Purposive Communication Instructional Module PDF

Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODUL...

Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 College: ARTS AND SCIENCES Campus: BAYOMBONG CAMPUS DEGREE PROGRAM GE PROGRAMS COURSE NO. GE COMM SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION YEAR LEVEL FRESHMEN TIME FRAME 3 Hrs WK NO. 4-6 IM NO. 02 I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE CHAPTER 2 and 3 II. LESSON TITLE COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE III. LESSON OVERVIEW This chapter describes the role of communication in a globalized world and how globalization has affected communication in general. It likewise introduces students on the impacts of globalization to communication and culture and how people have adapted to a multicultural society. It also give introduces students to the varieties of English as an effect of a globalized world. IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of globalization on communication 2. Demonstrate an understanding of how cultural diversity affects communication 3. Demonstrate an understanding of the concepts of varieties of English V. LESSON CONTENT 1. Globalization 2. Local and global communication in multicultural settings 3. Varieties and registers of spoken and written language 4. Impact of technology on communication and culture 5. World Englishes Introduction What other words can you think of that you can relate to the word globalization? GLOBALIZATION “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 1  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 TOPIC 1: Communication and Globalization ========================================================================= Click the links below and watch the video clips on “Globalization” or read any article about globalization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLNp3kgBuuQ http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2013/10/30/what-is-globalization-eleven-videos-to-boost- our- understanding/ How globalization works In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Principally, it's an economic concept – the integration of markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations. There is also a cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated. Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to everyone. Nowadays, almost everyone is practically addicted to social media. Mention Google, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, or Pinterest, and you will readily see the faces of your friends light up. In any public place, you see people taking selfies, and their pictures are readily posted on a social-media website. As long as you have a cell phone, an internet connection, and downloaded applications, like Facebook Messenger, Skype, or Viber, you can now talk, text, instant message, and video chat or video call your family and friends around the world, and all for free. You can converse with anyone on a particular blog spot, news article, or event. You can also meet people from other countries, make friends with them, and learn about them and their countries without leaving the comforts of your home and your country, all of these are possible through these social media. Researching, too, is no longer difficult; just Google the world’s information through web pages, or videos. Even the ordinary television allows you to watch events as they happen anywhere else in the world. What do all these suggest? By means of television and the internet, the world has now become like one small community where people from different countries can communicate and interact as if they were next-door neighbors. How did globalization happen? We might think of globalization as a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s been around for centuries. One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via an overland route. Merchants carried goods for trade back and forth, trading silk as well as gems and spices and, of course, coffee. (In fact, the habit of drinking coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an example of how globalization can spread culture across borders.) “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 2  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 What drives it? Globalization has sped up enormously over the last half-century, thanks to great leaps in technology. The internet has revolutionized connectivity and communication, and helped people share their ideas much more widely, just as the invention of the printing press did in the 15th century. The advent of email made communication faster than ever. The invention of enormous container ships helped too. In fact, improvements in transport generally – faster ships, trains and airplanes – have allowed us to move around the globe much more easily. What's good about it? Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty. For example, when a company like Starbucks buys coffee from farmers in Rwanda, it is providing a livelihood and a benefit to the community as a whole. A multinational company's presence overseas contributes to those local economies because the company will invest in local resources, products and services. Socially responsible corporations may even invest in medical and educational facilities. Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other as never before. Take the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, for instance, where 195 countries all agreed to work towards reducing their carbon emissions for the greater global good. What's bad about it? While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere. Steel companies in the UK, for example, once thrived, providing work for hundreds of thousands of people. But when China began producing cheaper steel, steel plants in the UK closed down and thousands of jobs were lost. Every step forward in technology brings with it new dangers. Computers have vastly improved our lives, but cyber criminals steal millions of pounds a year. Global wealth has skyrocketed, but so has global warming. While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has benefited. Many argue that globalization operates mostly in the interests of the richest countries, with most of the world's collective profits flowing back to them and into the pockets of those who already own the most. Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in developing countries, it is not helping to close the gap between the world's poorest and richest nations. Leading charity Oxfam says that when corporations such as Starbucks can legally avoid paying tax, the global inequality crisis worsens. Basically, done wisely, globalization could lead to “unparallel peace and prosperity.” Done poorly, “to disaster”. Now, read the essay entitled “The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication” by Anam Ahmed and reviewed by: Elisa Shoenberger, M.B.A. to understand the effect of globalization to communication. Link: https://bizfluent.com/info-8232542-effects-globalization-global-communication.html “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 3  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 “The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication” by Anam Ahmed and reviewed by: Elisa Shoenberger, M.B.A. Connecting with people on the other side of the world is now much easier than it was a few years ago. Satellites, fiber-optic cables and the internet make it effortless to share information with those in different time zones and locations. Global communication is directly affected by the process of globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both globalization and global communication have changed the environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of the world. Increased Business Opportunities Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using communication vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same room. Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers all over the world, and to streamline those relationship through improves ordering, shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication technology, many businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level. Thanks to global communications, information itself can be transferred as a valuable business asset from one country to another. This has the effect of making everyone’s operations more modern and efficient, regardless where they are located. Fewer Cultural Barriers Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by the other person. The way people approach problems and how they participate in communities is all influenced by culture. Globalization has made it possible, for example, for someone in Japan to understand how someone in the U.S. goes about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming less prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues or friends across the planet helps people understand each other’s cultures a little better. Creation of a Global Village You’ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall McLuhan. Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with companies in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet. Globalization and global communication have made it easier to see people on the other side of the world as a neighbor, instead of a stranger from a faraway land. There is so much knowledge about other countries and cultures available online, that it’s no longer a complete mystery. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 4  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 a. Which among the effects mentioned do you think applies to you? b. Discuss the threats and opportunities for industrialized countries. c. Talk about the challenges and new opportunities of globalization Global Village and the flattening of the world The term global village has been used to express the idea that people throughout the world are interconnected through the use of new media technologies. The term was coined in the early 1960s by Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan, who was writing about the newer technologies of his day, such as radio and television. Today, the Web is often seen as the medium that most closely joins people throughout the globe, allowing anyone with an Internet connection to know what is going on around the world with the click of a mouse -- and to communicate with individuals and groups of people in faraway places. One process of globalization according to Thomas Friedman, a New York Times foreign affairs columnist is the “flattening” of the world, a surprising and lightning-quick convergence of technologies which allows individuals (not just countries and companies) to communicate “from anywhere to anywhere,” collaborating and competing for the first time on a level-playing field (Downing, 2000) Accordingly, the “flattening” of the world economy is achieved through globalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and political liberalization. In other words, the use of technologies allows businesses, such as large multinational corporations, to maintain customers, suppliers, and even competitors on a worldwide basis (Globalization, 2017). Watch “Globalization” a video on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oTLyPPrZE4 that gives a comprehensive account of what globalization is and what its ramifications are. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 5  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 Examples of Globalization Figure 1: A sign of McDonald’s resto in Japanese. Globalization brings many companies to different parts of the world Figure 2: Hydropolis, the world’s first underwater hotel, which was completed in 2009 after many delays, was entirely built in Germany and then assembled in Dubai Figure 3: Iphone, a US product, is outsourcing to other countries. This is an iphone factory in India TOPIC 2: Local and global communication in multicultural settings ========================================================================= Terms to understand: Culture is defined as the sum of a way of life, including expected behavior, beliefs, values, language and living practices shared by members of a society. It consists of both explicit and implicit rules through which experience is interpreted. Intercultural competence is the ability to develop targeted knowledge, skills and attitudes that lead to visible behavior and communication that are both effective and appropriate in intercultural interactions. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 6  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 We communicate with other people with different cultures. Frank (2013) presents the 3P model of culture to raise awareness among communicators in various cultures. Food is often the first cultural product that people think of when they think about another culture. The special foods associated with a particular culture are often the first thing someone unfamiliar with the culture learns about it. Other cultural products include clothing, music, and literature. Perspectives describe "what members of a culture think, feel, and value". This includes ideas about what is important in life, and beliefs about how younger people should relate to older members of society. Perspectives define what members of a particular culture consider appropriate and inappropriate behavior Perspectives shape practices. Practices include the traditions and typical behaviors in a culture. The way people communicate can differ greatly from one culture to another, not just in terms of language but also what people talk about; with whom; how direct they are when communicating; the gestures they use; their use of eye contact; etc. Practices include other behaviors as well, from the formal – for example wedding ceremony traditions – to the informal, such as how people dress and eat on a day-to- day basis. Culture is strengthened through its expression. The more people engage in the traditions and ways of living of their culture, the more that culture's perspectives, practices, and products are reinforced. A tradition that has been practiced for hundreds of years is a very strong tradition. A culture's perspectives, practices, and products can change over time. In today’s globalized world, most people have encounters with members of other cultures, and for many people, this is on a regular basis. These encounters happen in social, political, and commercial contexts. It is therefore important for people, in all areas of their lives, to be able to interact successfully with people who are from cultures that are different from theirs. This ability is called intercultural competence. Intercultural competence is needed for people from different cultures – with their different values, practices, and ways of communicating – to avoid conflict and misunderstanding. Intercultural competence requires people to be flexible in their thinking and to recognize that people are complex. Intercultural competence is not an all-or-nothing ability. People have different levels of intercultural competence, among themselves, and from context to context. People’s intercultural competence will be more or less effective depending on their familiarity with the particular culture they are encountering and particular stereotypes that they may believe. No one can be completely prepared for all the intercultural experiences they will have in the