Fossil Fuels Formation PDF

**HOW FOSSIL FUEL ARE FORMED?** **3 TYPES OF FOSSIL FUEL** 1. ***COAL*** is a solid fuel 2. ***OIL or PETROLEUM*** is a liquid fossil fuel 3. ***NATURAL GAS*** What is a **Coal**? - Organic sedimentary rock form from plant remains deposit in swamps and marshes. - The major use of c...

**HOW FOSSIL FUEL ARE FORMED?** **3 TYPES OF FOSSIL FUEL** 1. ***COAL*** is a solid fuel 2. ***OIL or PETROLEUM*** is a liquid fossil fuel 3. ***NATURAL GAS*** What is a **Coal**? - Organic sedimentary rock form from plant remains deposit in swamps and marshes. - The major use of coal is generating electric power. **Coal Formation** 1. Think about the [carbon cycle]. Trace the carbon from the atmosphere into plants. 2. [Dead plants are buried under sediment and converted into coal.] 3. [When the coal is buried], carbon returns to the atmosphere as [carbon dioxide.] What is **OIL (PETROLEUM)?** 1. Liquid hydrocarbons that are present in certain layers of sedimentary rocks (geosphere). 2. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organism, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both heat and pressure. 3. Petroleum can be extracted from the rock by oil drilling and refine to produce fuels and chemicals. **Fossil fuel formation** refers to the process that takes place over the time span of hundreds of millions of years to produce a variety of fossil fuels including coal, oil, and natural gas. **There are three major types of fossil fuel formation, and they are:** 1. **Oil formation**: As further layer settled to the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower region. This caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as kerogen, found in various oil shales. 2. **Petroleum** is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth\'s surface. It is commonly refined into various types of fuels. It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and may contain miscellaneous organic compounds. The name ***petroleum*** covers both naturally occurring unprocessed **crude oil** and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. 3. **Natural gas formation**: Traditional natural gas reserves form in essentially the same manner, however shale gas and tight gas are two special types of natural gas. ***[Tight gas]*** is gas trapped inside of a rock with extremely low permeability---typically limestone or sandstone. In contrast, ***[shale gas]*** is a type of natural gas that is trapped within shale formations. 4. **Coal formation**: Coal formation differs from oil and natural gas formation as burial for extended periods of time leads to different varieties of coal. The formation of coal begins in areas of swampy wetlands where groundwater is near or slightly above the topsoil. The energy in coal initially comes from the Sun, and is energy from sunlight trapped by dead plants. **Energy** is the power we use for transportation, heat and light in our homes and in manufacturing all kinds of products. There are two sources of energy renewable and nonrenewable energy. **Nonrenewable Sources of Energy** Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. But these natural resources are limited. Once they are used up, they are gone forever. Fossil fuels are put through a process called combustion in order to produce energy. **Renewable Sources of Energy** Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over again. Renewable resources include solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, biomass and hydropower. They generate much less pollution, both in gathering and production, than nonrenewable sources. ***Solar energy*** comes from the sun. Some people use solar panels in their homes to convert sunlight into electricity. ***Wind turbines***, which look like giant windmills, generate electricity. ***Geothermal energy*** comes from the Earth\'s crust. Engineers extract steam or very hot water from the Earth\'s crust and use the steam to generate electricity. ***Biomass*** includes natural products such as wood, manure and corn. These materials are burned and use for heat. ***Dams and rivers generate hydropower***. When water flows through a dam it activates a turbine, which runs an electric generator. **Human Activities and Electricity** Electricity is a form of energy which can be generated from almost any energy source. The machines that are used for assisting and improving lives are mostly electrical devices that rub on electrical energy. Earth's resources are mainly harnessed and converted into electricity for domestic and industrial consumption. **Geothermal Energy** One source of energy in Earth's system is its internal heat, which is referred to as geothermal energy. The temperature of Earth gets warmer as you go towards the core. The rate of change in temperature with depth is called *[geothermal gradient.]* ***Geothermal power plants***, which use heat from deep inside the Earth to generate steam to make electricity. ***Geothermal heat pumps***, which tap into heat close to the Earth\'s surface to heat water or provide heat for buildings. ***Geothermal Power Plants*** In a geothermal power plant, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface. You\'re most likely to find one of these power plants in an area that has a lot of hot springs, geysers, or volcanic activity, because these are places where the Earth is particularly hot just below the surface. **How It Works** 1\. Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high pressure. 2\. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which causes the water to turn into steam. 3\. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity. 4\. The steam cools off in a cooling tower and condenses back to water. 5\. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the process again. ***Geothermal Heat Pumps*** Not all geothermal energy comes from power plants. Geothermal heat pumps can do all sorts of things---from heating and cooling homes to warming swimming pools. These systems transfer heat by pumping water or a refrigerant (a special type of fluid) through pipes just below the Earth\'s surface, where the temperature is a constant 50 to 60°F. **How It Works** 1\. Water or a refrigerant moves through a loop of pipes. 2\. When the weather is cold, the water or refrigerant heats up as it travels through the part of the loop that is buried underground. 3\. Once it gets back above the ground, the warmed water or refrigerant transfers heat into the building. 4\. The water or refrigerant cools down after its heat is transferred. It is pumped back underground where it heats up once more, starting the process again. 5\. On a hot day, the system can run in reverse. The water or refrigerant cools the building and then is pumped underground where extra heat is transferred to the ground around the pipes. ***Hydroelectric Energy*** ***[Gravity]*** is essential to hydroelectric energy. An object at rest in a higher elevation has a gravitational potential energy. When it moves to lower elevation, the potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy. The power generated by the energy from falling water or fast running water is called [*hydropower*.] During the ancient times, hydropower was harnessed using water wheels for the operation of mills, lifts, and provision of water. In the 19th century, hydropower was used to generate electricity called *[hydroelectricity]*. In large rivers, dams were built to allow water to move from higher to lower elevations. The potential of conventional hydroelectric dam depends on the volume of water stored in the reservoir and the difference in height between the source and the water's *head.* Water enters the intake at the bottom of the reservoir and flows through a tunnel or large pipe called *penstock* to reach the *turbine*. The 15.water pressure causes the turbine to rotate and generate electricity. The higher the dam, and the head, the stronger the pressure that would cause the turbine to generate power. When a reservoir is not in its full capacity even in high dams, the head is lower. Depending on the need for electricity, the amount of water entering the penstock can be controlled in the *intake*. Excess water in the reservoir is allowed to flow through the spillway, particularly during rainy season to prevent overflow or dam breach. Isabela Province, known for being the Queen of the North and also known for having beautiful sceneries, cultures and traditions, delicious foods, and fresh fruits has its prestigious and one of the largest dam called- the Magat Dam. ***Magat Dam*** was known for its two purposes: \(1) the source of irrigation of water in almost 85,000 hectares of farmlands and \(2) the source of hydroelectric power. The dam itself supplies electricity in the whole Isabela. Water is a simple compound made of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen bonded together. Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth's surface. About 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water, most of which is found in the oceans. In fact, 97.5% of Earth\'s water, nearly all of it, is in the Earth's oceans. Surface as groundwater, while the rest is found in lakes, rivers, and streams, and water vapor in the sky. This means that just 2.5% of Earth\'s water is fresh water, water with low concentrations of salts. Most freshwater is found as ice in the vast glaciers of Greenland and the immense ice sheets of Antarctica. **Forms of water available on Earth** Knowing how water cycles through the environment can help in determining how much water is available in different parts of the world. The Earth's water cycle, is the global mechanism by which water moves from the air to the Earth (precipitation) and eventually back to the atmosphere (evaporation). The following is a discussion of the **different types of pollutants, sources,** and their **effects**: **1. Organic Matter** Organic pollution occurs when an excess of organic matter, such as industrial wastewater and domestic sewage enters the water. When organic matter increases in a pond, the number of decomposers will increase. These decomposers grow rapidly and use a great deal of oxygen during their growth. This leads to a depletion of oxygen as the decomposition process occurs. A lack of oxygen can kill aquatic organisms. As the aquatic organisms die, they are broken down