Western Institute of Technology Fire Hazards PDF

Western Institute of Technology Course Subject: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade Level: 12 Topic: Fire Hazards Time Allocation: 4 hours Module 10. FIRE HAZARDS Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding o...

Western Institute of Technology Course Subject: Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade Level: 12 Topic: Fire Hazards Time Allocation: 4 hours Module 10. FIRE HAZARDS Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of the fire triangle. Learning Competencies: The learners are able to: a. recognize elements of the fire triangle in different situations. b. analyze the different causes of fires. c. observe precautionary measures and proper procedures in addressing fire incident. d. apply basic response procedures during a fire incident. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: 1. state the positive and genitive effects of fire 2. define and identify the components of fire triangle. 3. know the different fire classes and classify fire incidents Activate Prior Knowledge Fire protection, prevention and control are sometimes thought of activities separate from each other and from accident prevention. Tremendous annual loss of life and property from fire make fire protection, prevention and control an important part of any safety program.  Western Institute of Technology Acquire New Knowledge Fire Hazard All types of live flames, causes of sparks, hot objects and chemicals that are potential for ignition or that can aggravate fire to become large and uncontrolled Pose threats to life and property - FIRE - is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material and oxygen - rapid oxidation with the evolution of light and heat FIRE TRIANGLE Must be present at the same time If one of three is missing a fire will not start Any substance, which wil combine in the presence of heat "Something that will burn" Ordinary fuels are compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen Metals can be burned in some forms in an FUEL atmosphere of pure oxygen FLAMMABLE materials have a flashpoint below 1000 F or 380 C COMBUSTIBLE materials have a flashpoint at or higher than 1000 F *Flashpoint – is the lowest temperature at which a substance produces flammable vapor  Western Institute of Technology Second element of fire Fire normally draws its oxygen from the air (mixture of 21% Oxygen and 78% Nitrogen) Nitrogen in the air serves only to dilute the Oxygen, does not ordinarily enter into the reaction Pure Oxygen atmosphere OXYGEN combutisle would burn rapidly (produce great intensity) Most substances will burn after the solid or liquid fuel has been decomposed or vaporized by HEAT Substance itself will continue to burn when the source of ignition is removed until it has reached the ignition temperature HEAT IGNITION TEMPERATURE is the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion *Ignition temperature is not reached unless the fire is not self- sustaining (solids, liquids, and gases) SOURCES OF HEAT Cutting and Welding Spontaneous Ignition Chemical Action The Sun Electricity Smoking Friction  Western Institute of Technology Kitchen stove when left unattended C Electric cords, curtains, tea towels and A oven cloths which are so close to the U stove top S KITCHEN AREA E S If safety switches and correct fuses were not properly installed by qualified electrician O F Capacity overload FAULTY WIRING F Tiny embers can smolder unnoticed and I burst into flame muc later R E SMOKING IN BED LIGHTNING STRIKE Poor light fittings can cause heat build up Lampshades are so close to loght globes and lamp bases that can be knocked over easily LIGHTING Recessed down lights are not properly insulated from wood paneling or ceiling timbers When flammable liquids such as petrol, kerosene, methylated spirits are stored properly (storage should be away from heat) Unsafe handling and use of flammable liquids is a potential fire hazard FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS  Western Institute of Technology When left unattended. When curtains and other flammable items are close to burning candles Remember: Do not sleep with a burning candle CANDLES When children are playing with fire Children are not well oriented about hazards and fire safety Remember: Keep all matches. lighters, and candles CHILDREN out of reach of small children EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE STARVATION (Removing of Fuel) Fire will continue to burn until there is no more fuel to burn Taking the fuel from a fire is not only difficult but also dangerous SMOTHERING (Excluding or Reducing % of Oxygen) INTERRUPTING THE Extinguishment by separation of oxygen from fire can be CHAIN REACTION accomplished through smothering the burning area with non-combustible material If we stop the chain Cutting off the supply of oxygen is through: reaction, then fire will die out – Covering fire with wet blanket Through application of – Throwing dust/sand on the fire extinguishing agents such as dry chemicals and COOLING