future, and so intercultural competence requires flexibility. This makes the development of intercultural competence an ongoing process; it never ends. It requires the ability to think critically about differences. Critical thinking is also necessary to negotiate differences and use strategies to minimize conflict and misunderstandings. If you start to think about it, you are a member of many micro-cultures. Your classroom is one micro- culture that you move through (and create) each day. Other micro-cultures in your life might have to do with your hobbies, family ties, profession, religion, or politics. We can see that there are many micro- cultures, and this is connected to the many different aspects of a person’s identity. Types of micro-culture High-context culture vs low-context cultures In anthropology, high-context culture and low-context culture are measures of how explicit the “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 7  Republic Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S22020-2021 messages exchanged in a culture, and how important the context is in communication. High and low context cultures fall on a continuum that describes how a person communicates with others through their range of communication abilities: utilizing gestures, relations, body language, verbal messages, or non- verbal messages. These concepts were first introduced by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. According to Hall, in a low-context culture, the message will be interpreted through just the words (whether written or spoken) and their explicit meaning. In a high-context culture, messages are also interpreted using tone of voice, gesture, silence or implied meaning, as well as context or situation. There, the receiver is expected to use the situation, messages and cultural norms to understand the message. High-context cultures often stem from less direct verbal and nonverbal communication, utilizing small communication gestures and reading into these less direct messages with more meaning. Low- context cultures are the opposite; direct verbal communication is needed to properly understand a message being said and doing so relies heavily on explicit verbal skills. "High" and "low" context cultures typically refer to language groups, nationalities, or regional communities. However, they have also been applied to corporations, professions and other cultural groups, as well as settings such as online and offline communication. Given below are the basic differences between high and low cultures High Context Culture Low Context Culture Indirect communication Direct and specific communication Fewer words, more nonverbal clues High value on words rather than nonverbal clues Simple and ambiguous messages Structured message with technical details Very verbal people seen as unattractive; smiling Informal, frequent smiles, and frequent use of hand associated with nervousness gestures and facial expressions Preference to long term relationships and Temporary personal relationships underlying messages Long term view of time Short term view of time Appointments are generally considered Emphasis on appointments on time, management flexible of schedules, and punctuality are given high preference Vague and non-confrontational language is Focus on getting a job done, being specific, and preferred goal attainment Honor and respect is more important than Personal relationships not considered that much; business; adjourn power and position ideas and people are assumed equals Private networks are used to obtain information Information is made accessible readily, shared with others Values family and group authority Individualism valued Are You from a High-Context or Low-Context Culture? Answer “Yes” or “No” to the following questions and 1. In your culture, is it okay to call your teacher or boss by his or her first name? explain why. 2. Do you feel frustrated when people do not answer your questions directly? “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 8  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 3. Is it important to you that many people know about your personal accomplishments? 4. Do you feel comfortable with short-term casual friendships? 5. Do you rely more on words than nonverbal means to express yourself? 6. Do you seek rational solutions to problems or personal ones? 7. Do you prefer an individual approach over group decision-making processes for learning and problem solving? 8. Are results just as important as personal relationships in terms of achieving goals? 9. Is your identity strongly defined outside of group associations (family, work, culture)? 10.Do you feel conflict is a necessary part of human relations and should not be avoided? If you answer “yes” to six or more questions, odds are you are from a low context culture. Characteristics of Culture (Chase & Shamo, 2013) 1. Cultures are learned, not innate – Children are not born with knowledge of culture. They are raised by adults who guide them in their own cultural ways and instill those beliefs that they deem to be important. We think and act as Filipinos because our parents brought us up this way. We acquired complete knowledge and understanding of our cultural norms from our parents, teachers, relatives, and friends. Culture is learned through language and modeling others; it is not genetically transmitted. Culture is encoded in the structure, vocabulary, and semantics of language. Much of culture is acquired out of consciousness, through exposure to the speech, judgments, and actions of others. Because we learn all of our lives, we are constantly learning our cultures. 2. Cultures are shared – We act as members of our own cultural group, not as individuals, because belonging to a culture means following the norms of the group. Fitting not the group means acceptance and fellowship, and it provides us members with feelings of security and love. This happens because significant portion of the society share particular belief, value, or practice. Culture is often viewed as group customs that link together members of society. 3. Cultures as multifaceted - Just as there are dynamics within one culture, it is also true that a person can belong to more than one culture. That is to say, culture is multifaceted. We are never defined by just one characteristic. People belong to many different cultural groups at any given time. For example, I am currently a member of the culture of college students. I am also a member of my family, an Igorot, a musician, and a female. I could fill this page with a list of cultures to w h i c h I belong. To illustrate further, most Filipinos eat port but our Moslem brothers (who are also Filipinos) find this offensive. We should not judge someone solely by membership to one culture. 4. Cultures are dynamic - cultures constantly change as cultural contact increases, new technologies emerge, and economic conditions vary. Globalization has greatly changed relationships of nations and governments. Cell phones have drastically changed interpersonal communication, and the availability of the Internet has affected how people of varied cultures recognize and respect their differences. Culture is not static. It is ever changing, growing, morphing into something new. Culture is dynamic because people are dynamic. Since a culture is made up of the people that belong to it, it is constantly reformed by those individuals. 5. Cultural identities are overlapping – we belong to multiple, overlapping cultures as we interact with one another. Some of these cultures work together while others clash. We all belong to national, regional, social class, ethnic, professional, religious, age, and gender cultures. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 9  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 Sometimes one or more of these identities become significant while others take a back, but when the overlapping cultures create differences that cannot be ignored, conflicts and problems arise. Adaptation to New Cultures Many countries have become a melting pot – a place, whether city or country, where people of various races or cultures live together and gradually create one community. These countries are, therefore, places of coexisting cultures, and overcoming cultural differences is difficult. Below are ways how to adapt to new cultures: 1. Cultural integration – is a form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices, and rituals of one another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture (“Cultures and Traditions,” 2017). This kind of adaptation is considered positive because nothing is lost; cultural integration is a healthy intermingling of the beliefs and rituals of two unique cultures. Integration has the benefits of allowing citizens to respect other cultures, creating a creating a sense of unity within a community. In addition, individuals that partake in multiple societies gain resources from multiple cultures while expanding their own horizon. sense of unity within a community. 2. Cultural assimilation – occurs when member of one cultural group adopt the language, practices, and beliefs of another group often losing aspects of their traditional culture in the process (“Cultures and Traditions,” 2017). These happen when immigrants voluntarily adopt their new country’s language and cultural practices primarily to integrate into society and improve their chances of economic and social gain. Assimilation usually involves a gradual change of varying degree. Full assimilation occurs when new members of a society become indistinguishable from native members. Multiculturalism, the counterpart of assimilation, in which cultural diversity is encouraged and valued as beneficial to society. It is the belief that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, should be accorded special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant political culture. In general, multiculturalism includes engagement with and respect toward people from distinctly different cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2013, p.24) 3. Cultural accommodation – refers to the process by which individuals may take on values and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere while maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere (“Cultural Accommodation and Negotiation,” 2017). Filipinos who migrate to another country speak their native language at home but outside, they use the language of the receiving country. Separation, on the extreme end happens when one cultural group refuses to interact or join the dominant culture. Members of this group prefer to interact with members of their own culture, so they are known as outsiders. Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication (McKeiver,2013; Chase & Shamo, 2013) 1. Ethnocentrism – refers to the belief that a person’s culture (his ‘’in-group’’ culture) is much better than any other group’s culture (an ‘’out-group’’ culture), and the tendency is for that person to judge any ‘’out-group’’ culture by using the norms of his ‘’in-group’’ culture. All of us is, to some extent, ethnocentric, whose ethnocentricity falls somewhere on a scale between ‘’low’’ and ‘’high’’ (Neuliep., 2012), as cited in McKeiver, 2013). Our level of ethnocentricity affects our ability to successfully communicate cross culturally. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 10  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 If your ethnocentricity level is high, the effect is negative. We experience the largest communication barriers, so wea less likely to attempt to interact with those whose cultures differ from ours. With a low ethnocentricity level, however, the effect is positive. We can become ‘’curious, interested, and inspired’’ to interact with those belonging to the out-group, so we become more inclined to deal with them, enjoy their company, and experience the benefits of our increased intercultural communication. 2. Stereotypes – are often generalized negative traits assigned to a group of people (e.g., race, nationality, religion, social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these traits may only reflect a selected few of the group. Simply said, a stereotype is a generalization of a group of people based on a small sample of these people. Stereotyping or classifying an entire group of people or culture with defining characteristics, which are usually unfair and untrue, is much easier than explaining the complexities of the uniqueness of specific situations and the individual differences essential in each event. Your generalizations are the results of your own experiences, situations you see in videos, movies, television, things you read about from newspapers, magazines, and books; and experiences you hear from your family, relatives, and friends. EX: Asians have better math ability. African Americans have greater athletic ability, and women are more caring. 3. Prejudice – an offshoot of stereotype, is an unfair thought, belief, or feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, age, religion, and so on. It is a negative preconceived opinion held by one group toward members of another group that biases perception and provides a reason for discrimination. When someone is prejudiced, the prejudice usually refers to hid thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about a certain group of people, which he learns only from his ‘’in-group,’’ nit from any first-hand, direct contact, with ‘’out-group’’ members, and he seldom attempts to check the validity of this bias, or if ever he proves it being unsubstantiated, he often ultimately ignores the truth. EX: Disney's Zootopia takes on prejudice in two forms, possibly three. The main character, Judy Hopps, is a tiny, female bunny who didn't grow up in the big city. As such, when she joins police, force dominated by large, powerful male characters (of varying animal species) who are "street smart," no one thinks she's good for anything other than a lowly position as a meter maid. Boy, does she prove them wrong, as she is neither large nor male. 4. Assumed Similarities – an assumption of similarity is a baseless, unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences where they exist. This happens when members of one group assume that all groups behave the same way they do, that what is true to their culture is also true to all other cultures. This results to insensitivity to cultural differences. EX: If you want challenges a n d responsibility in your job, you'll assume that others want the same. 5. Anxiety – intercultural communication anxiety is the fear or apprehension associated with either real or anticipated communication with people from another cultural group. The “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 11  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 fear is often caused by differences in language ability, verbal and nonverbal communication styles, and expression of emotions. Regardless of culture, everyone may experience feelings of impatience, frustration, and suspicion while communicating or even in anticipation of the interaction, which can then increase anxiety. When you experience high levels of anxiety, your natural instinct is to avoid the situation. EX: As a new college student, you usually feel afraid and nervous before your first day of classes in the university because you do not know what to expect from your new classmates and teachers whose cultures are