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**RESEARCH** ***-CONCLUSION AND*** ***RECOMMENDATION-*** **-CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY-** - After thoroughly discussing the findings of your study, you have to summarize the main points of your research through your own interpretation and understanding. In this regard, you have to go beyond the resu...

**RESEARCH** ***-CONCLUSION AND*** ***RECOMMENDATION-*** **-CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY-** - After thoroughly discussing the findings of your study, you have to summarize the main points of your research through your own interpretation and understanding. In this regard, you have to go beyond the result. As you write down your own comprehension of your study, you are drawing conclusions from the findings. Based on the empirical data, you are expected to mention the insights that you have drawn from it. Your insight from the result will comprise your "new" discovery. In addition, it will include the implication of the results. You have to emphasize the value of the findings to the respective field that is inclined to. \- **Conclusion** is a type of inferential or interpretative thinking that drives its validity, truthfulness, or reasonableness from your sensory experience. Touching, seeing, hearing, tasting, and smelling things around you lead to a particular conclusion about each of those experiences. The result of your sensory experience are factual data to support the truthfulness of your conclusions. ***Pointers in Writing Conclusions*** 1. Explain your point in simple and clear sentences. 2. Use expressions that center on the topic rather that on yourself, the researcher. 3. Include only necessary items; exclude any piece of information or picture not closely related to your report. 4. Have your conclusion contain only validly supported findings instead of falsified results. 5. Practice utmost honesty and objectivity in stating the results of your critical evaluation of outcomes that you expect to support your conclusions. **-RECOMMENDATION OF YOUR STUDY-** - This section must include your suggestions to the beneficiaries of your study, which come from the results that you have obtained. This will comprise the application(s) of your findings. In addition, you may also mention other studies that could be conducted in relation to the one that you have just completed. More so, you may suggest other studies that would address the scope and limitations that you have mentioned. ***Suggested Elements to Be Included in the Recommendation Section:*** - ***Suggested course of action*.** Based on the findings, you may mention possible ways for improvement. - ***Prediction*.** You may state possible causes and effects that may arise as warranted by your results. - ***Proposed solution to a problem*.** Among the purposes of doing research is to find ways of solving a problem. Once the findings have been explained, it is most likely that you will be able to draw out ideas that could lessen, if not totally resolve, an issue. - ***Judgment*, or the speculation on the implications and consequences of your ideas.** You may give an evaluation of the conclusions that you have drawn from the results. ***Recommendations should have the following characteristics:*** - ***Logical*.** Suggestions listed should stem from the conclusions. - ***Relevant*.** Suggestions should be identified with the objectives and limitations mentioned in the introduction section. - ***Feasible*.** Suggestions should be realistic, practical, and workable to be considered. **Guidelines in writing the recommendation:** 1. ***It has to be brief and concise*.** Avoid giving unnecessary and unrelated suggestions. 2. ***It must be clearly stated*.** You should provide a clear description of the ways in which it could be implemented. 3. ***It should be precise*.** Include only those which can be based from the conclusions. 1. **Title Page** - The title page of a book, thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front which displays its title, subtitle, author, publisher, and edition. 2. **Cover Page** - It has same entries with Title Page except that year of graduation is for the cover while date of submission is for the title page. 3. **Approval Sheet** - It provides space for the signature of the research adviser to indicate the acceptance of the work. It is to prove that the authors have passed the requirements needed for the thesis. 4. **Abstract**- An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a dissertation or research paper). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research so that readers know exactly what the paper is about. - An abstract is usually around 150--300 words, but there's often a strict word limit, so make sure to check the requirements. \- In a dissertation or thesis, include the abstract on a separate page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents. *Write the abstract at the very end, when you've completed the rest of the text. There are four things you need to include:* -Your research problem and objectives -Your methods -Your key results or arguments -Your conclusion 5. **Dedication** - A dedication is the section where a student uses a paragraph or sentences to dedicate their work or text. A student can dedicate this work as a way of recognizing a person that inspired them. They can also dedicate their text to a person that helped them throughout the writing process. - Basically, dedicating your work to a person shows that you honor them. It's true that you have invested time and effort in your work. However, you should recognize individuals that influenced your writing process. 6. **Acknowledgement**- The acknowledgements section is where you thank those who have helped and supported you during the research and writing process. This includes both professional and personal acknowledgements. \- The acknowledgements appear directly [before the abstract], and should usually be no longer than one page. **7. Table of Contents** - The table of contents is where you list the chapters and major sections of your work, along with their page numbers. A clear and well-formatted contents page is essential as it indicates a quality paper is to follow. \- The table of contents belongs between the abstract and the introduction. The maximum length should be two pages. 