ETHICS.pdf

ETHICS – Reviewer (Prelim) Introduction to Ethics In naturalism it might be argue that it was true if it provides scientific reasoning like based on What is Ethics?...

ETHICS – Reviewer (Prelim) Introduction to Ethics In naturalism it might be argue that it was true if it provides scientific reasoning like based on What is Ethics? psychology and sociology that helping others is - The word “ethics” come from the Ancient promote well-being. Greek “ethikos”, which itself is derived from the word “ethos”, which means habit or custom. Subjectivism claims that natural - Axiology a subfield of philosophy, includes judgement s ae subjective and the values focused fields of ethics. that there are no objective - It looks the issues of “What is the best way moral truths. Subjectivism is a for people to live? form of moral skepticism that doubts absolute moral truth and The essence of philosophy is to question what is asserts that no one can have considered the truth and philosophic inquiry absolute knowledge of it. involves questioning beliefs and assumptions of Example: “Abortion is wrong” in reality and how it works. subjectivism this is stance is Philosophical activity is aims to know what and subjective because it will be how humans think and act. based on the feelings and perspective of others rather Philosophy is the study of general and than universal principle. Like fundamental problems concerning matters such might someone will be agree as existence knowledge, values, and reason. that abortion is wrong – based Philosophers seek to find answers to these on her/his own opinion and questions, which are often the basis of human feelings. behaviors. Major areas of EHICS Normative Ethics is the study of ethical sections - Metaethics attempts to determine the and questions the standards of what is considered meanings of terms such as right, good, virtue, morally good or bad. justice, etc. - It concerned with the questions such why should one be moral and how can one tell Cognitivism maintains that moral what is right or wrong. judgement can be true or false and can be a subject of knowledge or Three major Theories of Normative Ethics cognition. Consequentialism- the moral For example: “Stealing is wrong” it worth of action is determined can be subjective in cognitivism by its potential consequences. (TRUE or False) if stealing money Example: “Telling a lie” have for good purpose it can be Consequentialist View: If you morally acceptable. tell a small lie to protect someone's feelings and it Intuitionism suggests that human prevents them from getting knowledge of what is considered hurt, the action may be good and bad is immediate and self considered morally acceptable – evident. due to the positive consequence For example: “Killing someone is of avoiding harm. wrong”, it is true because in intuitionism are based on morally Deontological Ethics- the study acceptable and rely on rational of rightness and wrongness of moral right. the action themselves regardless of their consequences. Naturalism suggests that moral terms are complex matters and can be established through scientific investigation. Example: “Helping others promotes well-being” Example: “Telling the Truth always” - Metaphysics is the study of nature of things, of what is real and apparent. It Deontological View: A deontologist might argue that explores the nature of existence, identity, telling the truth is a moral duty, even if it might lead home, space, and others. to negative consequences. The principle of honesty is - Critical thinking is the objective analysis of considered inherently right, irrespective of the fact to form judgement. situation. Basic steps of SCIENTIFIC METHOD Virtue Ethics- is the study of person’s 1. Statement of the problem (SOP) character and the virtues for determining or evaluating ethical behavior. 2. Formulation of Hypothesis Example: “Generosity” A hypothesis is tentative explanation to Scenario: Having the opportunity to help the problem. someone in need. Virtue Ethics View: Virtue ethicists would 3. Gathering of Data advocate for the development of generosity. This involves the use of scientific methods A virtuous person, motivated by kindness and like surveys and case studies to prove or generosity, willingly extends help to others disapprove the hypothesis. without expecting immediate rewards. 4. Drawing Conclusion A conclusion is established and justified based on the piece of evidence and findings. 5. Reporting of the Results ETHICS OF RELIGION This enables the researchers to verify the results and ensure that they accurate. Religion is a system of belief and practices which people relate their lives to a supernatural force or being such as God. Guidelines for Critical Thinking Be skeptical. Keep an open mind. Accept nothing as the truth until you have examined the evidence. Philosophical Methods of Inquiry Ask for evidence. - Philosophical inquiry is a method of arriving Examine the definition of terms. Some at clear meaning of common human issues in statements are true when a term is defined everyday life. in a certain way. - Logic is the science art of correct thinking. It Examine the assumptions or premises of uses methods to achieve accuracy and arguments. objectivity in explaining what is valid logical Be cautious in drawing conclusions from argument. evidence. - Premise is an assumption that something is Consider alternative interpretations of true. From the initial premises, philosophers evidence. try to work out answers to basic philosophical Do not oversimplify questions. Do not overgeneralize - Conclusion is claim reached through Apply critical thinking to all areas of life. reasoning and is justified by preceding premises. - Logic analyzes basic concept to determine if they are true or false. Valid or invalid, and consistent or inconsistent. - Epistemology is the study of the theory of knowledge particularly its scope, method, and validity.