different from yours. Linguistic Preferences and Nonverbal Behavior Variations in the way different cultures use language – like linguistic preferences and nonverbal behaviors – also cause miscommunication. Nuances in linguistic preferences provide hints about behavior, manners, and thinking as a cultural group ( Lee, 2017; Zelinski, 2017). For instance, Asians including Japanese and Chinese, consider harmony an important virtue, so to avoid confrontation, they often say ‘’yes’’ to many things with the understanding of “Yes, I hear you’’ or “Yes, I understand,” and not necessarily “Yes, I agree.” People in Latin America, Southern Europe, and Japan, however, are not comfortable with ambiguity because they are conditioned to expect absolute truths. Nonverbal behaviors, which Edward T. Hall (1959) called the “silent language,” are expressive human attributes that impact feelings, attitudes, reactions, and judgments which need to be given continued attention because they are acquired mainly through acculturation (adopting the traits of another cultural group); moreover, they are unspoken and largely unconscious, so the implied meanings are more felt than understood. Below are some differences in the nonverbal behaviors of some other cultures that can help us coexist with them in the globalized community we are in because of technology (International Etiquettes,”2017; “Dimensions of Body Language,” 2017). “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 12  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 This popular American ‘thumbs up” sign is considered obscene in Australia. In Asian countries like Japan, the dog call is considered a rude gesture. In Singapore, it is indication of death A rude gesture in Brazil. It’s a money sign in Japan The V-sign with the palm facing toward the speaker is the obscene “up yours” insult in Australia. In the UK, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, when the same gesture is done but with the back of the hand facing outward, it’s an insult. The corona is also widely used by rock stars as a positive hand gesture. This is also one of the. hand gestures in different cultures like good Buddhism and Hinduism. It means the Karana Mudra used to dispel the evil. In the Mediterranean, it an old symbol that means Photo grabbed from englishlive.ef.com cuckold, that is, your wife is cheating on you Your hands should be visible at all times even when seated at a table. France: It is impolite to put your hands in your pockets. Chewing gum in public is rude Germany Sit own only after you have been offered Use titles to show respect. Punctuality is important When you are in a private home or mosque, be sure to remove your shoes. Position them by pointing them toward the door from which you Indonesia entered. Hugging and kissing in public is inappropriate “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 13  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 The bow is still the tradition in greetings. For men: Palms should be face up, toward the knee. For women: hands should be folded in front of you as you bow Be sure to remove your shoes at the front door; you will be offered a pair of slippers Do not touch your nose. When you need to blow your nose, do so discreetly, preferably in private, with a paper tissue. Dispose of the tissue immediately. Never Japan put the used tissue in a pocket or purse; this is regarded as rude. Even if you are experiencing displeasure or are upset about something, you should smile to show self-control. Expect greetings to be very emotional. They consist of a ‘’salaam alaykum” (May God be with you) followed by a handshake and then a “keef halak” (How Saudi are you?) Arabia When reaching for something or offering something, be sure to do so with the right hand. Using the left hand is considered a taboo. It is considered good manners to acknowledge an older person by standing South when the person enters a room. Korea One way to show respect for elders is by lowering your eyes SUMMARY Globalization affects the economy as it involves the movement of people and products. Because people move, globalization affects communication. The diversity of people affects communication. Awareness and sensitivity to multi cultures determine success of communication “Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity. Also, intercultural dialogue is the best guarantee of a more peaceful, just and sustainable world”. - Robert Allan Arthur - TOPIC 3: Varieties and registers of spoken and written language ========================================================================= World Englishes The English language now plays an important role in the lives of a rapidly increasing proportion of the world’s population. From a global perspective, the sociolinguistically complex sites of English-using African and Asian societies are no mere exotic sideshow, but important sites of contact, negotiation, and linguistic and literary creativity. The expression “world Englishes” is capable of a range of meanings and interpretations. In the first sense, perhaps, the term functions as an umbrella label referring to a wide range of differing approaches to the description and analysis of English(es) worldwide. Some scholars, for example, favor a discussion of “world English” in the singular, and also employ terms such as “global English” and “international English,” while others adopt the same terms in their plural forms. Indeed, in recent years, a plethora of terminology has come into use, including: English as an international (auxiliary) language, global English(es), international English(es), localized varieties of English, new varieties of English, non-native varieties of English, second language varieties of English, world English(es), new Englishes, alongside such more traditional terms as ESL “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 14  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 (English as a Second Language) and EFL (English as a Foreign Language). In a second narrower sense, the term is used to specifically refer to the “new Englishes” found in the Caribbean and in West African and East African societies such as Nigeria and Kenya, and to such Asian Englishes as Hong Kong English, Indian English, Malaysian English, Singaporean English, and Philippine English. Typically, studies of this kind focus on the areal characteristics of national or regional Englishes, with an emphasis on the linguistic description of autonomous varieties of Englishes. In a third sense, world Englishes refers to the wide-ranging approach to the study of the English language worldwide particularly associated with Braj B. Kachru and other scholars working in a “world Englishes paradigm.” The Kachruvian approach has been characterized by an underlying philosophy that has argued for the importance of inclusivity and pluricentricity in approaches to the linguistics of English worldwide, and involves not merely the description of national and regional varieties, but many other related topics as well, including contact linguistics, creative writing, critical linguistics, discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, lexicography, pedagogy, pidgin and creole studies, and the sociology of language (Bolton, 2002a). This ‘three circles’ model is an alternative and influential classification has been put forward by Kachru in 1985. Note from the following quote that Kachru refers to the ESL/EFL classification. Countries in the Inner Circle include the USA and the UK. Countries in the Outer Circle include Bangladesh, Ghana and the Philippines. Countries listed as being in the Expanding Circle include China, Egypt and Korea. The great advantages of this model over the ENL/ESL/EFL one