8. **References** - The Bibliography or List of References appears after the Body of the Document. It is a complete listing of all cited resources used to create your document 9. **Appendices** - Appendices provide supplementary information to the main thesis and should always appear after the references/bibliography. ***Materials included in appendices*** Examples of material included in appendices are as follows: - interview questions - participant letters / forms - surveys / questionnaires (if not your own work, these require copyright permission) - supplemental tables / figures **[Appendix headings]** - You may include one appendix or a number of appendices. \- If you have more than one appendix, you would letter each accordingly (i.e., Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.). Write your appendix headings in the same manner as your chapter headings. **UCSP** **Lesson 1-Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution** GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ========================= **SOCIETIES** - Societies are said to have **evolved** as humans learned to adapt to their environment. - Social evolution went hand-in- hand with the processes of **socialization and enculturation.** "Change is the only permanent thing in this world." **-Heraclitus** -EVOLUTION- =========== \- natural process of **biological changes** occurring in a population across **successive generations.** Three types of societal evolution --------------------------------- **1. Biological Evolution** - Refers to the process whereby organism **undergo various genetic and physical changes** that pave the way for biological diversity. **Francisco Jose Ayala** \- a Spanish-American biologist - the theory of evolution in biology suggests that \"the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on earth have their origins in other preexisting types, and the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. -\" \"Biological evolution is a process of descent with modification. Lineages of organisms change through generations; diversity arises because the lineages that descend from common ancestors diverge through time. \" 2. **Technological Evolution** - as they learned to create various tools and equipment for their daily tasks, such as planting crops, domesticating animals, and trading 3. **Biocultural Evolution** - 1970s - \"**biology** makes **culture** possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution.\" \- \" a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution.\" **Institutions** Three Stages of Development --------------------------- \- In the 19th century, the anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan came up with an evolutionary scheme that divided history into three stages of development: **savagery, barbarism, and civilization.** **Savage stage** - lowest stage of development which is exemplified by the nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyles. **The barbaric stage** - is the middle stage of development where people began learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals. **The civilized stage** - is the highest stage of development where people learned to write. **FRIEDRICH ENGELS** - Friedrich Engels in developing a theory on the origin of private property and the state. - accumulation of private property paved the way for the collapse of primitive communities and the establishment of a class- based society. - Engels later collaborated with Karl Marx, and they came up with the perspective that social institutions evolve primarily due to the struggle between social classes over the means of production, such as wealth and private property. HERBERT SPENCER =============== - Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin \' s principles of biological evolution to social evolution. - For Spencer, individual members within societies engage in a competition for survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are of the inferior type. - It is believed that societies cannot be classified according to definite stages of development and that one society cannot claim to be more advanced than other societies. **Cultural Relativism** - the notion that an individual\' s attitudes, beliefs, and ideas are based on the cultural context of his or her society. - Franz Boas, argued that human behavior is not rooted in biology but is socially constructed. Boas used empirical data to prove that much of what social Darwinists attributed to race was actually the product of environment and culture Sociologists mainly subscribe to two different ideas regarding the origins of social and political institutions. **First**, there are those who subscribe to the idea that **evolution undergoes stages of development**, such as Morgan and Engels. **Second**, there are those who subscribe to the idea that **one stage does not necessarily precede or lead to another stage,** like Franz Boas Hunting-Gathering Groups ------------------------ - had a **simple social structure**, and social roles were defined mainly by age, sex, and the division of labor. **Bands** - The earliest societies were comprised of hunters and gatherers and were referred to as **band-level societies** or simply \"**bands**. \" They were basically small, nomadic family groups and were plainly organized. - these groups were believed to be **highly egalitarian and nonhierarchical** since distinctions were based on **age and sex, and division of labor was natura**l (i.c., the men hunted and the women gathered). - Leadership was based on qualities such as strength, intelligence, and trustworthiness. **Tribe** - More complex social organizations emerged only with the **advent of agriculture and the organization of sedentary communities.** - This led to the emergence of social inequality, lineage, and kinship ties, marking the introduction of more complex relationships between members of society. - These changes brought about the establishment of the **tribe**. This was a more formal social organization made up of **several bands and groups** that were connected through a clan structure or kinship - Additionally, the leader of the **tribe, or headman**, was a more formal and established leader. - The **headman** took advantage of the kinship ties among tribe members to assert his authority and power. The headman also performed other responsibilities such as **resolving conflict; overseeing activities** such as planting, harvesting, and the movement of herds; and **organizing feasts and celebrations.