8th Grade History: Foundations of Freedom (PDF)

8th History Warm Up: In you History Notebook, describe the theories of the following Enlightenment thinkers, and how they work: Jean (John) Rousseau John Locke Foundations of Freedom Essential Question: “Where did America get its ideas about government?” Magna Carta - 1215 King John taxed unfa...

8th History Warm Up: In you History Notebook, describe the theories of the following Enlightenment thinkers, and how they work: Jean (John) Rousseau John Locke Foundations of Freedom Essential Question: “Where did America get its ideas about government?” Magna Carta - 1215 King John taxed unfairly and did what he pleased He was forced to sign it by angry nobles It limited his Power It gave trial by jury He had to consult the nobles about taxes Parliament would later be created. This is England’s law making body. King John King John was a harsh monarch who wanted to govern as he pleased. In 1215 a group of English nobles forced him to accept the Magna Carta. He taxed unfairly Magna Carta Limited King John’s power Trail by Jury Nobles and freemen should not be punished except by the judgment of their equals Consult about taxes King John had to consult the Great Council of Nobles and church officials before he could pass any taxes *At first the Magna Carta only applied to nobles and freemen, but in time it applied to all English people Petition of Right - 1628 Charles I ruled England however he saw fit He taxed without consent of Parliament- which is the lawmaking body of England Was forced to accept Petition of Right People could now not be taxed without consent of Parliament Charles was later put to death during the English Civil War. Charles I Charles I ruled England in the early 1600s He was determined to rule as he saw fit He rarely consulted Parliament English Bill of Rights - 1689 Written by members of Parliament Citizens to bear arms No cruel or unusual punishment Trial by jury William and Mary signed the document King James ignored Parliament and the rights of people Glorious Revolution in England 1688 Parliament forced King James out of England Parliament names his daughter Mary as the Queen of England and her Dutch husband William becomes King Showed the power of the elected representatives over the power of the monarch William and Mary accepted the English Bill of Rights https://www.wvaj.org/?pg=HistoryTrialbyJury#:~:text=Less%20than%20two%20centuries%20later,%E2%80%94and%20later%20British%E2%80%94crown.&text=Unfortunately%20for%20the%20British%20people,down%20in%20the%2016th%20century. Limited Monarchy A limited monarchy is a monarchy in which the ruler does not have complete power. English kings admitted that their subjects had important rights. English people determined to maintain their rights against any who denied them. A limited monarchy is a monarchy in which the ruler does not have complete power. By accepting these three important documents, the English monarchy admitted that their subjects had important rights. The English people were proud of their success in limiting the power of the Crown Colonial Claims Claimed same rights as Englishmen Jury trial Could complain to the King Landowners could vote Legislatures decided taxes and voting rights Claimed same rights as Englishmen Colonists claimed they had the same rights as Englishmen Charters granted by the King agreed Charters declared that the English colonists in America were to have the same liberties as if they were born in England Colonial Government Governor – Elected, chosen by King, or chosen by Proprietor Legislature – Voted on taxes and governor salary Each colony had a court system Colonial government was modeled after English government Governor Headed each colonial government Rhode Island and Connecticut governors were elected by the legislature (charter colonies) Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware governors were chosen by the propreitor (owner) (propreitor colonies) Massachusetts, Virginia, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and New Hampshire governors were chosen by the King (royal colonies) Legislature Legislature made the laws Made up of two houses or branches Upper House was smaller, less powerful, members appointed by the governor Lower House members elected by voters, each town or county could send at least one representative to lower house…people had a voice in passing laws Parliament could overrule laws passed by colonial legislatures John Peter Zenger Criticized the governor of New York in the newspaper and was imprisoned for 8 months His lawyer convinced jury only false criticism was libel Established the idea of Freedom of Press John Peter Zenger A German immigrant who was a hero in the struggle for Freedom of the Press 1735 he became the printer of The New York Weekly Journal Criticized the governor of New York in his newspaper Jailed He was jailed for libel----printing statements that harm a person’s reputation All of the statements were true Lawyers convinced jury only false criticism was libel Jury agreed that it wasn’t libel libel is when false information is reported John Peter Zenger is freed Freedom of the Press * John Peter Zenger is know for the foundations of freedom of the press https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Peter-Zenger