21st LIT PDF

LITERATURE ➔ A body of written works. ➔ Etymology : litteratura (latin) meaning “writing formed with letters” ➔ literature is the best of what has been thought and written (Preface to the poem by arnold) ➔ literature is an imitation of a sequence of events ➔ Literature...

LITERATURE ➔ A body of written works. ➔ Etymology : litteratura (latin) meaning “writing formed with letters” ➔ literature is the best of what has been thought and written (Preface to the poem by arnold) ➔ literature is an imitation of a sequence of events ➔ Literature can be organized and thereby understood according to the method of operation and execution of each category ➔ viewing literature facilitates the expression of undesirable emotions (Poet by Aristotle) ➔ it is a faithful reproduction of man's manifolds experience blended into one harmonious expression ➔ Literature expresses the feeling of people to the society, to his fellow men and to his divine creator (Brother Azurin) ➔ literature is a body of wittenworks:the body of written works of a culture, language, people, or a period of time (Hancock, 2006) ➔ Literature is beauty ➔ It is the best way of telling the truth,it’s a process of producing grand,beautiful,well-ordered lies that tell more truth than any assemblage of facts(barnes,2000) ➔ Literature is life.if you want to know deep down,people feel and experience, you can do no better than read stories and poems of the human race, writers of literature have the gift of observing ➔ Literature is life. It represent the human experience (tan,1991) ❖ NATURE OF LITERATURE According to: ★ Form - It may be oral or written - The first was originally handed down through word of mouth like songs - The second has been officially documented from the start ★ Appeal - It may be universal or transient - Transient : Lasts for only a brief period of time - Universal :Writings written a long time ago but continues to exist ★ Genre - It may be prose or poetry - Prose: expressed through sentences - Poetry: expressed through verses PROSE AND POETRY ★ Prose: language of the mind Etymology: prosa = straightforward -to inform -to convince -to instruct ★ Poetry: language of the heart Etymology: poiesses = creating -verses and stanzas -To activate one’s imagination DIVISIONS OF PROSE A. Fiction B. Non- fiction A. FICTION - Created from imagination ★ Legend - Talks about origin ★ Short Story - Narrative - Can be read in one sitting ★ Novel - a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some degree of realism. ★ Novella - length is shorter than most novels, but longer than most novelettes and short stories. ★ Fables - features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized, and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson ★ Parables - a short and simple story that teaches a religious or moral lesson B. NON FICTION -created from facts ★ Biography - a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. ★ Autobiography  - Books written by people about their own lives ★ History - past events ★ News - important events or information ★ Journal - a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or professional activity. ★ Diary - a book in which one keeps a daily record of events and experiences. ★ Anecdote - a short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. ★ Essay - an analytic, interpretative, or critical literary composition usually much shorter and less systematic and formal than a dissertation or thesis and usually dealing with its subject from a limited and often personal point of view. DIVISIONS OF POETRY A. Narrative B. Lyric C. Dramatic A. NARRATIVE -narrates a story through verses and stanzas ★ Ballad - Depicts a single incident that transpired in a person's life ★ Epic - Heroic exploits of a community’s hero ★ Metrical Tale - a simple and straightforward long story - “measured” number of syllables - single series of connective events, and usually, do not form a plot. ★ Awit - romance metrical tale - dodecasyllabic (12 syllables) - During formal baltazar  ★ Corrido - Metrical tale - octosyllabic(8 syllables) - about adventure *Awit and Corrido are categories of Matrical Tale B. LYRIC - Accompanied by the lyre >the name derived from the use of the lyre - To be sung ★ Song - Has various themes which is meant to be sung in its entirety ★ Ode - About noble and exalted emotions - It praises something or someone ★ Elegy - Sad theme - Sung during events of grief,lamentation of the dead, and when you are missing someone ★ Sonnet - 14 iambic pentameter lines - about love and beauty ★ Idyll - Celebrating the tranquil and beautiful landscapes of rural and country setting C. DRAMATIC - Performed on stage ★ Tragedy - Features a hero whose hubris or shortcoming eventually causes their downfall - Ending in a sad conclusion ★ Comedy - Has the purpose to amuse and entertain. ★ Melodrama - Dramatic work in which the plot, typically sensationalized and for a very strong emotional appeal, takes precedence over detailed characterization. ★ Farce - characterized by heavy use of physical humor - the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense; satire, parody, and mockery of real-life situations, people, events, and interactions; unlikely and humorous instances of miscommunication; ludicrous, improbable, and exaggerated characters; and broadly stylized performances.  ★ Social Play - takes the form of interaction between children and adults and between peers. ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE I. Characters ❖ Methods of Characterization 1) Direct or Exposing Method - character is described with straightforward enumeration of his traits 2) Indirect or Dramatic Method - character acts out his personality by his physical appearance ❖ How different characters are portrayed 1) According to roles played ★ Major characters a1. Protagonist - Called the hero when he embodies certain noble ideas of man a2. Antagonist - Character of force against which the protagonist is pitted, one side of the character that battles another side in an internal conflict (character, society, nature) ★ Minor/Supporting characters b1. Confidant - A character to whom the protagonist or another character reveals his reflections or hope b2. Foil - Striking contrast to another character b3. Stock/Type - Character who shows qualities of a national, social or occupational group to which he belongs 2) According to fullness of development a. Flat - Characterized by one or two traits; can be summed up in one sentence; sketched in the briefest outlines; stock b. Round - Three-dimensional; complex; many sided, with a fully developed personality (with more than 1 character) II. The Plot - Sequence of interrelated actions and events in the story, framework of a story 1. Exposition/Introduction 2. Rising Action/Complication  3. Climax/Turning point 4. Falling Action 5. Conclusion/Denouement III. Point of View a. First Person ★ The protagonist - straightforward, story the hero narrates ★ Secondary character - someone close to the protagonist, but not the main character ★ 1st Person peripheral - still uses “i” but narrator is a supporting character b. Second Person - Makes use of the pronoun “you”, commonly wants the reader to be directly involved c. Third Person ★ 3rd Person limited - pov is limited to only 1 character, narrator only known what the character knows ★ 3rd Person multiple - narrator can follow multiple characters in the story ★ 3rd Person omniscient - still uses it,she,he narration but now the narrator knows everything V. Other elements 1) Allusion - reference to a historical or literary person, place, or event which the character is assumed familiar 2) Flashbacking - entire scene is shifted to an earlier time by means of recollection of character, narrator’s commentary or a dream episode 3) Foreshadowing - writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events that will occur later in the narrative 4) Imagery - words and phrases that create a vivid sensory experiences for the reader 5). 6).  7) LITERARY CRITICISM → a disinterested endeavor to learn propagate the best that is known and thought in the world (Arnoold, Matthew) → Krino: to judge Krites: judge or jury ❖ Types of Critics a. Biographical - Reflection of an author’s life - Author/poet/writer + text = meaning b. Formalism - All information essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself - There should always be a backup baked on a sentence in a text c. Historical - History serves as background to literature - Make use of history to understand a text d. Marxism - Details of plan for changing the world from a place of bigotry e. Reader-oriented/Reader response - Make use of the reader to analyze the text f. Structuralism - Maximizes Sassure's ideologies - Finds meaning in the relationship among the various components of a system, looks for specific codes within a text g. Archetypal - It assumes that there is a collection of symbols, images, characters and motifs h. Mimetic Theory - How well the work of literature accords with the real world, related to moral/philosophical approach i. Philosophical - Purpose of literature is to teach morality and to probe philosophical issues j. Psychological - Freud theories k. Feminism  - Projecting women empowerment in literature l. Queer Theory - Slang for homosexual and worse, word for homophobic abuse m. Post Colonialism - Literature written in english in countries that were or still colonized by other countries FIGURES OF SPEECH / FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - Systems that have a deeper meaning 1) Simile → creates a comparison between two things by using the words “like” and “as” 2) Metaphor → creates a direct comparison by stating that one thing is another or that one thing does the actions of another 3) Personification → attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object, animal, or abstract idea 4) Metonymy → makes use of certain symbols/words to represent a bigger concept → a person, place or thing is referred to by a part of it or something closely associated with it 5) Alliteration → repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of two or more neighboring words or syllables 6) Apostrophe → speaker addresses an absent person, an abstract idea or an inanimate object as if it were capable of understanding and responding 7) Irony → contrast between what is said and what is meant 8) Onomatopeia → formation of a word from a sound associated w/ its name. It mimics the sound made by the object or action it refers to 9) Oxymoron → combination or incongruous words used to express a unique idea or concept 10) Allusion  → brief and indirect reference to a person,place, thing or political significance that is expected to be understood by the audience 11) Pun → produces a humoring effect by using a word that