are, first, that it makes English plural so that one English becomes many Englishes. Second, the model does not suggest that one variety is any better, linguistically speaking, than any other. The spread of English has resulted in the development of many Englishes and not the transplanting of one model to other countries: ‘... English now has multicultural identities’ (Kachru, 1985). “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 15  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 (ENL) Varieties of English Accent is the way you say words when you speak. It’s all about pronunciation and has nothing to do with grammar or syntax. With accents, two people may say precisely the same words, but make them sound completely different. American English – often abbreviated to AmE – is a variant of the English language, spoken mainly in the United States. About two-thirds of the world’s native speakers of English live in America and speak this variant. English was introduced to North America by British settlers during the colonization period (17th century). It was also influenced by the many different nationalities which settled in the US since then and, to a certain extent, by the languages spoken by the Native American population. The most obvious differences between American English and British English (BrE) are in pronunciation and vocabulary although there are also a few differences in grammar. Unlike most British English accents, American English is generally rhotic, that is, the letter r is pronounced in all positions of a word. As an example, take the word butter. In British English this is likely to be said as: /ˈbʌtə/. Whilst in American English it’s likely to be said as: /ˈbʌdr̩/. In American English a /d/ sound is often used where British English uses a /t/ sound: /ˈtuːdə/, /ˈtjuːtə/. This leads to situations where some American students will write about their personal tutor instead of their personal tutor, for example. Australian English (AuE) is a variant of the English language, spoken mainly in the Australia. Australian English began to diverge from British English shortly after Australia was settled in the late 18th century. It is similar to New Zealand English and bears some resemblance to certain dialects of South East England. Generally speaking, Australian English spelling corresponds to British English spelling. AuE makes a great deal of use of diminutives (e.g., arvo for afternoon, footy for football). Black English is a very broad term used to refer to British English and American English as spoken by the black communities in the US and the UK. To a lesser extent it’s also used to refer to black communities in places like the Caribbean and Africa. Two of the major sub-varieties of Black English are African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and British Black English (BBE). To a lesser extent it’s also used to refer to black “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 16  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 communities in places like the Caribbean and Africa. African American Vernacular English or AAVE is a distinct dialect of English, sometimes classed as a variety of English. It is also known as Ebonics though this is not a term used by linguists and is sometimes used pejoratively. AAVE has its roots in the slave trade where people captured in various parts of Africa, and from a variety of language backgrounds, were forced to create a pidgin or creole (a common language composed of fragments of their native languages) in order to communicate. Eventually this incorporated element of English so it could also be used to communicate with the slave owners. AAVE has a language structure which has much in common with a number of African languages. One interesting aspect of AAVE is the tenses used which appear to be less rigid than in standard English. For example, it distinguishes between the recent past and the distant past. I been done it. (distant past) I done it. (recent past) I did it. (very recent past) British Black English (BBE) has some similar origins but is based on a Jamaican creole spoken by Caribbean communities, mainly in London but also in large cities such as Manchester, Bristol, Birmingham, Leeds and Nottingham. There is a history of British sugar planters in Jamaica, which was a British colony until 1948, after which in the 1950’s there was significant immigration to London as England welcomed workers in its post war expansion and rebuilding. Jamaican Creole is recognized as an independent variety with its own grammar and vocabulary. Increasingly British Black English speakers are finding their own voice in literature such as rap poetry and song, with Benjamin Zephaniah a respected name. There is no standard form of orthography so much of the language is written semi-phonetically – “yuhself” for “yourself” “dat” and “dem” for “that” and “them”, “nuff” for “enough”, “respek” for “respect”. British English (BrE) is a variant of the English language, spoken mainly in the United Kingdom. Bear in mind, however, that here is, in fact, no single British English variation of English. Instead, there are a considerable number of variations mainly found in different locations. Thus, for example, there is: Scottish English, Irish English, Welsh English, Northumbrian, Norfolk, Cornish, The Queen’s English, BBC English, RP or Received Pronunciation. However, the differences between these variations are mainly ones of accent and pronunciation with a few vocabulary variations rather than differences in grammar. Received Pronunciation (RP) is a form of pronunciation used in British English. Most accents in the UK are regional, that is people from one area will speak with a particular accent whilst people from another area speak with a different accent. If you listen to British people, it’s often easy to tell where in the country they come from: a person from Liverpool will often sound very different from a person from London, for example. However, RP is slightly different in that it is non-regional. It is the type of pronunciation that is considered regionally neutral standard. It is spoken by what used to be called “the upper classes” in Britain and it’s spoken by people who have attended expensive fee-paying schools like Eton and Harrow and come from old aristocratic families. It suggests a privileged social and educational background. RP gained prestige status as the accent of the court (called the King’s or the Queen’s English), and thence of government, higher education and broadcasting. Most educated people now speak a modified RP, incorporating regional features. RP is considered irrelevant, elitist, or out of date. Nevertheless, in the absence of a credible alternative, RP endures, and most UK-published ELT course books and dictionaries as their standard. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 17  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 Varieties of English Grammar Present Perfect vs Past Simple BrE sometimes uses the present perfect whilst AmE uses the past simple. BrE: Have you eaten all those biscuits? AmE: Did you eat all those… BrE: Have you ever seen the film, Casablanca? AmE: Did you ever see the movie, Casablanca? While vs Have BrE: Have you got new training shoes? AmE: Do you have new sneakers? BrE: I’ve got some Wellington boots you can borrow. AmE: I have some galoshes you can borrow. BrE: I haven’t got time for a holiday this year. AmE: I don’t have time for a vacation this year. Irregular Verbs BrE: dive – dived – dived Last night she dived into the pool. AmE: dive – dove – dived Last night she dove into the pool. BrE: get – got – got The baby has got a lot bigger. AmE: get – got -gotten The baby has gotten a lot bigger. to/till/until vs through BrE: The optician is open from eight till four. AmE: The optometrist is open from eight through four. Prepositions Shall vs Should BrE can use shall for offers and suggestions while AmE uses should: BrE: Shall I call a taxi? AmE: Should I call cab? Question Tags BrE uses a lot of question tags. AmE does not; instead it uses words like right and ok: BrE: I’ll park on the verge, shall I? AmE: I’ll park on the shoulder, right? Collective Nouns BrE can use a singular or plural verb for collective nouns while AmE uses only a singular verb: BrE: The team are playing badly. AmE: The team is playing badly. Adverbs In informal speech, AmE sometimes useadverbs without the -ly ending: BrE: Autumn was really cold this year. AmE: Fall was real cold this year. Double Imperatives With double imperatives beginning with go, AmE sometimes drops the joining and: BrE: Go and open the door. AmE: Go open the door. