Nervous System Updated 2020 PDF

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TPJ 3M DR. RACHELLE QUENNEVILLE LEARNING GOALS FOR TODAY A2.9 identify the three main areas of the neurological system (i.e., cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem) and describe their function B3.6 perform basic physical assessment skills (e.g., assessment of visual acuity us...

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TPJ 3M DR. RACHELLE QUENNEVILLE LEARNING GOALS FOR TODAY A2.9 identify the three main areas of the neurological system (i.e., cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem) and describe their function B3.6 perform basic physical assessment skills (e.g., assessment of visual acuity using a Snellen Chart, neurological assessment FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls thought processes speech, sensory perceptions, skeletal and involuntary motor functions and emotion 2 MAJOR DIVISIONS-CNS and PNS CNS= brain and spinal cord Brain lies within the cranium and is protected by 3 layers of meninges MENINGES Protect your CNS from trauma injury to your brain, such as a blow to your head by acting as a shock absorber. They anchor your CNS and keep your brain from moving around within your skull. Provide a support system for blood vessels (including your middle meningeal artery) that deliver blood to your CNS tissues, nerves (including your trigeminal and vagus nerves), lymphatics (drainage system) and cerebrospinal fluid. 3 LAYERS OF MENINGES (DAP) Dura mater: This is the outer layer, closest to your skull. Arachnoid mater: This is the middle layer. Pia mater: This is the inner layer, closest to your brain tissue. EXAMINATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 5 WAYS 1) Mental Status – WETRIM (Will, Emotions, Thought Process, Reasoning, Intellect, Memory) 2) Cranial Nerves – supply motor and sensory to face and head 3) Motor Nerves – strength, movement, balance and gait 4) Sensory Nerves – pain, light touch, sharp / dull 5) Deep Tendon Reflexes – reflex arc to test sensory and motor nerves OVERVIEW OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TWO DIVISIONS-CNS AND PNS CNS-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord It is responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the peripheral nervous system and then sends out signals to it, either consciously or unconsciously (with or without knowing) This information highway called the nervous system consists of many nerve cells, also known as NEURONS as seen below BRAIN  3 MAIN AREAS OF THE BRAIN AND THEIR FUNCTION 1. Cerebrum-fills up most of your skull -It is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, learning feeling, touch, hearing, and vision 2. Cerebellum-sits at the back of your head, under the cerebrum -Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance. 3. Brain Stem-sits beneath your cerebrum in front of your cerebellum -Acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. -It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing BRAIN Lies in the cranium and protected by the skull Covered with 3 protective layers known as the meninges A space between these meningeal layers contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which cushions and nourishes the brain and spinal cord; Major regions of the brain include the brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum BRAIN SPINAL CORD SPINAL CORD Cylindrical mass of nerve tissue protected by the vertebrae which extends from the medulla (part of the brainstem) to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae Contains sensory and motor pathways Regulates reflex pathways Protected by the meninges Divided into 5 segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal The spinal cord is not as long as the vertebral canal (ends at L1 or L2) with nerve roots fanning out the rest of the length PNS-PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; Connects the central nervous system (CNS) to sensory organs (such as the eye and ear), other organs of the body, muscles, blood vessels and glands. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of involuntary actions within the body Somatic Nervous System (aka as the voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements. Autonomic Nervous System the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes. Sympathetic Nervous System The sympathetic nervous system activates what is often termed the “fight or flight response”. Parasympathetic Nervous System Sometimes called the “rest and digest system”, conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. EXAMINATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM-SEE HANDOUT ON D2L-5 WAYS 1. Mental Status-WETRIM (will, emotion, through processes, reasoning, intellect, memory) 2. Cranial Nerves-supply motor and sensory to the face and head 3. Motor Nerves -strength, movement, balance, gait 4. Sensory Nerves-pain, light. Touch, sharp, dull 5. Deep Tendon Reflexes-reflexes to test motor and sensory nerves HANDOUT THAT ACCOMPANIES THIS-SEE D2L 2. CRANIAL NERVES CN 1 – OLFACTORY (SMELL) CN 2 – OPTIC (VISUAL ACUITY) CN 3, 4 & 6 – OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR AND ABDUCENS(EYE MOVEMENTS) PENLIGHT TEST FIGURE “H” TEST CN 5 – TRIGEMINAL NERVE CN 7 – FACIAL NERVE (MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION) CN 8 – VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR / AUDITORY CN 9 – GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (MUSCLES OF SWALLOWING) CN 11 – ACCESSORY NERVE CN 12- HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE) 3. MOTOR NERVES TESTING MOTOR TESTING (CHECKING STRENGTH) MOTOR TESTING RAPID ALTERNATING MOVEMENTS NOSE TO FINGER TEST TANDEM HEEL TO TOE TEST 4. SENSORY NERVES SENSORY NERVES SENSORY NERVE TESTING 5. DEEP TENDON REFLEXES Biceps Reflex Brachioradialis Reflex Triceps Reflex Patellar Reflex Achilles Reflex DEEP TENDON REFLEX – UPPER EXTREMITY Biceps Tendon Reflex Brachioradialis Tendon Reflex Triceps Reflex DEEP TENDON REFLEX – LOWER EXTREMITY Patellar Reflex Achilles Reflex SUMMARY You now know the 3 major regions of the brain and their function. You now know the difference between the CNS and PNS You Understand the 5 ways to Examine the Nervous System KAHOOT TIME This Kahoot is a great review of the material presented today in class. Lets see who can get the most answers correct!