by decomposers which leads to further depletion of the oxygen levels. **2. Pathogens and Microbial Contaminants** ***Pathogens*** are bacteria, virus, and other microorganism that can cause diseases like diarrhea, gastrointestinal illnesses, nausea, and possibly jaundice as well as headaches and fatigue. If ingested by humans, they can release toxins causing sickness or even death. The spread of infectious diseases through contaminated drinking water leads to intestinal parasites and increased childhood mortality especially in developing countries. **3. Nutrient Pollution** Nutrient pollution is one of the most widespread, costly and challenging environmental problems in the world today. This is caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the air and water. In particular, too much nitrogen and phosphorus in the water causes algae to grow faster than ecosystems can handle. The primary sources of excess nitrogen and phosphorus are: a) [runoff from agriculture lands] where animal manure and chemical fertilizers are used to grow crops, b) [storm water when precipitation falls,] c\) [wastewater] from sewer and septic systems, d) [fossil fuels] from electric power generation, industry and transportation, and e) in and around the home when [fertilizers], yard and pet waste and certain soaps and detergents contain nitrogen and phosphorus, and can contribute to nutrient pollution if not properly used or disposed. **4. Salinization** ***Salinization*** is the increase of salt concentration in soil and is, in most cases, caused by dissolved salts in the water supply. This supply of water can be caused by flooding of the land by seawater, seepage of seawater or brackish groundwater through the soil from below. Humans are globally increasing the salt concentration of freshwaters (i.e. freshwater salinization), leading to significant effects at the population, community and ecosystem level. **5. Acidification** ***Acidification*** is the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid. Freshwater acidification is harmful to various aquatic organisms. Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) affects freshwater acidity very similarly to the way rising CO2 affects ocean ecosystems. The effects of freshwater acidification are as follows: a) carbon source changes from carbonate (HCO~3~) to carbon dioxide (CO~2~), b) release of toxic metals, c) phosphorous is retained, d) freshwater fauna and flora gradually changes, and e) short-term pH depressions have direct toxic effects on susceptible organisms. **6. Heavy Metals** The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic and poisonous at low concentrations. The table below summarizes the list of heavy metals and their sources: **Heavy Metal Sources** [Chromium] (Cr) \-\-\--Mining, industrial coolants, chromium salts manufacturing, leather tanning [Lead] (Pb) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--lead acid batteries, paints, E-waste, smelting operations, coal based thermal power plants, ceramics, bangle industry [Mercury] (Hg) \-\-\-\-\-\--Chlor-alkali plants, thermal power plants, fluorescent lamps, hospital waste (damaged thermometers, barometers, sphygmomanometers), electrical appliances etc. [Arsenic] (As) \-\-\-\-\-\--Geogenic/natural processes, smelting operations, thermal power plants, fuel [Copper] (Cu) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--Mining, electroplating, smelting operations [Vanadium] (Va) \-\-\-\-\--Spent catalyst, sulfuric acid plant [Nickel] (Ni) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--Smelting operations, thermal power plants, battery industry [Cadmium] (Cd) \-\-\-\-\--Zinc smelting, waste batteries, e-waste, paint sludge, incinerations & fuel combustion *Molybdenum (*Mo) \-\--Spent catalyst [Zinc] (Zn) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--Smelting, electroplating Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long-term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer\'s disease, Parkinson\'s disease, muscular dystrophy, and multiple sclerosis. **7.Toxic Organic Compounds and Micro-organic Pollutants** Organic pollution occurs when large quantities of organic compounds, which act as substrates for microorganisms, are released into water sources. During the decomposition process the dissolved oxygen in the receiving water may be used up at a greater rate than it can be replenished, causing oxygen depletion and having severe consequences for the stream biota. **8. Thermal Pollution** ***Thermal pollution*** is the discharge of heated water into bodies of water. The main contributors to thermal heat pollution are thermal or nuclear power plants; industrial effluents such as petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, steel mills and smelters; sewage effluents; and biochemical activity. **Causes of Thermal Pollution** 1\. Manufacturing and industrial plants using water as a cooling source for power. 