** Chiefdom -------- - the **chiefdom**, which consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief. - Within chiefdoms, there were more complicated interactions among member tribes. Moreover, the large populations and territories further transformed leadership roles and gave the chief more complex responsibilities. ### The Industrial Revolution - From the **mid-1700s until the 1800s**, many societies in the world, particularly in Western Europe, were transformed by the Industrial Revolution. - This event introduced significant social, cultural, and political changes in the lives of the people of Europe. - Among the effects of the Industrial Revolution were increased migration, the growth of urban populations, changes in lifestyle, Increased production, technological advancement, and the rise of the middle class. - it is widely believed that the factors that influenced the Industrial Revolution were mainly **technological**. - The impact of the Industrial Revolution can also be seen in the growth of new forms of sociopolitical institutions. In terms of the state, the monarchy and aristocracy \' s concentration of political power and control began to fade. For instance, the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith argued that the state \' s role is to facilitate the growth of the economy and maintain an unregulated \"free market ### Theories on Society and the State **Society as a Natural Institution** - The ancient Greeks believed that **society and its various institutions** were a natural product of man \' s interactions. The Greek philosopher **Aristotle** believed that *human beings are by nature social and political animals, and that human interactions fulfill certain basic needs.* - Aristotle considered the polis or citystate as the highest form of interaction that fulfills the highest need of man, which is **self-sufficiency**. For him, the polis is the reflection of the natural order, as the city-state is composed of people who govern and those who are governed Society as a Product of a Social Contract ----------------------------------------- - Another view regarding the nature and origin of society and the state looks at these institutions as **a product of a social contract-an agreement made by the members of society** that defines and influences their interactions, particularly with those in authority. - The English philosopher**, Thomas Hobbes**, thought that the *agreement was necessitated by the need to guarantee the security of the people.* - **John Locke**, another English philosopher, thought that the *social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair and impartial enforcement of the law.* For Locke, human beings live in a state of nature governed by rationality and natural law ### Modernization Theories **Historical-Materialist Perspective** - the historical-materialist perspective developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels asserts that *societies evolve in stages in relation to the development of the means of production and their ownership.* \- The need for *control over resources led to the emergence of the state.* The state is viewed as the instrument of the ruling class to maintain its control over the means of production Max Weber --------- - The sociologist Max Weber, writing in the early 20th century, observed the **processes of rationalization and bureaucratization** that happened in modern industrial societies. - Based on these perspectives, **more specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions as societies expand economically.** - The term **bureaucracy** is a fusion of two words, the French **bureau**, meaning \" office, \" and the Greek word kratos, meaning \"hierarchy. \" - Literally, bureaucracy means **rule by officials.** - Today, the term refers to the system of administration of any large institution, Max Weber considered bureaucracy to be characterized by **rationality, rule-governed behavior, and Impersonal authority.** Emile Durkheim -------------- - Another noted sociologist of the 20th century, Émile Durkheim, distinguished archaic, traditional societies from modern societies. - Durkheim described traditional societies as being bound by what he called **mechanical solidarity**, *or a sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs , values , and activities as well as kinship ties between its members.* - **organic solidarity** where the division of labor is more specialized. In modern societies, individuals are not selfsufficient and have to depend on other people for many things. ### Lesson 2 -- Social Institutions **Social Institutions** - Social institutions refer to [organized sets of elements] [such as beliefs, rules, practices, and] [relationships that exist to attain social] [order]. It also refers to well established and structured relationships between groups of people that are considered fundamental components of a society \' s culture. \- The family, economy, education, health, religion, and other nonstate institutions are the primary examples of social institutions. They differ from political institutions under the state Constitution. It is a vital institution for the continued survival of humanity because it nurtures offspring from childhood into adulthood. - The family is a group of people who are related by blood, marriage, and a shared residence. **Kinds of Families Nuclear families -** also known as immediate families, are families that are composed of parents and children. **Extended families -** are those that are composed of the nuclear family and other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. **Reconstituted families -** are composed of the spouses and their children from a previous marriage. Kinship ------- \- The family is also the basis for kinship, a social structure defined by relations among individuals linked by blood or marriage ties **Kinship Based on descent Matrilineal kinship** means that one \' s descent is based on the female line. **Patrilineal kinship** means that one \' s descent is based on the male line. **Bilineal