halons A third way to put fires out is to remove heat from the fire Water absorbs the heat from the burning materials and lowers their temperature (the fuel stop burning)  Western Institute of Technology CLASSES OF FIRE Extinguishment Class of Fire Description Materials – they burn wood, paper, dried grass, Water charcoal, etc. A Wet cloth or blanket – ordinary combustible materials “Carbonaceous Fire” Sand and soil – leave ashes and ember after the primary Dry Chemicals flame is out – they burn oil, gasoline, kerosene, LPG, Metal cover chemicals, alcohol, paint, thinner, Wet cloth or blanket turpentine, etc. B Sand and soil – they don’t leave ashes and ember after “Surface Fire” Water (in large amount) primary flame is out Dry chemicals – pour gasoline and oil on water and light it up and it will surely burn – fire caused by electricity or they are fires *Turn off the Main that have electrical current in it Switch (Water is good conductor of electricity and it can kill the C firefighter “Electrical Fire” instantaneously) Useful materials on “A” and “B” will do – fire in combustible metals (such as Special techniques, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, and extinguishing agents, and sodium) extinguishing equipment D – normal extinguishing agents generally have been developed to “Combustible Metal should not be used on fire of these control fires involving Fire” materials because of the danger of these metals increasing the intensity of the fire Dry Chemicals – fuels are cooking oil (grease such as Metal cover K animal and vegetable fats) Wet cloth or blanket “Kitchen Fire” Sand and soil Water (in large amount)  Western Institute of Technology HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER T – Twist the lock P – Pull out the Pin A – Aim the Nozzle S – Squeeze the Handle to release the agent S – Sweep the Nozzle side to side aiming at the base of the fire PHASES OF FIRE IGNITION PHASE first stage: heat, oxygen, and fuel source combine and have chemical reaction fire triangle is complete also known as Incipient Types: piloted ignition - fuel + oxygen + external heat (spark) auto ignition - combustion by heat without spark or flame GROWTH PHASE expansion of fire, depletion of oxygen supply, and increase in temperature also known as Free burning phase breathing becomes difficult highly dangerous flashovers may occur anytime fire influences the environment fire is influenced by the environment Factors that affects the fire growth: fuel load fuel type orientation of fuel relative to fire ceiling height potential for thermal layering  Western Institute of Technology FULLY DEVELOPED PHASE all fuel have been ignited and burning hottest phase of fire fire is dependent on the amount of Oxygen spread flammable gases within the area Oxygen supply less than 16% too much carbon monoxide is present DECAY PHASE fire starts to diminish as fuel and/or Oxygen is consumed also known as Smoldering Phase usually the longest stage of a afire decrease in Oxygen and fuel backdraft could potentially occur  Western Institute of Technology Rescue:  Rescue people from the immediate area of smoke and/or fire.  Make people aware that there is a fire alarm activation or actual fire within the building Alarm  Activate the nearest fire alarm station.  When the telephone is available, call the Police or Fire Department hotlines  Provide your name, exact location of the emergency, telephone number that you using, and type of emergency you are reporting  Western Institute of Technology Contain  Contain the smoke or fire by closing all windows and doors to rooms, stairways, and corridors  This is to control fire and smoke from spreading Extinguish  Extinguish the fire using the appropriate fire extinguisher for the type of fire being fought.  Only attempt to fight the fire if you are comfortable using a fire extinguisher and the fire is small, contained, and not spreading beyond the immediate area. Relocate  Relocate to a safe area.  When inside building, relocate outside of the building and away from the main entrance.  Do not use elevators within the building as a means of exit. Use the stairways, only Secure  Secure first important documents, money and heirlooms when fire breaks out inside your own residence. Resources:  Quebral, V. (2016) Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines Post Activity Directions: 1. In your bond paper, sketch your current room or a part of your house. 2. Identify areas where fire could start and mark these in your sketches. 3. List down at least five (5) precautionary steps to take, in order to prevent fires. 4. Give one specific scenario inside the chosen room when a fire incident would happen. Examples: Short circuiting of electrical appliances Accident involving fires used in the kitchen 5. List down steps that you would take in order to address it.  Western Institute of Technology Performance Task No. 3: Precautionary Measures and Procedures to Fires DATE: _________________ SCORE: ________ NAME: _____________________________________ GRADE – 12 ____________________________ l