Understanding Culture, Society and Politics 2nd Quarter Week 1 2024 PDF

**\*Understanding Culture, Society and Politics** **WEEK 1** **STATE INSTITUTIONS** **Political and Leadership Structures** According to Max Weber as cited by Santarita & Madrid, 2016, Political structure orinstitution is defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and decisions are...

**\*Understanding Culture, Society and Politics** **WEEK 1** **STATE INSTITUTIONS** **Political and Leadership Structures** According to Max Weber as cited by Santarita & Madrid, 2016, Political structure orinstitution is defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and decisions are made within society. **The Executive branch** is comprised of the President and the Vice President who are chosen by direct popular vote and fulfill a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country's bureaucracy. **The Legislative branch** can make laws, alter, and reverse them through the power bestowed in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives **The Judicial branch** maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch decides whether there has been a serious abuse of judgment amounting to lack or excess of authority on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts. **Power** on the other hand is the capacity to realize desired ends despite opposition from others. The utilization of power is the business of government, which is defined as a formal organization that directs the political life of a society(Macionis, 2012) Therefore, governments demand compliance on the part of a population. **TYPES OF AUTHORITY** 1\) **Traditional Authority** -respect for a long-standing cultural pattern is used to legitimize power. 2**) Rational-Legal Authority or also known as bureaucratic authority;** legally created rules and regulations are used to legitimize power. 3\) **Charismatic Authority** -extraordinary personal skills that inspire devotion and obedience are used to legitimize power. **Economic Institutions** Human beings are driven to satisfy their basic necessity which includes food, water and shelter however human beings also aim for goods and services which can be attained through help from the many or known as collective effort (Santarita & Madrid, 2016) This make economic activity essential in Human's life because it can influence the complexity of society and the character of its cultural and social life. **Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of Products** **RECIPROCITY** **-**Transaction between two socially equal parties having the same status with regards to values of goods or services.**Example:The dowry given by a Muslim groom to his prospective bride** is a transaction between two socially equal parties having the same status with regards to values of goods or services. **Types of Reciprocity** 1. **GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY** A form of transaction which utilizes gestures that expresses personal relationships than economic transactions. Example: In the Philippines, most often than not, the eldest child expresses generalized reciprocity to his or her family by graduating, and in exchange, they will be providing means to sustain the academic needs of their other siblings. **1.2 BALANCED RECIPROCITY** In this form of transaction, the giver is expected to gain something in return although it does not have to be given instantly.Example : One good example is the business transaction between Filipino artists and advertisement companies. Artists will perform activities that are required of him or her by the said advertisement company in exchange for publicity and exposure.**1.3 NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY** This transaction is being practiced using deceiving ways to gain profit. In this form of transaction, individuals involved try to gain as much as conceivable while paying the least amount possible. Example: Example business ventures offered to you by persons you do not have a personal relationship with. **REDISTRIBUTION** The process by which products produced out from the community is sent to a place where they are stored, counted, and later distributed back to the people. Example: Taxes are collected from individuals based on their income. The money collected is distributed to other members of society through different government programs. **MARKET EXCHANGE** The price of the transactions of deliverables and services are supposedly governed by the rules of supply and demand. Example : A transaction that uses money in exchange for goods or services. **NON STATE INSTITUTIONS** Non-state institutions are entities that participate in international politics. They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of state. **BANKS** A bank is a financial institution that receives deposits from the public and generates credit. Commercial/Retail Banks Manage withdrawals and deposits as well as supplying short-term loans to a person and small-scale businesses. Investment Bank A bank that purchases large holdings of newly issued shares and resells them to investors. Insurance and Companies Offers insurance policies to the public either by selling them directly to a person or through an employer's benefit plan. **CORPORATION** Cooperatives are jointly owned enterprises engaging in the production or distribution of goods or services. Cooperatives are usually operated by farmers or consumers for their mutual benefit. **TRADE UNIONS** Trade unions or also known as labor unions consist of workforces who have come together to attain mutual goals like protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits like health care, and retirement. **TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS** Organizations that are devoted to manipulating political, economic, social, and institutional decisions across country borders. **DEVELOPMENTAGENCIES** These are independent organizations whose goals are to help develop and support economic growth especially for the poor and marginal portion of the society. So, they may have opportunities for income and decent employment. **INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS** Include both governmental and non-governmental organizations. International Non-governmental organizations transcend borders in pursuit of a common cause. Examples of INGO's International Red Cross and other humanitarian teams deployed in areas hit by natural and man-made disasters. International Governmental Organizations refer to a grouping established by states and are based on treatise, have formal structures, and meet at regular intervals(Santarita & Madrid, 2016) Example of IGO'S Peace-keeping forces sent by the United Nations to warring states. Prepared by: MARIA FE B. DOMINGO UCSP TEACHER