kinship** refers to a descent system based on both the male and female lines. Kinship ties can also be based on marriage or the formally recognized union of a man and a woman Kinship Based on marriage ------------------------- - Kinship ties can also be based on marriage or the formally recognized union of a man and a woman. - Marriages can either be monogamous or polygamous. **monogamous**-which means that a person cannot have more than one spouse at a time. **polygamous**-which means that a person can have more than one spouse. Kinship Based on Marriage - **polygyny**- or the practice of a husband taking multiple wives. - **polyandry**-where a wife can have many husbands -ECONOMY- ========= \- The economy is an institution that addresses questions regarding the limited resources of society. - According to liberal economists, the answers to the important questions regarding the resources of society should be determined by the **market**. The market, according to Adam Smith, is a ***self-regulating mechanism***. - Socialists, have a different point of view regarding the economy. They believe that the bourgeoisie or the social class that largely controls the means of production would have an overwhelming control over the freemarket economy. - The English economist John Maynard Keynes argued that while the economy should be left to the socalled \"invisible hand of the market, \" there would be instances when the government must be ready to intervene to prevent market failures. - Market failures refer to cases when the market becomes inefficient due to imperfect competition, imperfect information, imperfect mobility, and the like. In such cases, the government should be allowed to intervene in the economy to resolve such issues. - **Educational institutions** ensure that individuals are - **Health institutions** ensure that individuals have access to health services to promote universal public health. Educational institutions like schools do not only ensure a literate population; they also transmit culture. The beliefs, norms, values, and practices of a society are taught in classrooms **Health institutions** are primarily established to ensure ***public health*** and provide ***universal health services***. Western health systems are science based, and health workers \' skills are standardized and learned in health sciences schools. Patients are treated based on standardized diagnostic practices. On the other hand, there are still societies that make use of traditional or alternative health systems, which existed even before the introduction of Western health systems. This is therefore an indication that some illnesses are also culture-specific: - **Binat** refers to the recurrence of the symptoms of a disease due to the incomplete healing of a patient. It is usually recommended that patients take time to heal because one cannot force healing. - **Pasma** refers to trembling hands or fingers. **-RELIGION-** - Religion is an institution that involves a set of beliefs and practices based on a particular social group \' s faith and worship of a divine entity. The beliefs of religious groups affect the behavior of their members. - Religion may be organized into a group that has universal membership called a church, or it could also be organized into an exclusive group called a sect \- Religions can be further classified into monotheistic or polytheistic religions. - **Monotheism** refers to religions that believe in only one god - **Polytheism** believes in many gods. - **Animism** is not considered a religion but rather a belief system that holds that both animate and inanimate things have a spiritual essence. According to Marx, religion reinforces social control and is the \" opiate of the masses. \" Its role is to justify the sufferings experienced by the proletariat, the masses. Its role is to social classes, particularly wage earners. It is part of society \' s superstructure-any other social aspects that are not directly related to production and is a product of society \' s economic realities. Marx further argued that religion is used by the capitalists to further oppress the proletariat and as a tool to dominate the less powerful. As such, he considered the abolition of religion as part of the socialist revolution that would pave the way for communism. Max Weber, in contrast, believed that religion is a factor for economic development. Auguste Comte proposed that the dominance of religion is part of the theological phase of the development of society. This phase is characterized by mysticism. It then transitions to the metaphysical phase, when man already possesses abstract ideas. Therefore, the scientific phase will mean the end of mysticism and the start of the secularization process. The secularization theory predicts the decreased influence of religion and organized churches in social affairs. it is argued that the secularization theory is also limited given the influence of liberation theology that emerged during the 1970s, particularly in South America, the influence of the Christian churches in the United States, and the continued influence of Islam in Asia and Africa **Politics** - refers to activities through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live. - It involves the dynamics of conflict resolution and cooperation, as well as the exercise of power. **Power** - power refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve a desired outcome. **Authority -** legitimate power. - This means that a person who has **authority has the right to exercise power.** - the exercise of authority means that the person who **exercises power is obeyed by the people** because he or she is recognized as the rightful or legitimate ruler or leader Following are several trends that have been observed pertaining to the development of political structures and institutions throughout the centuries: 1. increased population density; 2. a large surplus of resources and wealth; 3. greater social inequality; 4. less reliance on kinship relations as the basis of 5. increased internal and external conflict; 6. increased power and responsibility of leaders; and 7. increased burden on the population to support political leaders **Legitimacy -** originated from the Latin word legitimare, meaning \"to declare lawful, \" and is broadly defined as \" rightfulness. \" - Legitimacy confers on an **order or command an authoritative or binding character, thus transforming power into authority.