Fossil Fuels 2.1 (September 2024) PDF

September 2024 2.1 Fossil fuels Learning outcomes: Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil DO NOW: 1. Stick in your AFL and glossary Where do we 2. Highlight and read the...

September 2024 2.1 Fossil fuels Learning outcomes: Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil DO NOW: 1. Stick in your AFL and glossary Where do we 2. Highlight and read the get energy keywords 3. Write the heading and the from? date. 4. Make a list of all of the sources Key Words: that energy comes from fossil fuels  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Fossil fuels Crude oil, coal and gas are fossil fuels. They were formed over millions of years, from the remains of dead Fossil fuels are non-renewable. They took a organisms. very long time to form and we are using them up faster than they can be replaced. Fossil fuels are also finite resources. They are no longer  Fossil Fuels Crude sedimentary hard surface liquid rock Oxygen Methane volcanoes permeable 1. OIL liqui permafrost Cru oil or petroleum (literally “rock oil” in Latin), is a ______ fossil ______ de d fuel made up mostly of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon compounds). surface Oil can be found in underground reservoirs; in the cracks, crevices, and pores of sedimentary rock; or in tar sands near the earth’s _______. 2. COALhar rock Oxyge Coal isda _____ ______ which can be burned as sediment a solid fossil fuel. It is mostly carbon but also n contains Hydrogen, Sulphur, ary ________ and Nitrogen. It is a _____________ rock formed from peat, by the pressure of rocks laid down later on top. Metha permeab 3. NATURAL GASne le Composed mostly volcano of _________, natural gas is normally located in es porous and __________ permafr rock beds or mixed into oil reservoirs and can be  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Coal Layers of dirt and rock cover plants over millions of years. The resulting pressure and heat turned the plants into the substance we call coal.  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Factors Affecting the High calorie Value of a Coal  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil 1. Accumulation of Plant Material (Peat Formation):  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Burial and Compression:  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Heat and Pressure:  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Heat and Pressure:  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Pressure:  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil As coal matures, it goes through several stages of transformation. Each stage has a different carbon content and energy density: Lignite (Brown Coal): The least Sub-bituminous Coal: Bituminous Coal: A more Anthracite: The highest mature form of coal with a lower More mature than mature coal that is harder, grade of coal, with the carbon content and higher lignite, with higher with higher carbon content most carbon content and and energy density. It is the highest energy moisture carbon content and commonly used for energy density. density. It burns cleaner electricity generation and and hotter than other steel production. types of coal.  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Oil Petroleum, also called crude oil, is a fossil fuel. The formation of oil begins in warm, shallow oceans that were present on the Earth millions of years ago.  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Oil  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Oil  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Fractional distillation  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Gas It is formed when layers of decomposing plants and animals are subject to intense heat from the Earth and pressure from rocks. All this pressure, heat and millions of years turned the natural material into coal, petroleum and natural gas.  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Gas  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Gas  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Gas  Describe the formation of coal Describe the formation of gas Describe the formation of oil Fossil Fuels Energy can be created from multiple sources, but why do fossil fuels make up the most of our energy? What is the graph showing? Give two trends seen in the graph. Suggest four reasons for these trends.  Coal Oil Gas Coal is formed from the remains of ancient plants that lived and died millions of years Crude oil is formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms, Natural gas is formed over millions of years from the remains of ago, primarily during the Carboniferous Period (about 300-360 million years ago). The such as plankton and algae, that lived millions of years ago. The ancient plants and animals. The process of natural gas process of coal formation is called coalification, and it occurs over several stages: process of crude oil formation involves several stages: formation can be broken down into the following steps: 1. Accumulation of Plant Material (Peat Formation): 1. Accumulation of Organic Material: Millions of years ○ Coal begins with the accumulation of dead plant material, ago, tiny marine organisms died and settled on the 1. Organic Matter Accumulation: Dead plants, mainly in swampy, waterlogged environments. Plants in these ancient swamps didn't decompose fully because of seafloor. Over time, layers of mud, sand, and organic plankton, and other organic materials settle on the the lack of oxygen in the water. material (like the remains of plankton) built up. This bottoms of oceans, lakes, and swamps. Over time, ○ Over time, layers of dead vegetation built up, forming a organic matter was rich in carbon and hydrogen. spongy material known as peat. Peat is the first stage of these materials get buried by layers of sediment. 2. Burial and Sedimentation: As more layers of sediment coal formation. accumulated on top, the organic matter was buried 2. Heat and Pressure: As more layers of sediment 2. Burial and Compression: ○ deeper under the sea floor. The weight of these layers accumulate on top of the organic matter, the weight of Over millions of years, layers of sediment (like sand, silt, and clay) accumulated on top of the peat. As more layers compressed the lower layers, forming sedimentary rock. the overlying layers creates significant heat and were deposited, the weight of the sediments compressed The lack of oxygen in this deep environment slowed the pressure. This combination starts to break down the the peat. decomposition process of the organic material. ○ This compression squeezed out water and gases (like organic material into simpler hydrocarbons. 3. Heat and Pressure: Over millions of years, the pressure carbon dioxide and methane), concentrating the carbon from the overlying rock and the heat from the Earth's 3. Transformation to Natural Gas: Initially, this process content and starting the transformation of peat into coal. interior caused the organic matter to undergo chemical forms a waxy substance called kerogen. As the 3. Heat and Pressure: ○ The deeper the peat was buried, the more heat and changes. Under these conditions, the organic material temperature and pressure increase further (typically was transformed into a substance called kerogen. As the pressure it experienced. This caused further physical and between 100°C and 200°C), the kerogen breaks down chemical changes, gradually converting the peat into coal. temperature increased further, the kerogen broke down ○ As coal matures, it goes through several stages of into hydrocarbons — compounds made of hydrogen and into liquid hydrocarbons (oil) and gaseous transformation. Each stage has a different carbon content carbon — forming crude oil and natural gas. hydrocarbons (natural gas). and energy density: 1. Lignite (Brown Coal): The least mature form 4. Migration and Trapping: Once formed, the oil and gas 4. Migration: Natural gas is less dense than the of coal with a lower carbon content and higher are less dense than the surrounding rock and begin to surrounding rock, so it migrates upward through tiny moisture. It is soft and has a lower energy migrate upward through the porous rock layers. Some of pores and cracks in the rock layers. If it encounters an content. this oil becomes trapped in reservoirs beneath 2. Sub-bituminous Coal: More mature than impermeable rock layers called cap rocks, forming oil impermeable rock layer, it becomes trapped in lignite, with higher carbon content and energy fields. reservoirs beneath the Earth’s surface. density. 3. Bituminous Coal: A more mature coal that is 5. Extraction: Crude oil is extracted by drilling into these 5. Accumulation in Reservoirs: These trapped gas harder, with higher carbon content and energy reservoirs. Once tapped, the pressure from below or accumulations form natural gas fields, which can be density. It is commonly used for electricity mechanical pumps bring the oil to the surface. extracted through drilling. generation and steel production. 4. Anthracite: The highest grade of coal, with The entire process takes millions of years, which is why crude oil is the most carbon content and the highest considered a non-renewable resource. Natural gas primarily consists of methane (CH₄), though it can energy density. It burns cleaner and hotter than other types of coal. also contain other hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, and butane, as well as small amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, The entire coalification process can take millions of years. and hydrogen sulfide