Philippine Christian University PR2 Module - Quantitative Research PDF

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025...

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025 MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 (GRADE 12) QUARTER 1-WEEK 1 (AUGUST 5-9, 2024) LESSON 1: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and VARIABLES Overview Quantitative Research is a type of research that deals with the analysis of various data using statistical procedures. Its methods are integrated with the use of numerals and statistics. This module will help you determine the different kinds of Quantitative Research that can be used in conducting a study. Moreover, variables are necessary for a quantitative type of research as it guides the researchers in conducting the quantitative study across fields. Retrieved from : https://blog.optimalworkshop.com/a-beginners-guide-to-qualitative-and-quantitative-research/ Course Learning Outcome By the end of the course, students will create the Chapter 1 of their research paper based on the indicated IMRaD guidelines and approved research title. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 1  Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, you are expected to: 1. Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of quantitative research 2. Determines kinds of variables and their uses 3. Analyzes the use of quantitative research and variables across various fields 4. Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields 5. Value the role of honesty and integrity in quantitative research Essential Question "What is your understanding on the nature of quantitative research?" "Why is it necessary to identify the research variables?” "How important is research in different fields?” Test Yourself I. Directions: List the possible characteristics of a quantitative research and describe whether it is strength or a weakness. Place your answers on the table provided below. Quantitative Research Characteristics Strength or Weakness Reason II. Directions: Give certain ideas that can affect/ can be affected by the given research topic. Write at least 3 research ideas for each. Write your answers on the table provided. Good Study Habits can affect... 1. 2. 3. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 2  Students’ Research Skills can be affected by: 1. 2. 3. III. Directions: List down different fields that needs research for improvement and development. Quantitative Research Across Fields Study these terms These are the important terms that can help you in this lesson: Quantitative Research – focuses on numerical data and is integrated on statistics Strength and Weakness – words that describe the good quality and the limitations of a certain principle/idea Characteristic - term that refers to desirable qualities or concepts of a certain object or knowledge Kinds – refers to the types or classifications of a distinct element Field- area of specialization Descriptive Research– tests causality between variables Correlational Research - attempts to determine to what extent two or more variables are related to each other. Quasi-experimental Research - establishes a causal relationship between variables and compare their differences through observing a program or activity Experimental Research - determines the effectiveness of an experimental product or innovation by manipulating the independent variable and observe the dependent variable Variable- is the object, characteristic, category, attribute, case, event, which had been regarded measurable once it is assisted by statistical treatments. Independent Variable- affects the dependent variable. Dependent Variable- had been affected by the independent variable. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 3  Lesson Proper Quantitative Research is the study that focuses on converting perspectives, thoughts and behaviors into statistical data. It requires large number of respondents and different statistical techniques are necessary to execute this research. Usually, survey questionnaire and tests are the two major instruments to be used in this type of research. Characteristics of Quantitative Research 1. Variables are very necessary for accomplishing a result for quantitative research 2. Associated with standardized and pre- determined research instruments 3.Large number of respondents is needed in order to acquire much precise data 4. Involves tabular and graphical presentations of data including rankings and comparisons of responses 5. Highly dependent on statistical treatment for data analysis 6. It is more diverse, since it can focus on correlation, comparison, cause and effect , factors and experimentation 7. Follows the objective approach rather than subjective interpretation 8. Sets clearly defined research questions based on the variables 9. Structured with empirical and scientific evidencesto justify results 10.Analytical in nature in terms of data prcoessing 11. Reinforce findings through validity and reliability of data results 12.Puts emphasis on proof, project, process and/or systems 13.Assures reliability through survey, experiment and/or test 14. Tests theories or hypothesis aided by statistical techniques 15. Looks on the connection of the variables from the independent variables to the dependent variables including the intervening. Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Strengths: 1. Requires large number of respondents, the findings can be generalized since it is catered from a common centrality, making it more objective. 2. It is simple to be analyzed since it is guided by various statistical treatments. 3. The questionnaire can be used for several times, contexts and locations. 4.Provides accurate, quantitative and numerical data. 5. Personal biases can be avoided since quantitative research is objective. Weaknesses/Limitations: 1. The related sources must not be that easy to be found, that is why the researcher/s need/s to patiently understand the context of their research study. 2. Must be explained and analyzed properly and comprehensively. 3. Since it is objective rather than subjective, the personal experiences are not emphasized rather the responses to a particular question/statement are much stated. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 4  Quantitative Research has four types, and you need to know the function of each Quantitative Research by these concepts: Kinds of Quantitative Research 1. Descriptive Research involves with identifying and describing the cause or reason of a particular phenomenon. It is focusing on independent and dependent variables. Independent Variable – a variable that affects the dependent variable Dependent Variable – a variable that receives the effect from the independent variable Examples: Impacts of Social Media Usage on the Interpersonal Skills of Grade 11 students Homework, Reading Ability, and Exercises in Accounting:Their Influences on Outcomes in Bookkeeping Academic Readiness in Specialized Subjects and its Effects on Adjustments on Content Understanding among STEM 12 students 2. Correlational Design seeks on analyzing the relationship between variables that are involved in a research context. Examples: Verbal Reasoning Skills as correlated to the Mathematical Reasoning Skills of Grade 12 students Correlation between the Logical Thinking Skills and Problem Solving Skills of Grade 12 students Correlational Analysis between English Language Speaking Skills and Writing Skills of SHS studens 3. Quasi- Experimental Design determines the causality between one or more variables. A lot of intervening factors are integrated since there are some other major variables that must be determined and are highly based on time duration and centralized on programs. Example: Feasibility Study on the Implementation of Research Webinars in Enhancing Research Competencies of Grade 12 students Creative Writing Program: Basis for Developed Writing Proficiency of Grad 12 tudents Career Orientation Program for Social Science as correlated to Established College Course Preferences of HUMSS 12 students 4. Experimental Design- this is one of the highest form of quantitative research wherein independent variables are manipulated and various statistical techniques are involved in order to formulate a product or project. Example: Effectiveness of the Use of Lemon – based Insecticide in Decreasing Mosquito Activities and Inhabitation in Barangay Pag-asa Proposability of Inclusive Road Lanes in Residential Areas Biowastes as Agri –Fertilizer in Small- Scale Crops Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 5  Research Variable- is the object, characteristic, and subject matter of the study These variables are regarded measurable once it is assisted by statistical treatments. https://esrpc.com/en/post/different-types-of-variables-in-a-research Types of Variable 1. Independent Variable (IV)– variable that stands alone and the variable that causes an effect to the dependent variable/s. It is the one that researcher/s manipulate/control in order to produce the necessary context in processing and determining the results of the study. (Cause) - It is often referred as the input variable. 2. Dependent Variable (DV) - the one that is assumed to be affected by an independent variable and some other mediating variables. (Effect) - referred as the output variable 3. Intervening Variable - uses to explain a cause or connection between other variables such as independent and dependent variables. It is sometimes called a mediating variable. - this kind of variable frequently shows up when researchers are studying the relationship/cause and effect between two variables but are unaware that another variable is actually intervening the relationship. Diagram Representation of Research Variables Intervening Variable Independent Dependent Variable Variable Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 6  Examples: Subject Discussion in the Learning Comprehension of Learning Modules Grade 12 Students (Independent) (Dependent) Complexity of Research Learning Interest of students subject (Dependent) (Independent) Efficiency of Internet Connectivity Students' Participation in Online (Independent) Classes (Dependent) Examples: 1. Online Learning Environments and its effect to Socio – Cognitive Skills of Grade 12 students 2. Impacts of Modular Distance Teaching Approach on students' learning retention in English 3. Effectiveness of Mathematics Online Remedial Program to the Analytical Thinking Skills of Grade 11 students 4. Familiarity in Online Classes and its effects to students' participation in class discussion 5. Implications of Innovative Teaching Techniques to the Research Competency of Grade 12 Students (Ideas that are underlined in the examples are the INDEPENDENT Variables) (Ideas that are italicized and highlighted in the examples are the DEPENDENT Variables) Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 7  Guidelines in Structuring and Identifying Research Variables 1. The independent variable is stated first before the dependent variable. 