2\. Deforestation 3\. Domestic Sewage 4\. Soil Erosion 5\. Water runoff from paved surfaces 6\. Natural causes such as volcanoes, and geothermal activity under water. Effects of thermal pollution can decrease in dissolved oxygen levels, increases level of toxins, lead to loss of biodiversity and ecological impacts, and interference in life. **Silt and Suspended Particles** ***Silt*** is composed of fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment, especially in a channel or harbor. It may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water (also known as suspended load) and soil in a body of water such as rivers, dams, and lakes. Sediment deposits in rivers can alter the flow of water and reduce water depth making navigation and recreational use more difficult. **SOIL** is the unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants. **SOIL** is a combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air---that portion of the regolith that supports the growth of plants. ***Land*** refers to the solid potion of the Earth not covered by water. Soil on the other hand refers to the thin covering over the land that consist of a mixture of minerals, organic material, living organisms, air and water. ***Waste*** is an inevitable by-product of human life. Virtually every activity generates some type of material side effect or by-product. When the materials that constitute these by-products are not useful or have been degraded such that they no longer fulfill their original or other obvious useful purpose, they are classified as *waste material*. The wastes generated from the natural processes and anthropogenic activities which pollute the environment and make the earth an unhealthy planet, is termed as *environmental wastes*, depending upon the physical states of wastes, these are the three types: ***(1) Solid waste, (2) Liquid waste, and (3) Gaseous waste.*** ***Solid wastes*** include solid portions of the discarded material such as glass bottles, crockeries, plastic containers, metals and radioactive wastes. The solid wastes may be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The ***biodegradable solid wastes*** are agricultural wastes, food wastes, paper, food processing by products, manure, yard wastes, etc. The ***non-biodegradable* *wastes*** include plastics, metals, synthetic materials, polythene, radioactive wastes, etc. The ***solid* *waste management*** involves disposal of solid waste to land (or ocean) or recovering and reproducing useful substances from the waste through recycling. EPA's waste management hierarchy includes: **Source Reduction***.* Source reduction is also known as *waste prevention*. As the name implies, this method prevents waste at the source by decreasing consumption and reusing products. It also includes using non-hazardous substitutes as an alternative to toxic products that could end up in the waste stream. **Recycling, including Composting***.* ***Recycling*** refers to a series of activities where discarded materials are collected, sorted, processed, converted into raw materials, and used to make new products. ***Composting*** is the decomposition of organic materials such as yard trimmings and food scraps by microorganisms. **Disposal: Combustion and Landfills***.* Trash that cannot be reduced, recycled, or composted must be disposed of. ***Combustion*** is the burning of waste in specially designed facilities often call ed incinerators. It reduces the bulk of waste, and some facilities provide the added benefit of energy recovery ("waste-to-energy" facilities). ***Landfills*** are also major components of waste management. A landfill is a large area of land or an excavated site that receives waste. Combustion facilities and landfills are subject to environmental controls that require them to be properly maintained so there is no waste runoff that might contaminate drinking water supplies. The portion of waste requiring combustion and land disposal can be significantly reduced by reducing, reusing, or recycling--- the "3 Rs" of solid waste management. ***Liquid wastes*** are the liquid part of the waste material. Liquid waste includes effluents of industries, fertilizer and pesticide solutions from agriculture fields, leachate from landfills, urban runoff of untreated waste water and garbage, miming wastes etc. The liquid waste may contain nontoxic inorganic substances or toxic organic substances. In small-scale machines, like vehicles or electronic appliances, gaseous emissions are sometimes overlooked because some toxic gases are invisible, like the ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as aerosols and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) that have escaped directly to the stratosphere to destroy the ozone layer. But there are better ways to reduce or avoid obvious emissions like dark some. The following are suggested ways to lessen the emission of gaseous wastes: [1. Conserve Energy] This reduces the need to produce energy because the consumption is lessened. [2. Use catalytic converters in cars] This lessens the production of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. 3\. [Engage in carpooling] Carpooling can greatly reduce the amount of air pollution. 4\. [Avoid burning] Burning releases toxic chemicals like dioxins and furans that are associated with respiratory problems. Prepared by: **[Mr. ROMEO P. ROWANO]** Subject Teacher in Earth Science \+