Ethnic and Cultural Assessment PDF

Ethnic and Cultural Assessment Tugba ALBAYRAM, Ph.D. Research Assistant Gaziantep University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Surgical Diseases Nursing The coexistence of similar and dissimilar entities is "multiculturalism"....

Ethnic and Cultural Assessment Tugba ALBAYRAM, Ph.D. Research Assistant Gaziantep University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Surgical Diseases Nursing The coexistence of similar and dissimilar entities is "multiculturalism".  What is Culture? Culture has been defined in many ways to date. Culture; They are traditions, beliefs, art, music, and other products of human thought that have been produced by a group of people at certain intervals of time. Culture; It is the whole of all kinds of material and spiritual features that a society produces in the historical process and transfers from generation to generation. Culture; It forms the identity of a society and makes it different from other societies. Culture affects many aspects of human life, from the shaping of personality to parental attitudes, from the way children are raised to the language used. Culture is influential in how a person thinks, what language he speaks, how he dresses, how he believes, how he treats the sick, what he does to his dead, how he feeds.  Culture generally consists of two elements, material and spiritual. Material Culture Items: Elements of Spiritual Buildings, equipment, Culture: Beliefs, traditions, clothing norms, ways of thinking  It is relative; Every society has its own unique culture. It is historical; It continues from the past to the present. It is man-made; people both create Features of culture and are influenced by culture. culture It is not static; it changes over time. Functions of Culture It provides social order by directing the behavior of the individual. It gives identity to society. The sense of social solidarity and unity gives "We consciousness". It provides social socialization. Basic Concepts of Culture Basic Concepts of Culture Upper Culture: It is the general cultural characteristics that are valid in a society. Example: Chinese culture, Turkish culture Subculture: It is the culture of communities with their own peculiarities within the upper culture. Example: Nomad culture, Laz culture, Native American culture Culturing: It is the transfer of a society's own cultural characteristics to new generations through socialization. Example: Someone who grows up in Turkish society thinks and wears like a Turk. Basic Concepts of Culture Cultural Diffusion: It is the spread of the cultural element to other cultures in the world. Example: The spread of spaghetti from Italy and yogurt from Turkey to the world Cultural Lag: It is the state of disharmony and incivility that occurs as a result of the inability of spiritual culture elements to keep up with the speed of change in the material culture elements in a society. Example: The mobile phone (material culture) is rapidly spreading, but the manners of using it (spiritual culture) are not developing at the same pace. Cultural Shock:It is the state of depression and disharmony experienced by individuals who participate in another cultural environment from their own cultural environment. Example: The adaptation problem of a girl who is a bride from the city to the village, the adaptation problem of the workers who immigrated from Turkey to Germany Basic Concepts of Culture Cultural Imperialism:It is the fact that developed countries affect other underdeveloped cultures, especially through mass media, and make them resemble themselves. Example: Thanks to advertisements, western culture makes their own clothes and movies look like themselves. Cultural Assimilation: It is when a culture dissolves the minority culture within itself and makes it similar to itself. Example: The dissolution of the Bulgarian Turks into their Slavs over time Cultural Degeneration: It is the cultural deterioration that occurs as a result of the negative impact of foreign cultures and the inability of the society to adequately protect its own values. Example: Young people's emulation of western culture, religious holidays moving away from their essence and turning into holidays CULTURE & HEALTH  CULTURE & HEALTH Each culture has its own health-promoting efforts that are unique to the cat and are significantly influenced by others. Culture is an important part of health, as the practices of the individual are closely related to their health. For example; Ethnic groups generally use primary health care services more, while secondary care services use them less.  CULTURE & HEALTH The disease is experienced differently by each individual. Disease behavior consists of experiences gained through cultural rules. In response to the need for a workable tool to assess cultural variables and their effects on health and disease behaviors, a cultural assessment model was developed by Giger and Davidhizar. Transcultural Assessment Model  The model is a tool These; communication, developed to evaluate distance cultural values and their (proximity/distance), social effects on health and organizations, time, disease behaviors, and environmental control and evaluates the individual in biological variables. six cultural dimensions. Communication; The important thing in communication is that two different people understand the same message the same. Sharing culture is also through communication. SağIf professionals do not know the cultural characteristics of the individual in communication, the effectiveness of the care to be given to the individual is compromised. Verbal and nonverbal forms of communication differ between cultures. The meanings revealed by body language cause communication to be disrupted in cultural differences.  Therefore; What language does the individual speak? Is there a dialect difference? What are the main characteristics of body language? Does it use the word in a different sense, especially in other cultures? What does touch mean to him? How are the speech features? Does he use body language? The answers to such questions should be known.  Distance (Proximity/Distance); Personal distance is the space that individuals need between themselves and other people in order to feel comfortable. In order for individuals to feel comfortable while communicating, health professionals should pay attention to the distance between them and the individual. Personal space distance may differ from culture to culture. Very Close Distance (Distance up to 45 cm from the individual): It is the distance used in physical evaluations that require close contact with the eyes, ears or nose, and so on. Personal Distance (Distance up to 165 cm from the individual): It includes the area where individuals, usually those they allow, can enter. It is the distance that is often used in other physical examinations. Social Distancing (Distance up to 360 cm from the individual): It is used in interactions with small groups. No touch is required. Public Distancing (Distance after 360 cm from the individual): It is used in impersonal interactions such as workshops and health educations.  Social Organizations; Family structure and organizations can be related to religious values and beliefs, role structures, ethnicity, and cultures. Topics such as the place of women in the culture in which individuals live, the role of the family in society, religion and the requirements of religion are included. Knowing the social environment of the community in which healthcare professionals serve will help to increase the effectiveness of care. Environmental Control; It is the ability of the individual to control and plan the environmental factors that affect him. Some put themselves above nature in their lives, some more so, and some balance between nature and human. Healthcare professionals need to If the practices are only a belief recognize and be sensitive to and do not affect the person's what the community they serve health care, these values should uses as environmental control be respected by the health mechanisms. personnel. Biological Variables; Biological variables distinguish one race from another. It includes growth, development, skin color, enzymatic differences, and susceptibility to diseases. For example; The birth weights of babies born in Western culture are higher than the birth weights of babies born in Eastern culture. The Japanese are short and thin. While making the evaluation, it should be determined what risks individuals may be under according to cultural characteristics. Time; Some societies organize their lives according to the past, some reflect the conditions of the day in their lives, and some live their lives according to the future they have planned. For example, while Americans plan their lives for the future, Vietnamese look to the past.  Result; The most important behaviors in cultural assessment are to be sensitive. In addition, it is necessary to learn what the person feels and believes. Regardless of a person's racial or cultural heritage, each person is unique.