2. Research Variables are always specific in structure. 3. Research Variables are the subject matter of the study, thus, it is always present in the research title structure. 4. The specific category of the independent variable and the dependent variable is always included. 5. In identifying intervening variables, researchers must always think of the reason/factor for the effect of the independent variable to the dependent variable. Quantitative Research across Fields (https://www.openaire.eu/openaire-input-on-unesco-s-open-science-consultation) Quantitative Research and Communication Quantitative Research is important in communication, particularly to assess the level of people in terms of their communication skills. You can explore ideas such as the level of self – esteem of students, even how to communicate properly. Those ideas will be accounted using survey questionnaires, and the responses will be analyzed using statistics. Even the value of spoken and written communication, its strengths and advantages that affect other aspects could also be studied quantitatively. Quantitative Research and Sports Sports need quantitative research, in a way of considering the progress of the game, the report of the scores, even the eligibility of the athletes in playing the game and their corresponding successes. Moreover, through quantitative research, sports equipment’s and sports facilities can also be examined as well as how sports affect aspects of one's life. Quantitative Research and Sciences With integration, quantitative research helps the field of science in various ways. It could be with life sciences, exploring the medicinal aspect and curing different diseases; how different biological mechanisms could be studied objectively using different technologies. Moreover, even in the field of natural sciences such as physics and chemistry, different innovations rise because of quantitative research. It can be used to explore energy and substances or to suggest new form of electricity, and even to develop trends in biochemistry. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 8  Quantitative Research and the Social Sciences Though social sciences rely much on qualitative aspect, it is indeed remarkable that quantitative research also plays a vital role in this discipline. It could be in the field of education, psychology, even politics, and arts, as long as human perspectives about a particular idea is presented as a response, then quantitative aspect will take over the place. For instance, about education, exploring how teaching strategies and approaches affect the students' learning domain, then it is considered to be quantitative. Even interpreting and analyzing different behavioral patterns using questionnaires could be quantitative. Quantitative Research in Business and Management Business is quantitative in nature. With that aspect, economic, marketing, managerial, accounting, operational, customer, and financial divisions of business need quantitative reports, presentations, and analysis. Quantitative research is important in order to determine how the business improves, what are the strategies in order to sustain the business, and even the structure of implementing the business. Quantitative Research and the Information, and Communications Technology ICT is a field that is continuously developing, and its progress highly depends on constant and consistent quantitative research. It explores web applications, the different gadgets and devices and their corresponding features, as well as information security and data privacy can be integrated quantitatively. Moreover, through different programs and networks, life adjustments become dynamic, accessible and relevant. Quantitative Research and Home Economics Home Economics is a field that involves practical application of various life routines and activities, through quantitative research; it becomes more organized in terms of accomplishing procedures, classifying records, and the assessment in terms of services and products. Moreover, home economics dwell on business as well, so they value customer evaluation, even the respondents and clients' preferences and reviews in a certain transaction arranged in a quantitative manner. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 9  Summary Important Things to Ponder:  Quantitative Research is a research that focuses on establishing and analyzing numerical data through statistical analysis  Quantitative research has distinct characteristics, strengths and weaknesses  Quantitative Research has four kinds  Descriptive Research focuses on the cause and effect.  Correlational Research focuses on relationship and association of variables.  