Basics of Zoology PDF

 Basics of Zoology ‫أساسيات علم الحيوان‬ Zoology Department Staff Members ▸ Instructor ▹ Prof. Dr. Abdel-Azeem Shaban Abdel-Baki ▸ contacts ▹ [email protected] ▹ 3rd floor in the faculty of science ▸ Office hours Monday (12-2) Wednesday (12-2)  Lecture cou...

 Basics of Zoology ‫أساسيات علم الحيوان‬ Zoology Department Staff Members ▸ Instructor ▹ Prof. Dr. Abdel-Azeem Shaban Abdel-Baki ▸ contacts ▹ [email protected] ▹ 3rd floor in the faculty of science ▸ Office hours Monday (12-2) Wednesday (12-2)  Lecture courtesy ▸ The general rules of classroom etiquette are below. 1. Arrive on time, max 5 min!!!! 2. Please avoid conversations with others in class while the instructor is lecturing, 3. Limit food to those that can be eaten quickly and quietly, 4. Please turn cell phones to silent while in class, Evaluation  Course description and objectives ▸ The goal of this course is to identify: o History and basis of animal classification, rules and basis of nomenclature o Morphology and anatomy of the different invertebrate’s phyla to identify the similarity and differences among these phyla ▸ This course with 1 hour lecture and 2 hours laboratory per week for one semester.  Reading Materials Lecture notes (Invertebrate zoology) Suggested Textbook: Principles of animal taxonomy Invertebrate zoology  Systematic zoology Why we need systematic or classification?! Early trials for classifications Harmful × Useful Edible × Inedible Another ancient classification recognized 5 animal groups: Domestic animals, wild animals, creeping animals, flying animals, and sea animals. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (the father of biological taxonomy) World Non- living living Plant Animal  animals animals Invertebrates Vertebrates Blood Bloodless animals Walking Flying Swimming Drawbacks of Aristotle’s classification!!!!!! The English scientist John Ray He defined the species as “an assemblage or grouping of animals which are morphologically similar and which interbreed freely with one another, but they commonly do not interbreed with other species, and if they do so they produce infertile (sterile) hybrids” The Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (Father of modern taxonomy)  Divided living things into Plant and animal kingdoms Each kingdom into phyla, the phyla into classes, the classes into orders, the orders into families, the families into genera and the genera into the species. Remember: King Phillip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup.  He also established binomial nomenclature. (Genus specie). Cat = Felis domestica or Felis domestica Humans = Homo sapiens  Modern classification Invention of the microscope; tiny organisms were discovered that had never been seen before. So we use a 5 kingdom system (instead of 2 kingdom system)  Five kingdom scheme I- Monera: Are organisms with prokaryotic cells. This kingdom includes the bacteria and the photosynthetic blue-green algae. II- Protista: Are organisms with eukaryotic cells. The group includes organisms that zoologists have historically included as animals (protozoans) and that botanists have included as plants (diatoms). III- Metaphyta (Plantae): The true plants. IV- Metazoa (Animalia): The multicellular animals. V- Fungi  Animals ↓↓↓↓ Protista Metazoa  Basis of animal classification 1) Presence or absence of cellular differentiation: a- Unicellular (one cell) b- Multicellular (many cells) 2) Number of germ layers: a- Diploblastic (two layers) b- Triploblastic (three layers) 3) Types of symmetry present: A- Asymmetric B- Symmetric: Radially symmetric or Bilaterally symmetric 4) Types of body cavity (coelom): A- Acoelomata B- Coelomata C- Pseudocoelomata 5) Presence or absence of segmentation: Segmentation: is a linear repetition of body parts (metamere) which are alike or unlike metameres. They are: a- External b- Internal c- External and internal 6) Skeleton: This for support and protection, it may be: a- External b- Internal  6- Notochord Notochord is a primitive beginning to the backbone. The word notochord comes from the Greek words notos (back) and chorde (cord). It appears in embryos as a small flexible rod made from cells from the mesoderm, which is one of the three layers of cells of embryos. Notochords are only found in the phylum chordata, a group of animals that includes humans. In vertebrates, the notochord develops into a true backbone in the embryonic phase. Primitive chordates, such as lancelets and tunicates, retain a notochord throughout their lives. The most commonly known functions are as a site of muscle attachment, vertebral precursor, and as a midline tissue that provides signals to the surrounding tissue during development. Questions?