fire cartridge and patented by Franz Pfannl in 1914. a. Kolibri b. Miniature Revolver C1ST c. Handgun Caliber.50 d. UZI 4. A fired bullet with six lands and grooves twisted to the right is fired from the barrel of a firearm with identical class characteristics as that of: A. Browning B. Colt C. Smith and Wesson SD. Steyr 5. The chemical eating away of the bore of a firearm due to rusting of the action of salts deposited from the gunpowder is: A. pressure B. corrosion C. erosion D. decomposition 6. A field of forensic ballistics that includes the expert examination of firearms, bullets and shells that would determine whether or not a particular bullet is fired from a particular firearm, and whether or not a particular shell is loaded and ejected from the same firearm and it is conducted in a forensic laboratory. What phase of forensic ballistics best describes the statement? A. Field investigation B. Technical examination C. Legal proceedings D. None 7. It is the distance at which the gunner has the control of shot where the bullet travel straight. A. Maximum Range B. Maximum Effective Range C. Accurate Range D. Effective Range 8. It is a branch of ballistics that treats of the motion of a projectile while still inside the firearm. A. Interior ballistics B. Terminal Ballistics C. Exterior Ballistics D. Forensic Ballistics 9. This refers to the firearms that propels projectile with more than one (1) inch in diameter. A. Artillery B. Small Arms C. Rifles D. Carbine 10. A type of primer with two vents or flash holes. A. Bordan primer B. Berdan Primer C. Battery Primer D. Boxer Primer 11. What Is the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet upon explosion. a. Energy generated b. recoil c. Expansion of heated gas d. muzzle blast 12. The container of the priming mixture is _______. a. Shell b. Cartridge c. Primer Cup d. Primer Shell 13. It is equal to the height of the side of a land. a. Depth of Grooves b. Twist c. Rifling d. land 14. This refers to the deflection of the bullet from its normal path after striking a resistant surface. A. Misfire B. Mushroom C. Ricochet D. Key hole shot 15. It refers to the mobility or the movement of the projectile once it leaves the muzzle and until it reaches the target or fall in the ground. A. Motion B. Ballistics C. Ballista D. Trajectory 16. What occurs when a cartridge fails to explode on time or delayed in firing? A. Knocking Power B. Hang fire C. Recoil D. None of these 17. PINS Tina Moran was tasked to examine whether the questioned bullet was fired from the suspected firearm and prepare her deductions for court testimony. The situation was part of what branch of ballistics? A. Firearms Identification B. Technical examination C. Legal proceeding D. Forensic ballistics 18. The very first self-exploding cartridges were invented on 1836 and it was called as the pin-fire cartridge which came into realization through the invention of: A. Le Faucheux B. Hiram Maxim C. Flobert D. Alexander John Forsyth 19. Pistols were slowly developed throughout the time form simple to a more sophisticated firearm. According to history, it was believed the word pistol was taken from the Italian word Pistoia which literally means: A. small gun B. coin C. city D. hand gun 20. It is a barrel construction of a shotgun in which there is a diminishing bore diameter towards its muzzle. A. Cylinder Bore Type Shotgun B. Choke Bore type shotgun C. Paradox Type Shotgun D. Single Barrel Shotgun 21. A shooting incident was happened wherein five people were found dead on the scene of the crime. During the incident, it was found out that the firearm involve uses a pistol size ammunition but having contains a shoulder stock because it was fired in a distance. The scene was filled by cartridge cases but there was only one empty magazine recovered. If you are the investigator, what type of firearm was used? A. machine gun B. sub machine gun C. automatic firearm D. none of these 22. What is the best way of picking a suspected firearm at the crime scene? A. Picking it through the handle B. Picking it through the barrel C. Inserting a handkerchief or string straw at the trigger guard D. Inserting a rod at the barrel 23. Fired Cartridge case/shell are usually mark at the _________? A. At the base B. Side or body of the shell C. At the rim D. Any of these 24. The most important single process in a barrel manufacture from the standpoint of the identification expert is: A. reaming operation B. rifling operation C. lapping operation D. drilling operation 25. What instrument is used in measuring the velocity of the bullet? A. Calipher B. Torsion Balance C. Helixometer D. Chronograph 26. It is termed as the stability of the bullet in flight particularly in the parabola, which was credited to the construction of the rifling. A. velocity B. stability in flight C. gyroscopic action D. parabolic like flight 27. The caliber of the smoothbore firearm case measure by? A. Gauge B. Caliber C. Lands D. Primer 28. It is that mixture of chemicals of various compositions designed to propel the projectile by means of expansive force of gases when burned. A. Propellant B. Gun Powder C. Potassium Nitrate D. Either A or B 29. A Greek word from which the word “ballistics” was derived which means “to throw” A. Ballien or ballo B. Catapult C. Ballistics D. Ballista 30. A type of ammunition which does not have bullet used in film- making: A. Dummy Ammunition B. Blank Ammunition C. Drill Ammunition D. Live Ammunition LET’S CHECK! 