has two or more meanings or by substituting a word with a similar sounding word 12) Imagery → make use of adjectives to describe an image 13) Hyperbole → statements are exaggerated or concept is over emphasized LITERARY PERIOD? A. Pre-Colonial Times Folk narratives like epics and folk tales. They explain how the world was created; how animals possess certain characteristics; why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains; and where things originated from. Epics revolves around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. These were sung or chanted to the accompaniment of indigenous musical instruments and dancing performed during harvests, weddings, or funerals by chanters. The chanters who were taught by their ancestors are considered “treasures” and/or repositories of wisdom in their communities. B. The Spanish Colonization Literature is classified as religious prose and poetry and secular prose and poetry (Gordina-Ortega, 2016) Romans adopted Roman Alphabet Common forms of poetry back then were Pasyon, corridos, awit, and komedya Pasyon - verse narrative of Christ’s suffering and death Komedya - from medieval Spanish ballads about highborn warriors and their colorful adventures for love and fame Mostly consisted of didactic pieces and translations of religious writings Lagda - compilation of Visayan maxims, which means “rule” or “straight line” Drama - effective tool in propagating Christianity Panunuluyan - traditional Filipino reenactment of Mary and Joseph’s search for a place to stay in Bethlehem before the birth of Jesus Sinakulo - a traditional Filipino dramatixation of the Passion, Death, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ Salubong - traditional Filipino Catholic ritual that takes place on Easter Sunday celebrating the joyous resurrection of Jesus Christ and his reunion with the Blessed Virgin Mary Tibag - performed during the month of May as part of the Flores De Mayo festivities in the Philippines. It reenacts the search of Queen Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine the Great, for the True Cross of Jesus Christ in Jerusalem  Santa Cruzan - culmination of the month-long Flores De Mayo (Flowers of May) festival, a devout celebration honoring the Virgin Mary Pangaluluwa - observed during All Saints’ Day (November 1) and All Souls Day (Nov. 2) Sainete - short, comedic theatrical form that originated in Spain during the 18th century, it is similar to one-act play and is typically lighthearted often filled with humor, satire, and lively dialogue Secular Dramas - theatrical performances that focus on themes and stories unrelated to religion, dealing instead with everyday human experiences, social issues, historical events, and personal relationships for entertainment, reflection or social commentary C. The American Occupation Language of literature switched from spanish to english Americans introduced mass education Writers were divided into three groups: Spanish writers, Tagalog and other vernacular writers, and English writers Many of the literary works were moralistic, didactic, sentimental and romantic Filipino writers went into all forms of literature like news, reporting, poetry, stories, plays, and essays. D. The Period of Emergence and Recognition Covers the commonwealth, Japanese occupation, and the granting of independence in 1946. Artists of this period had mastered their crafts, and there was a growing receptive audience. Literature became part of the school curriculum. The periodicals provided encouragement, the government gave recognition, and writers’ groups were organized. The Japanese favored Tagalog or vernacular language as medium for literature Popular forms of poetry were haiku, tanaga, and karaniwang anyo. Theaters were used to show English plays translated into Filipino. Short stories became widely popular in this era. Few of the playwrights were Jose Ma. Hernandez (Panday Pira), Francisco Soc Rodrigo (Sa Pula Sa Puti), and Clodualdo Dei Mundo (Bulaga). E. The Contemporary Period to the Present With the declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines, many publications and mass media outfits were shut down. Filipino writers created a fertile ground for the growth of underground writing, and they started to use their writings to explore socio-political realities. After Benigno Aquino’s assassination in 1983, the temper of poetry and theater derived much of its heat from the political culture of the underground national democratic movement. Some of the literary works created were revolutionary literature, proletariat literature, and prison literature.  After the people power revolution, Filipino writers regained their enthusiasm for their craft. Two centers for creative writing were formed: academic institutions that offered creative writing in their curriculum and writers’ organizations that periodically sponsored symposia/workshop on writing. Award winning bodies, annual competitions, and publications provided incentives to writers. An example of this is the Carlos Palanca Awards in Literature. This period allowed the emergence of women writing, feminist criticism, validation of peasants, workers, and guerilla cadres’ writings, and gay and lesbian writings. With the swift development and the birth of the internet, new forms of literary genres emerged: illustrated/graphic novel, manga, digi-fiction, flash fiction, blog, among others.