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Three Major Stages: 5. EXCLAMATORY – meant to surprise 1. PERCEPTION – does not make us different from animals (ikaw at ako – meant to be) EXTERNAL PERCEPTION – using five senses TYPES OF STATEMENTS by David Hume...

Three Major Stages: 5. EXCLAMATORY – meant to surprise 1. PERCEPTION – does not make us different from animals (ikaw at ako – meant to be) EXTERNAL PERCEPTION – using five senses TYPES OF STATEMENTS by David Hume 1. ANALYTIC STATEMENTS – truth and falsity can be found PERCEPT – result of the process of ^ within the statement (nasa sentence na yung sagot) INTERNAL PERCEPTION – using imagination or TAUTOLOGY – the saying of the same thing memory (me kapag nag iisip ng fake scenaios) DENIAL – leads to absurdity and contradiction IMAGE OR PHANTASM – result of intenal perc Analytic statements are also known as: 2. ABSTRACTION – distinguishes us from animals Truths of language SIMPLE APPREHENSION – act of perceiving the Truths of reason object intellectually ‘is’ of identity A priori (based on theoretical deduction rather TO APPREHEND – take hold of things (in tagalog, than empirical observation) pwede bang mahawakan kamay mo?) Matters of logic Formal statements CONCEPTS – result of the process of abstraction, building block of knowledge 2. EMPIRICAL STATEMENTS – truth or falsity depend on the state of affairs being claimed (need may proof) MIND OR INTELLECT – responsible for the formation of concepts Empirical statements are also known as: Truths of fact; matters of fact; or a posteriori JUSTICE – more than the image or phantasm statements MATURITY OF THE PERCEIVER – required in the FORMAL SCIENCES – characterized by the consistency of formation of abstract concepts the system, Math, Logic, Geometry CONCEPTS do not have TRUTH VALUE EMPIRICAL SCIENCES – Biology, Chem, Physics, Social ACUÑA – concepts are vague or precise (ROMEO Sciences ACUÑA?!) TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE by David Hume EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTS : Justice, Love, Peace, 1. FORMAL KNOWLEDGE – within the formal system, Freedom depends on the system used 3. JUDGEMENT – where we make knowledge claim, either DEDUCTION – logical process in which a true or false. conclusion is based on the concordance… OK NA YAN ANG HABA STATEMENT OR PROPOSITION – the result of judgement process, completes the act of mind 2. EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE – general term used to describe different disciplines in empirical sciences - Judgement reflects the process of reasoning. - Accumulation of knowledge and information, HARD SCIENCES – Physics, Chem, Biology and the construction of argument SOFT SCIENCES – Sociology, Political Science, (Extra: Talking Stage – di ka makakaalis dito) Psychology SENTENCE – used to express the concepts that are put EMPIRICAL STATEMENTS – use of faculty together, have no truth value experience and sense perception FIVE TYPES OF SENTENCES: PROBABILITIES – results of data from experiences 1. DECLARATIVE – meant to express, has the element of (may probability ba na macrushback mo ko?) truth or falsity INDUCTION – a specific form of reasoning in 2. INTERROGATIVE – meant to ask which the premises support conclusion 3. IMPERATIVE – meant to command CONCLUSION: EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE – emphasis on verification 4. EXPLETIVE – meant to wish FORMAL KNOWLEDGE – emphasis on validity THEORIES OF TRUTH SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE 1. REASON – constued as an analytic faculty (wala lagi ako 1. COHERENCE THEORY – WFF adopted in the field nyan para sayo) WFF (Well-Formed Formulas) – accepted as 2. EXPERIENCE universal FACULTY OF EXPERIENCE OR SENSE COHERENCE – deals with the consistency (ako PERCEPTION – has to do with the five senses consistent para sau) ONCE OBSERVABLE – accepted as part of the FACULTY OF REASON – used to discover empirical world inconsistencies SENSORY EXTENDING DEVICES – extends the 2. CORRESPONDENCE THEORY – made with the state of limits of the physical universe, used to render affairs in the world, something given outside what is initially unobservable observable ALFRED JULES AYER – sense data philosopher FIELD OF PSYCHOLOG – to observe psychology Given in the World – things or phenomena conditions SENSE DATA – basic, personal, and unprocessed sensory experiences 3. INTUITION – mainly used by moral philosophers, self- evident truths, unmediated by conceptual process BERTRAND RUSSELL – logical atomist, referential theory of meaning GEORGE EDWARD MOORE – Principia Ethica (1903), believed in the assumption that the person should be REFERENTIAL THEORY OF MEANING – a directly acquainted with the object of knowledge. linguistic theory, meaning of a word determined by object REASON AND EXPERIENCE – mediated by concept formation CORRESPONDENCE OF TRUTH – sense of perception or experience as source of knowledge INTUITION – does not have mediating process CRITERION OF VERIFICATION – emphasized by PLATO – closest philosopher who implicitly and indirectly Ayer in “Language, Truth and Logic (1936)” describe intuition; intuition as a source of knowledge MEANINGLESS UTTERANCES – something that is THE REALM OF MORALITY – always in the process of not empirically verifiable making choices EMOTIVE THEOY OF MEANING – not pass the ETHICS – a branch of philosophy that deals with the process of verification systemic questioning PSEUDO CONCEPTS – could not be subjected ETHOS (Gk) – refers to character of culture EMOTIVE MEANING – express feelings (my MORALITY – subject matter being studied feelings for you) MORES (Ln) – customary behaviour (same sa ethos) EVALUATIVE OR NORMATIVE ETHICAL NORMATIVE ETHICS – comprehenensive normative STATEMENTS – cognitively meaningless ethical system, pertains to certain norms, “What is good?” META-ETHICS – tries to go beyond the concepts 3. PRAGMATIC THEORY OF TRUTH (WILLIAM JAMES) INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIO – closely related to a sense of what PRAGMATISM – philosophical viewpoint, doctrine is right thing to do that knowledge should be used to act on things WILLIAM SUMNER – author of Folkways, a notion of what TRUTH – based on the good or practical is ‘right’ stems from man’s instinct to survive consequences of an idea FOLKWAYS – a notion of right and true, tradition, basis of INTELLIGENCE – function is not to know mores MORES COME FROM FOLKWAYS INDIVIDUAL – develops the habits to preserve of what is right SOCIETY OR GROUP – develops social rules and sanctions SANCTIONS – a threatened penalty CUSTOM – a traditional or widely accepted way of behaving HABITS – settled or regular CUSTOMS – emerged out of the repeated practices of society HABITS – emerged from individual MORES – compelling reasons to do what ought to be done 2 IMPORTANT FACTOS IN THE EMERGENCE OF MORALITY: 1. The point of view of the society 2. The point of view of the individual HUMAN PERSON – rational and moral agent SOCIETY IS NOT HOMOGENOUS JEAN-PAUL SARTRE – existentialist philosophe, radical freedom RADICAL FREEDOM – everyone has a choice JOHN MOTHERSHEAD – modern conception of the principle of right (1955) FREEDOM – assumed when one is making his choices (TULAD MO NA GINAWANG SECOND CHOICE) OBLIGATION – construed as one’s duty GOODLUCK SA EXAMS!!!!!!!!!!!