1. It refers to the characteristics of a firearm which are determinable even before the manufacture of the firearm? A. Class Characteristics B. Individual Characteristics C. Repetitive mark D. accidental mark 2. What do you call the type of instrument used in measuring pitch of rifling firearms? A. Torsion Balance B. Helixometer C. Thermometer D. Caliper 3. It is known as the smallest pistol commercially available center fire cartridge and patented by Franz Pfannl in 1914. a. Kolibri b. Miniature Revolver C1ST c. Handgun Caliber.50 d. UZI 4. A fired bullet with six lands and grooves twisted to the right is fired from the barrel of a firearm with identical class characteristics as that of: A. Browning B. Colt C. Smith and Wesson SD. Steyr 5. The chemical eating away of the bore of a firearm due to rusting of the action of salts deposited from the gunpowder is: A. pressure B. corrosion C. erosion D. decomposition 6. A field of forensic ballistics that includes the expert examination of firearms, bullets and shells that would determine whether or not a particular bullet is fired from a particular firearm, and whether or not a particular shell is loaded and ejected from the same firearm and it is conducted in a forensic laboratory. What phase of forensic ballistics best describes the statement? A. Field investigation B. Technical examination C. Legal proceedings D. None 7. It is the distance at which the gunner has the control of shot where the bullet travel straight. A. Maximum Range B. Maximum Effective Range C. Accurate Range D. Effective Range 8. It is a branch of ballistics that treats of the motion of a projectile while still inside the firearm. A. Interior ballistics B. Terminal Ballistics C. Exterior Ballistics D. Forensic Ballistics 9. This refers to the firearms that propels projectile with more than one (1) inch in diameter. A. Artillery B. Small Arms C. Rifles D. Carbine 10. A type of primer with two vents or flash holes. A. Bordan primer B. Berdan Primer C. Battery Primer D. Boxer Primer 11. What Is the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet upon explosion. a. Energy generated b. recoil c. Expansion of heated gas d. muzzle blast 12. The container of the priming mixture is _______. a. Shell b. Cartridge c. Primer Cup d. Primer Shell 13. It is equal to the height of the side of a land. a. Depth of Grooves b. Twist c. Rifling d. land 14. This refers to the deflection of the bullet from its normal path after striking a resistant surface. A. Misfire B. Mushroom C. Ricochet D. Key hole shot 15. It refers to the mobility or the movement of the projectile once it leaves the muzzle and until it reaches the target or fall in the ground. A. Motion B. Ballistics C. Ballista D. Trajectory 16. What occurs when a cartridge fails to explode on time or delayed in firing? A. Knocking Power B. Hang fire C. Recoil D. None of these 17. PINS Tina Moran was tasked to examine whether the questioned bullet was fired from the suspected firearm and prepare her deductions for court testimony. The situation was part of what branch of ballistics? A. Firearms Identification B. Technical examination C. Legal proceeding D. Forensic ballistics 18. The very first self-exploding cartridges were invented on 1836 and it was called as the pin-fire cartridge which came into realization through the invention of: A. Le Faucheux B. Hiram Maxim C. Flobert D. Alexander John Forsyth 19. Pistols were slowly developed throughout the time form simple to a more sophisticated firearm. According to history, it was believed the word pistol was taken from the Italian word Pistoia which literally means: A. small gun B. coin C. city D. hand gun 20. It is a barrel construction of a shotgun in which there is a diminishing bore diameter towards its muzzle. A. Cylinder Bore Type Shotgun B. Choke Bore type shotgun C. Paradox Type Shotgun D. Single Barrel Shotgun 21. A shooting incident was happened wherein five people were found dead on the scene of the crime. During the incident, it was found out that the firearm involve uses a pistol size ammunition but having contains a shoulder stock because it was fired in a distance. The scene was filled by cartridge cases but there was only one empty magazine recovered. If you are the investigator, what type of firearm was used? A. machine gun B. sub machine gun C. automatic firearm D. none of these 22. What is the best way of picking a suspected firearm at the crime scene? A. Picking it through the handle B. Picking it through the barrel C. Inserting a handkerchief or string straw at the trigger guard D. Inserting a rod at the barrel 23. Fired Cartridge case/shell are usually mark at the _________? A. At the base B. Side or body of the shell C. At the rim D. Any of these 24. The most important single process in a barrel manufacture from the standpoint of the identification expert is: A. reaming operation B. rifling operation C. lapping operation D. drilling operation 25. What instrument is used in measuring the velocity of the bullet? A. Calipher B. Torsion Balance C. Helixometer D. Chronograph 26. It is termed as the stability of the bullet in flight particularly in the parabola, which was credited to the construction of the rifling. A. velocity B. stability in flight C. gyroscopic action D. parabolic like flight 27. The caliber of the smoothbore firearm case measure by? A. Gauge B. Caliber C. Lands D. Primer 28. It is that mixture of chemicals of various compositions designed to propel the projectile by means of expansive force of gases when burned. A. Propellant B. Gun Powder C. Potassium Nitrate D. Either A or B 29. A Greek word from which the word “ballistics” was derived which means “to throw” A. Ballien or ballo B. Catapult C. Ballistics D. Ballista 30. A type of ammunition which does not have bullet used in film- making: A. Dummy Ammunition B. Blank Ammunition C. Drill Ammunition D. Live Ammunition WHAT’S YOUR SCORE?