Forensic Ballistics - BATAUSA PDF

CRIMINALISTICS Analyzing and interpreting evidence using the natural sciences. forensics “Forum” which means market place or public gathering. Relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems. Personalities in Criminalistics Dr. Han...

CRIMINALISTICS Analyzing and interpreting evidence using the natural sciences. forensics “Forum” which means market place or public gathering. Relating to or dealing with the application of scientific knowledge to legal problems. Personalities in Criminalistics Dr. Hans Gross (1847- 1915) - Father of forensic publications/ Father of Criminalistics. An Austrian criminalist who in 1891 first used the term criminalistics..  Sir Arthur Conan Doyle - sci-fi author in late 1800. Popularized scientific crime detection methods through his fictional character "Sherlock Holmes"  Mathieu Orfila (1787- 1853) Father of Toxicology. Wrote about the detection of poisons and their effects on animals. Alphonse Bertillon (1853- 1914) Father of Anthropometry/ Father of Identification. Bertillon System. Calvin H. Goddard – (1891- 1955) Father of Ballistics. Developed the technique to examine bullets using a comparison microscope to determine whether or not a particular gun fired the bullets. Albert Osborn - (1858-1946) Father of document examination. His work led to the acceptance of documents as scientific evidence by the courts. Walter McCrone - (1916- 1915) father of microscopic forensics. He developed and applied his microscopic techniques to examine evidence in countless court cases. Edmond Locard - (1877- 1966) father of the crime lab. In 1910, he started the first crime lab in an attic of a police station. Founded the institute of criminalistics in France. His most important contribution was the "Locards Exchange Principle". Origin of “Ballistic”  BALLISTIC – Gigantic bow or Catapult used for throwing stone. “Ballista” Latin Ballistes, from Ballein “to throw” Greek Words BRIEF HISTORY OF BALLISTIC 1493-1508 – Rifling came into existence (Emperor Maximillian) RIFLING - the arrangement of spiral grooves on the inside of a rifle barrel. BRIEF HISTORY OF BALLISTIC 1835 – 1ST case of forensic firearm examination documented. (Henry Goddard) 1845 – through the bullet that stuck on the eye of NAPOLEON BONAPARTE’s grandfather, the traces of gunpowder and its value were discovered. (HANS GROSS) 1860 – newspaper wads were found in the victims wound made of the same newspaper found at the suspect’s house. 1902 – use of magnifying glass to examine test bullet that fired from cotton wool and compare its striations with bullet found from the victim JUXTAPOSITION BRIEF HISTORY OF BALLISTIC Through the aid of photography, significant markings on the fired bullet and cartridge were also evaluated. 1915 – reevaluated the evidence in the Stielow Case BRIEF HISTORY OF BALLISTIC 1925 –comparison Microscope developed and Helixometer was invented BRIEF HISTORY OF BALLISTIC 1932 – FBI Lab was established (1st Firearm Identification Professional)  3 types of Motion Direct - forward motion of the bullet Rotatory - action of bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm Translational - action of bullet once it hits the target and subsequently ricocheted.  Branches of Ballistic Internal External Terminal Transitional  INTERNAL BALLISTICS F.I.C.E.P.E.R.V.R.E. 1. Firing pin hitting the primer 2. Ignition of the priming mixture 3. Combustion of gun powder 4. Expansion of heated gas 5. Pressure developed 6. Energy generated 7. Recoil of gun 8. Velocity of bullet while inside the barrel 9. Rotation of bullet 10.Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet  INTERIOR BALLISTICS 1. FIRING PIN STRIKING THE PRIMER PRIMER FIRING PIN MISFIRE  INTERIOR BALLISTICS 2. IGNTION OF PRIMING MIXTURE Priming Mixture located in primer cup Percussion “Alexander John Forsyth” Hangfire  INTERIOR BALLISTICS 3. COMBUSTION OF GUNPOWDER Combustion (production of fire/heat) Vent or Flash Hole Hiram Berdan Col. Edward M. Boxer  INTERIOR BALLISTICS 4. EXPANSION OF HEATED GAS CHAMBER – cartridge is loaded 5. PRESSURE DEVELOPED 6. ENERGY GENERATED 7. VELOCITY 8. ROTATION – gyroscopic stability  9. ENGRAVING 10. RECOIL – MAJOR – equal and opposite reaction while MINOR equal and backward movement of the pistol slide TRANSITIONAL BALLISTICS Muzzle blast noise created at the muzzle point Muzzle flash – light created 3. EXTERIOR BALLISTIC Muzzle Energy Trajectory Range Accurate Range - distance within which the shooter has control of his shots. Effective Range -when the bullet was fired it is still capable of inflicting fatal injury. Maximum Range - The farthest distance the bullet could travel. Maximum effective Range – farthest distance that the bullet can inflict fatal injury. PARABOLA – ARC/CURVED PATTERN UNTIL IT REACHES THE BACK CURVE BACK CURVE – PORTION WHERE BULLET DROP TO THE GROUND DUE TO GRAVITY Velocity rate of speed of bullet per unit of time Pull of gravity the downward reaction of the bullet towards the straight surface due to its weight. Air resistance force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight (Medical Ballistics – Human being as target) (Legal Ballistics – investigation involving firearms) (Geo Ballistics – location or geography)  Terminal accuracy size of the bullet grouping on the target FRONT SIGHT IS LITTLE SHORTER THAN REAR SIGHT FRONT SIGHT IS LITTLE FRONT SIGHT IS LITTLE BIT INCLINED TO THE BIT INCLINED TO THE LEFT RIGHT FRONT SIGHT IS LITTLE BIT MORE ELEVATED SHORTER THAN REAR SIGHT Terminal energy energy when bullet strike the target Terminal velocity speed of bullet upon striking the target Terminal penetration depth of entry of the bullet in the target NOTE: JOSEPH MANTON “Father of Modern Shotgun” length of a shotgun cartridge case (2.75 inches) Note: Odd and Even Rule in Gunshot wounds – if the number of gunshot wound of entrance and exit wound found in the body of the victim is even, the presumption is that no bullet is lodged in the body, but if the number of gunshot wounds of entrance and exit wound is odd, the presumption is that the one or more bullets might have been lodged in the body.  Special Consideration on Bullets Souvenir Bullet – bullet has been lodged and has remained in the body. Bullet Migration – bullet that is not lodged in a place where it was previously located. Bullet Embolism – special form of bullet migration when the bullet loses its momentum while inside the chamber of the heart or inside the big blood vessels and carried out by the circulating blood to some parts of the body where it may be lodged. Tandem Bullet – two or more bullet leaving the barrel one after another.