** - The claim to legitimacy is thus more important than the fact of obedience. - Political scientists, however, usually see legitimacy in sociological terms, that is, as a **willingness to comply with a system of rule regardless of how this is achieved.** THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY ======================== Traditional Authority --------------------- - In many societies, authority is based on a system that is believed to have \" **always existed**. \" - Some people have this type of authority because they inherited it or because they occupy a position that has been passed on to them. - The legitimacy of this type of authority is based on long-established and traditions that need not be justified. Charismatic Authority --------------------- - Based on the presumed special and extraordinary characteristics or qualities possessed by a certain individual. - People with charisma are often very popular, highly persuasive, and inspire loyalty and obedience from other people. Legal-Rational -------------- - Legal-rational authority is the most typical type of authority in modern societies. Power and authority in a legal-rational context are legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules and laws. Leaders can rightfully wield authority if they obtain their positions according to established procedures, such as elections or by appointment. Heads of governments, such as presidents and prime ministers, possess legal-rational authority. - Anthropologists define **political organizations** as \"the groups within a culture that are responsible for public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats. - Political and leadership structures have evolved as societies have progressed over time. From the emergence of simple bands, tribes, and chiefdoms to the establishment of modern nation-states, different types of political organizations and leadership structures emerged as social interactions underwent transformations. - The earlier types of societies, such as bands and tribes, were basically dominated by personal and familial ties, as these were comprised of families and clans. - In short, the leaders were not simply political leaders or those who made decisions for society. The leaders exercised their authority to settle disputes among the people. They also decided on economic matters like distributing food, selecting crops, determining harvest periods, and securing territory. In a nutshell, the leader was seen as the head of the community who ensured peace and security within society. He was seen as a patriarch or a patron, and people depended on him for many things. **Political dynasties** are believed to have always existed, even in advanced democratic states. A **\"dynasty \"** refers to the succession of rulers of the same line of descent. **political clientelism** (or clientelistic politics) is defined by Susan Stokes as \" giving material goods in return for electoral support. The relationship Involves two parties: the patron (politicion) and the client (voter) The onset of the Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in the economic, social, and political lives of societies. The most significant of these changes was the rise of the modern nation-state. A **nation** consists of a distinct population of people bound together by a common culture, history, and tradition who are typically concentrated within a specific geographic region. The **state**, on the other hand, is a political unit that has sovereignty-the legitimate and ultimate authority of the state-over an area of territory and the people within it. Another significant process that happened in Western Europe was **political liberalization**. This refers to the emergence of liberal-democratic regimes that are characterized by a representative form of democracy where political office is gained through formal, competitive elections in many Western societies. **Political culture** refers to the pattern of orientation to political objects such as parties, governments, and constitutions, expressed in beliefs, symbols, and values. - the purpose of preparing the bank reconciliation for the mon PHYSICS Scalars: 1\. **Scalar Quantity**: A physical quantity that has only magnitude (size) but no direction. Examples include: **Distance**: The total path length covered by an object. **Speed**: The rate at which an object moves (magnitude of velocity). **Mass:** The amount of matter in an object. **Time**: Duration in which an event occurs. **Temperature**: The measure of heat energy. Vectors: 2\. **Vector Quantity**: A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Examples include: **Displacement:** The shortest distance between the initial and final position, with direction. **Velocity:** The rate of change of displacement, a vector that indicates speed and direction. **Acceleration**: The rate of change of velocity over time. **Force**: An interaction that causes a change in motion, with both magnitude and direction (e.g., gravity, friction). Vector Operations: 3\. **Resultant Vector**: The sum of two or more vectors, representing the combined effect of these vectors. 4\. **Vector Addition**: The process of combining two or more vectors, following either the head-to-tail method or parallelogram method. 5\. **Vector Components**: Any vector can be broken down into two perpendicular components, usually along the x-axis and y-axis. 6**. Unit Vector**: A vector with a magnitude of 1, used to denote direction. 7\. **Dot Product (Scalar Product):** The product of two vectors that results in a scalar, calculated as , where is the angle between the vectors. **8. Cross Product (Vector Product):** The product of two vectors that results in another vector, calculated as , with the direction of the resultant vector determined by the right-hand rule. Other Terms: 9\. **Magnitude:** The size or length of a vector, representing how strong or fast something is, without considering direction. 10**. Direction:** The line along which something lies or moves, usually described using angles or coordinate systems (e.g., north, east, or an angle in degrees). \*Phytagorean Theorem \*SOHCAHTOA \*angle \*Graphin