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 18  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 Spelling One more difference between the two Englishes is found in spelling. BrE spelling usually keeps the spelling of words it absorbs from another language, like French, but AmE adapts the spelling to reflect the way the words actually sound when they are spoken. Below are the main differences in spelling (English Oxford Living Dictionaries) Word ending British English American English - er Centre Center, liter, theater Litre, theatre - our Colour, humour, neigbour Color, humor, neighbor - ize Apologise, organize, recognize Apologize, recognize. Organize - -yse Analyse, paralyse, Analyze, paralyze - Vowel + l Travel = travelled/travelling Travel = traveling/traveled Enrol – enrolled/enrollling - Double Leukaemia, manoeuver, Leukemia, maneuver, vowels paediatric pediatric ae/oe - ence Defence, licence, offence Defense, license, offense - ogue Dialogue, catalogue Dialog,catalog - Terminologies British English American English Ground floor First floor Lift Elevator Flat Apartment Dustbin Garbage can Nappy Diaper Car park Parking lot New Englishes in Southeast Asia According to Leimgruber (2011), most adaptations in New Englishes in Southeast Asia, concerns vocabulary, which shows substantial creativity among their users. Since English arrived in the region, new cultures and new needs have led to the creation of a wide range of new words that represent the required meanings more adequately. Local places, things and objects for which terms are absent in English also have to be created. As a result, large-scale borrowing has happened. Bautista and Gonzalez (2006) suggest that adaptation is the most obviously apparent in loanwords, which can be seen in the following examples: Singapore English Meaning Abang elder brother; male cousin Bodoh dull, unintelligent Hanram Prohibited Mabok intoxicated, drunk Brunei English Meaning makan Food kecil makan little food, thus a snack “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 19  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 adat Traditional law kampong Traditional village bomoh a traditional medicine man Philippine English Meaning amok Crazy boondock Mountain carabao a water buffalo kundiman a love song Loan translation, a form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of a given term are literally translated into their equivalents in the borrowing language, is also a very common feature in Southeast Asian Englishes. For example: Malaysian English Loan Translation red packet a sum of money folded inside red paper and given at the Chinese New Year to unmarried younger relatives spring roll dish consisting of a savoury mixture of vegetables and meat rolled up in a thin pancake and fried Philippine English Loan Translation open the light/radio turn on the light/radio since before yet for a long time joke only I'm teasing you you don't only know you just don't realize I am ashamed to you I am embarrassed because I’ve been asking you so many favours. making foolishness misbehaving The essential features of the varieties of language should be given attention by users coming from different cultures. One has to be aware and sensitive to the linguistic diversity in an intercultural community. Knowledge of the diversity avoids misunderstanding, lessens communication breakdown, and allows interactive communication. ASSIGNMENT. TASK 6. Fill the first column with the Philippine English equivalents of the words in the 2nd and 3rd columns. Philippine English American English British English refrigerator/ice box fridge I’m good/Pretty Formal: I’m fine, thank you and you? good. Informal: Fine thanks. You? I beg your Sorry?/Excuse me? pardon?/Pardon? Toaster Toaster oven How are you? How do you do? Just a minute Just a second Please stay on the Please hold line Hold on Hang in there get on catch “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 20  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 May I ask who’s Who’s calling please?/ May I ask who’s calling? calling?/ Could I have your name, please? Cell Mobile/mobile phone/phone gasoline petrol blackout power cut Where are you Where do you come from? from? bathroom/restroom toilet/loo/john/bog closet wardrobe trash/garbage rubbish replica/fake fake/counterfeit/knock-off sneakers trainers/runners take-out/to go takeaway switch on/switch turn on/turn off off the next two the week after next weeks/ the week after next air conditioner air conditioner/AC extraordinary marvellous wading pool paddling pool dude/man mate garbage can dustbin bachelorette party hen night Language Registers Language register is the level and style of your writing. It should be appropriate for the situation you are in. The language register determines the vocabulary, structure, and some grammar in your writing. The three most common language registers in writing are: Formal, Informal, and Neutral The formal register is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger. The informal register (also called casual or intimate) is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and people you know very well. The neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to f a c t s. It is most appropriate for technical writings. Formal Language Register Formal writing is impersonal, meaning it is not written for a specific person and is written without emotion. Formal writing includes: Business Letters Letters of complaint Some essays Reports Official speeches Announcements Professional emails Rules of the formal language register: 1. Avoid contractions Contractions are not usually used in formal writing, even though they are very common in spoken English. “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 21  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 In formal writing, you should spell out contractions. In formal writing, you should use: cannot instead of can’t have not instead of haven’t will not instead of won’t could not instead of couldn’t is not instead of isn’t Contractions CAN be used if you are quoting someone’s exact words in your writing. Example: “Two-thirds of my eighth-grade students can’t read at grade level,” the professor stated. 2. Write in third person point of view In formal writing, we usually do not use first person or second person unless it is a quote. Avoid using: I, You, We, Us Examples: X You can purchase a car for under P500,000. √ One can purchase a car for under P500,000. or √A car can be purchased for under $10,000. 3. Avoid using too much passive voice In formal writing it is better to use an active voice. Passive sentences: The article was analyzed by the staff. The research was completed by the students in 2009. Active sentences: The dog ate the bone. The students completed the research in 2009. or In 2009, the students completed the research. 4. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration (hyperboles) and clichés Slang is common in informal writing and spoken English. Slang is particular to a certain region or area. Examples of slang: awesome/cool okay/ok check it out in a nutshell A cliché is a phrase that is overused (said too often). Common clichés: too much of a good thing moment of truth Time is money. Don’t push your luck. Beauty is only skin deep. 5. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms For abbreviations, write the complete word the first time, then use the abbreviation. When using acronyms, write the entire name out the first time it appears, followed by the acronym. From then on, you can use the acronym by itself. Examples: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 22  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 Do not use slang abbreviations or symbols that you would use in friendly emails and texts. Examples: LOL (laugh out loud) ttyl (talk to you later) & b/c (because) w/o (without) w/ (with) 6. Do not start sentences with words like and, so, but, also Here are some good transition words and phrases to use in formal writing: Nevertheless Additionally However In addition As a result of Although 7. Always write in complete sentences. 8. Write longer, more complex sentences. Informal Language Register Informal writing is written in the way we talk to our friends and family. We use informal writing when we are writing to someone we know very well. Informal writing includes: Personal e-mails Phone texts Short notes Friendly letters Most blogs Diaries and journals There are no major rules to informal writing. With informal writing, you can include things such as: Slang and clichés Figurative language Symbols and abbreviations Acronyms Incomplete sentences Short sentences First person, second person, and third person Paragraphs or no paragraphs Jokes Personal opinions Extra punctuation (Hi Bob!!!!!!!) Passive and active voice VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES Task 1. Answer the following:70 pts 1. Based on your observations, readings and experiences, cite some other examples of globalization. 2. Identify any Philippine company/companies that have branches somewhere in the world. What about foreign companies that have found it profitable to branch out into the Philippines? 3. What is “outsourcing”? Cite some evidences that companies from developed countries, like the US, outsource many of its jobs to less-developed countries, like the Philippines. Task 2. Reflect on how these questions differentiate between high- and low-context cultures. With your new grasp of high- and low-context cultures, think of scenarios where communication might break down based on cultural differences. You can also think of how misunderstanding stemming from different cultural contexts could cause problems. Think of strategies to avoid potential conflict. 50pts “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 23  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 Task 3 30 pts 1. How are cultures acquired and learned? 2. How do we maintain peace and solidarity despite being members of varied cultural norms? 3. Make a list of your own overlapping cultures. Does any one of these cultures clash with any of your other cultures? Task 4. 30pts Would you consider the Philippines a “melting pot’’? When does multiculturalism occur? VII. ASSIGNMENT Task 5. Think of scenarios where stereotyping is evident due to ones: 50pts ones: a) age b) gender c) religion c) race and nationality d) social class e) sexual orientation VIII. EVALUATION Task 7. Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all abundant sources of stereotyped characters. Watch a movie, video, or television program that portrays any kind of stereotyping, ethnocentrism, prejudice and anxiety. Answer the questions below. 100pts *Give the title of the movie, book, tv show you have watched and write a short description about it. Then answer the following questions elaborately. 1. What cultural group is being stereotyped? 2. What biases or prejudices against the group were portrayed? 3. Suggest ways on how we can overcome the barriers in communication listed above. Note: For those who availed of hard copy of the module, please SUBMIT YOUR ANSWERS IN HARD COPY AS WELL during the retrieval schedule. Place them in a brown envelop, with your name ( use separate sheet for each task, and write your name on each paper) course, and address to me: Mam Denny B. Jamil, CAS Faculty, GE Comm. You can still join the online discussions but DON’T SUBMIT your activities online. Only those who availed of e-copy will submit online. Thank you! References Buenaventura, A.A. et al. (201). Instructional Material in Purposive Communication. English in Multimodal Context. St. Andrew Publishing House, Plaridel, Bulacan Frank, J. (2013). Raising cultural awareness in the English language classroom. English TeachingForum, 2- 35. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Anchor Press. McCarthy, E. The dynamics of culture, organisational culture and change. AI & Soc 12, 155–184 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01206194 Neuleip, J. W. (2015). Intercultural Communication, 6th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Padila, M.M., Dagdag, L.A., Roxas, F.R. (2018). Communicate & Connect! Purposive Communication, Mutya Publishing House, Inc., Malabon City Schreier, D., Hundt, M., & Schneider, E. (2020). World Englishes: An Introduction. In D. Schreier, M. Hundt, & E. Schneider (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes (Cambridge Handbooks in “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 24  [Type here] Republic of the Philippines NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IM No.:2 GE COMM.S2 2020-2021 Language and Linguistics, pp. 1-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108349406.001 World Learning. (2018). Introduction to culture. In "Integrating Critical Thinking Skills into the Exploration of Culture in an EFL Setting. https://immigrationanddiversity.weebly.com/benefits-of-cultural-integration-into-a-society.html http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/multicultural-counseling/cultural-accommodation- and- negotiation/#:~:text=Cultural%20accommodation%20refers%20to%20the,culture%20in%20t he%20 private%20sphere. https://nccc.georgetown.edu/curricula/awareness/C10.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLNp3kgBuuQ http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2013/10/30/what-is-globalization-eleven-videos-to-boost-our-understanding/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLNp3kgBuuQ http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2013/10/30/what-is-globalization-eleven-videos-to-boost-our-understanding/ https://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html https://brightside.me/wonder-places/15-hand-gestures-that-have-different-meanings-overseas- 769110/ https://www.slideshare.net/NirmalaPadmavat/hand-gesture-of-differents- cultures#:~:text=The%20Corona,the%20horns%20of%20the%20Devil. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27619/1/602727.pdf https://www.tcbok.org/wiki/research/bibliography/bibliography-translation/world-englishes-and- english-as-a- lingua-franca/ https://www.slideshare.net/NirmalaPadmavat/hand-gesture-of-differents- cultures#:~:text=The%20Corona,the%20horns%20of%20the%20Devil. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJdcvlRkaS4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tlNJibk234 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoW53zvWBqw “In Accordance with Section185, Fair use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”. 25