Hormones and Their Functions PDF

Hormone Released from: Target and Effect Regulation of Release: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Posterior Pituitary (neurohypothesis) From the nerve Targets collecting duct in kidney which causes water reabsorption. ADH is released if the concentration of salt goes up, dehydrated. -When ADH is pre...

Hormone Released from: Target and Effect Regulation of Release: ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Posterior Pituitary (neurohypothesis) From the nerve Targets collecting duct in kidney which causes water reabsorption. ADH is released if the concentration of salt goes up, dehydrated. -When ADH is present urine will be darker in color. -When ADH is absent urine will be lighter in color. Oxytocin Posterior Pituitary (neurohypothesis) From the nerve Female reproductive system: triggers contractions Mammary Glands: milk release The cycle of stretching the cervix triggers the release of OT ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) Anterior Pituitary (blood portal system) Stimulates the adrenal cortex, Primarily causes cortisol release. TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) Anterior Pituitary (blood portal system) Stimulate Thyroid which causes release of T3/T4, which increases metabolism. Goiter: swelling of the Thyroid because of excess thyroid stimulating hormone. Thyroid needs IODINE to produce T3/T4. If there is not enough IODINE, Thyroid cannot produce T3/T4, this causes a feedback loop that tells the body to inc. more TSH to stimulate the Thyroid even more GH (growth hormone) Anterior Pituitary (blood portal system) Targets bones and muscles, make them grow thicker/bigger Prolactin Anterior Pituitary (blood portal system) Milk production FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Anterior Pituitary (blood portal system) Stimulates the Follicle: -stimulates production of sperm/eggs FSH: spikes right before ovulation LH (luteinizing hormone) Anterior Pituitary (blood portal system) Stimulates release of testosterone -triggers testosterone production in testes -triggers progesterone and estrogen production in ovaries (corpus luteum) LSH: spikes right before ovulation Epinephrine Adrenal Gland (Medulla) Adrenaline: fight/flight Released in times of stress. Cortisol (main hormone that the Adrenal Cortex releases) Adrenal Gland (cortex) Cortisol acts on the liver. 1) Helps to produce new glucose (protein is converted in sugar) 2) Blocks inflammation by blocking (Eicosanoid - arachidonic acid pathway). -Released in times of stress. Aldosterone (steroid) Adrenal Gland (cortex) Aldosterone release in distal convoluted tubules causes reabsorption of salt and increase in BP Androgen (steroid) Adrenal Gland (cortex) Secondary sex characteristics EPO (erythropoietin) Kidneys RBC production Changes in oxygen levels will increase release of EPO, Released when blood pressure is low Renin Kidneys Stimulates the release of Angiotensin II (causes blood vessels to constrict) BP is low: secrete Renin by the kidneys this sets off cascade of enzymes: Angiotensin II and Angiotensin I. Leptin Fat cells Hormone released by fat cells make us feel full. Melatonin Pineal Gland Sleep/wake cycle T3/T4 Thyroid Increases metabolism Calcitonin Thyroid Thyroid releases calcitonin which causes absorption of calcium into bones Calcium in blood is high Parathyroid Thyroid Strips calcium from Bones. Calcium in blood is low Gastrin Stomach When food hits the stomach, gastrin is released. Activates the stomach to break down food, by stretching the stomach, increases muscular contractions to further breakdown food. Occurs when food hits the stomach. Secretin Stomach Slowing down/inhibiting the stomach. Occurs when pyloric sphincter opens up and food mixed w/ stomach acid moves into the small intestine. Small intestine will feedback and shutdown the stomach. -Activate pancreas and liver Occurs when the small intestine is busy/full. CCK Stomach Slowing down/inhibiting the stomach. Occurs when pyloric sphincter opens up and food mixed w/ stomach acid moves into the small intestine. Small intestine will feedback and shutdown the stomach. -Activate pancreas and liver Occurs when the small intestine is busy/full. Insulin Pancreas Causes you to store sugar in Liver. (beta cells) High blood sugar levels Glucagon Pancreas Release sugar that is stored. Tells Liver to break down glycogen. (alpha cells) Low blood sugar levels Estrogen Gonads Stimulates LH and FSH. Female secondary characteristics Progesterone Gonads Stimulates thickening of endometrium, when Progesterone is low endometrium falls apart. Testosterone Gonads Develops and maintains male characteristics Regulated by light