Quasi – Experimental Research deals on proposing a program on a given time period.  Experimental Research formulates new product and ideas.  Independent Variables can influence the dependent variable, but dependent variables cannot influence the independent variable.  Independent Variable is used to represent the CAUSE.  Dependent Variable is used to represent the EFFECT.  Intervening Variable is the REASON for effect.  Intervening Variable is the one that occurs between the independent and dependent variables. o Quantitative research is important in every field whether in sciences, education, social sciences, business, technology and industries. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 10  Activity # 1 (Written Work 1) Name:_______________________________ Strand and Section: _______________ Date/ Week No. _______________________ Score: ________/30_______________ MULTIPLE CHOICE: Identify the kind of Quantitative Research for each given item. Place a check mark (✔) on the column that best describes your answer. Research Titles Quasi- Descriptive Correlational Experimental Experimental 1.Types of Business and Managerial Skills Towards Profitability Level of Food Kiosks 2.Impact of Blended Learning on Student Achievement in Social Studies 3. Correlational Analysis between sleep patterns and stress levels among working students of Grade 12 students 4. Citrus Extract as a component in conducting an Electrofluidic Display Technology 5. Factors affecting the Student’s Skill Performance in Computer Programming 6. Numerical Reasoning Skills and Scientific Investigatory Skills of STEM students, AY 2024 -2025 7.Effects of Types of Audio-Visual Reference Intervention to the Problem –solving skills in Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 11  Mathematics 8. Critical Thinking Remedial Activities and its effects on Grade 11 students’ problem solving skills 9.Effects of Peer Pressure on the Habit-forming Behavior of Grade 11 students 10.Spectrophotometric Analysis and Substantivity Evaluation of Atsuete seeds and Alugbati stem extracts as Hair Dye II. IDENTIFICATION: Read and analyze the given research title structures. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable. Write your answers on the table provided below. 11-12 Effects of Study Habits to the Learning Retention and Academic Concentration of Grade 11 students 13-14 Correlational Analysis on the Length of Study Period and the School Productivity of Grade 12 students 15-16 Correlational Analysis between Mathematical Ability of Grade 11 students in Calculus and Algebra 17-18 Social Factors affecting the Learning Outputs of Grade 12 students in Practical Research 2 19-20 Sustainable Development Seminar for Aspiring Architecture Students 21-22 RFID Integrated Monitoring on the Library Use of Grade 11 students 23-24 Efficiency of Canva Application on the 21st century skills of SHS learners 25-26 Implications of APA Citation Generators on the Research Accuracy Skills of SHS students 27-28 Proposability of Vertical Gardening in Cavite for Sustainable Agri-Enterprising 29-30 Research subject Interest of Grade 11 and Grade 12 students as affected by the Subject Difficulty Independent Variables Dependent Variables Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 12  Learning Resources Apolonio, J.A. &Basilan, M.C.(2017).Practical Research 2. (1st ed.).Unlimited Books, Library Services & Publishing, Inc. Baraceros ,E.L. (2017).Practical Research 2.(1st ed.).Rex Book Store Camara, J.S. (2017).A Workbook in Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. (1st ed.).Jimczyville Publications Cristobal, A.P. & Cristobal, M.D. (2017).Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. (1st ed.).C&E Publishing Inc. Falatado, III.R.E.,Bombita M. B. Boholano, H.B. & Pogoy, A.M. (2017).Practical Research 2. (1st ed.) Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Patron, I.Y.(2018).Quantitative Research for Senior High School (1st ed.). Great Books Trading Prieto, N.G. , Naval,V.C. &Carey, T. G. (2017).Practical Research 2 for Senior High School (1st ed.). Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Torneo, A. R., & Clamor-Torneo, H. S. (2017). Practical Research 2 (1st ed.). Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Uy, Cabauatan, De Castro & Grajo. (2016). Practical Research 2. (1st ed.).Vibal Group, Inc. Supplemental Readings and Materials To further read additional ideas about quantitative research and variables, here are the supplemental references and materials that can be provided: -Library Resources -PowerPoint Presentation/Handouts provided by the teacher -Online References about the topic Prepared by: Checked by: Approved by: Carmela B. Ramelo Justine Mar F. Mina Maria Beatriz B. Sico ,MM Ardin A. Susana Subject Lead Teacher- Research 12 Principal Jeanelle M. Relacion Pauline Jan S. Mantele Jandy P. Ayson Joy Marie T. Añonuevo Roberto E. dela Rosa Jahzeel B. Barredo Zharina Mae M. Añonuevo Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 13  Clarence Mae D. Maliksi Mark Calimlim Jhenna S.Montano Ella Mia S. Tandog Dianne Joyce G. Critica Grant G.Mosquito Gaddren Y. Fernandez Subject Teacher/s Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 14