Health and Physical Education PDF

Summary

This document appears to be a set of materials on health and physical education, potentially a textbook or course notes. It covers topics such as sports, activities, yoga, and physical fitness.

Full Transcript

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789...

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ska-ÿ ˛ 2 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 t]∏¿ ˛ 209 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 Btcm-Ky-˛-Im-bn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 bqWn‰v 1 - ˛ ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Ifpw bqWn‰v 2 ˛ ImbnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ bqWn‰v 3 ˛ tbmKbpw Xmfm-flmI Ne-\-ßfpw 147 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 1234567890 1234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 bqWn‰v ˛ 1 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Ifpw 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 BapJw 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Btcm-Ky-Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-I-fn¬ ImbnI £aX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂- 234567890 234567890 234567890 Xn\pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p. Sow sKbn-ap-Ifnse ]¶m-fnØw Ip´n-Isf imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 kmaq-ln-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb D∂-Xn-bnseØn-°p-∂p. Ah Ip´n-I-fn¬ kl-I-cW at\m- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 `mhw, t\Xr-Xz-]mS-hw, \nb-a-߃ A\p-k-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnb kmaq-lnI KpW-߃ ssIh-cn-°p- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 ∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p. Ip´n-I-fpsS BtcmKy]cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v {i≤-]Xn∏n°p∂-Xnt\msSm∏w 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 \√ s]cpam‰ ioe-߃ hf¿ØnsbSp-t°-≠Xpw hfsc AXym-hiyam-Wv. PohnX ss\]p-Wn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 Iƒ B¿÷n-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\pw PohnX {]iv\-ßsf 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw PohnX ss\]p-Wn-I-fpw, ImbnI 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 {]h¿Ø-\-߃, tbmKbpw Xmfm-flI Ne-\-ßfpw XpS-ßnb aq∂v bqWn‰pIfmWv c≠mw ska- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Ã-dn¬ Btcm-Ky-Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw F∂ `mKØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw (Value Education) \n¿h-N\w 234567890 234567890 kaql-Øn\p KpW-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ kXy-k-‘-ambn s]cp-am-dm\pw amXr-Im-]-c-amb s]cp-am‰ ioe-߃ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw klm-bn-°p∂ Adnhv B¿÷n-°-em-Wv ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw ss\XnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw PohnX aqey-ßfpw kwkv°m-chpw hf¿ØpI F∂Xv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ e£y-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-Isf B hgn°v \bn-°p-∂p. amdn-sIm-≠n-cn- °p∂ PohnX kml-N-cy-߃ Ip´n-I-fn¬ henb {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂p≠v. CXv XcWw sNøp-hm\pw PohnX aqey-߃ Db¿Øp-hm\pw ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw klm-b-I-am-Ipw. imkv{Xw AXn-thKw hf-cp∂p ˛ Ch-bpsS \∑-Xn-∑-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ip´n-Iƒ {]m]vX- cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. imkv{X-Øns‚ hf¿® Pohn-X-Øns‚ icn-bmb Db¿®-bv°p-XIpw hn[w Ip´n- Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ Pohn-X-aq-ey-߃ Bh-iy-am-Wv. CØcw aqey߃ samss_¬ t^m¨, C‚¿s\-‰v, Sn hn, Iºyq-´¿ F∂n-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏- Sp-Øp-hm\pw Zpcp-]-tbmKw XS-bp-hm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂p. ss\Xn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw Cu hn[Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf {]m]vX-am-°p-∂p. amXm ˛ ]nXm ˛ Kpcp ssZhw F∂Xv `mc-Xob Nn¥-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-LSIam-Wv. amXm- ]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw _lp-am-\n-°p∂ kwkvImcw Ip´n-I-fn¬ sNdp-{]mbw apXte ioen-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CtXm-sSm∏w kl-Po-hn-I-tfmSv A\p-I-ºbpw _lp-am-\-hp-sa√mw hf-tc-≠Xv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Cu hn[w -\√ioe-ß- tfmsS hnZym¿∞n-Isf ]cn-]m-en-°p-hm≥ ss\Xn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw klm-b-I-am-hp-∂p. sshIm-cnI hf¿®-bpsS L´-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Ip´n-I-fpsS kvIqƒ ]T-\-ImeL´w IS-∂p- t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu L´-Øn¬ icn-bmb aqey-߃ Ah-cn¬ hf¿Øn-bm¬ kaq-l-Ønse ZpjvsN- bvXn-I-fn¬s]´v t]mImsX Ahsc ]cn-]m-en-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw Ip´n-Isf t_m[-ap-ff ]uc-∑m-cmbn Db¿Øp-∂p. temImtcmKy kwL-S\ (World Health Organization) \n¿t±-in-°p∂ 10 PohoX ss\]p-Wn- Iƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂Xv Ip´n-Iƒ°v icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Poh-X-Øn¬ A`n-ap-Jo-I- 148 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 cn-°p∂ {]iv\ß- sf ^e-{]-Za- mbn ssIImcyw sNøp-∂X - n\pw klm-bI - c - a - m-hpw. Pohn-Xs - Ø°pdn- 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ®p≈ ic-nbmb Adn-hns‚bpw Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ DNn-X-amb at\m-`m-h-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\- 123456789 123456789 123456789 Øn¬ cq]w sIm≈p∂ s]cp-am-‰-ßfpw ioeßfpw `mhn-bn¬ {]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v Ip´n-Isf 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 klm-bn-°pw. CØ-c-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf k÷-cm-°p∂Xn\p th≠n PohnXss\]pWn hnZym-`ymkw 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 {]h¿Ø\w 1 (ssa\¿ sKbnw) 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 t\Xm-hns\ Is≠-ج (Findout the leader) 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 Hcmƒ ss^≥U¿ Bb-Xn-\p-tijw _m°n F√m Ip´n-Ifpw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n¬°p-I. 123456789 123456789 123456789 ss^≥Usd hrØ-Øn¬ \n∂v Ipd-®p-Ise am‰n \n¿Øp-I. AXn\p tijw hrØ-Øn¬ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 \n¬°p∂ Ip´n-I-fn¬ \n∂v Hcmsf eoU-dmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. eoU¿ ImWn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø- 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 \-߃ _m°n-bp≈h¿ A\p-I-cn-°p∂p eoUsd t\m°m-sXbpw eoU-tdm-sSm-∏hp-amWv C{]- 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 Imcw sNtø-≠-Xv. (DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ¢m∏nw-Kv, Pw]nw-Kv, ssIIƒ Id-°¬, ssI°p-g-Iƒ, ssIhn- 123456789 123456789 123456789 c-hp-Iƒ F∂nh aS-°p-Ibpw \nh¿Øp-Ibpw sNø¬....) ss^≥Usd hyØ-Øn-\-Sp-tØ°v hnfn- 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 °p-I. BcmWv eoU¿ Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv F∂v I≠p ]nSn-t°-≠Xv ss^≥U¿ BWv. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ss^≥U¿ Hcn-S-Øp-Xs∂ \n¬°m≥ ]mSn√. hrØ-Øn-\p-≈n-eqsS Abmƒ \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn- 123456789 123456789 123456789 °Ww. CS-bv°n-Sbv°v eoU¿ BwKy-߃ am‰n-s°m≠ncn°-Ww. eoU¿ Bcm-sW∂v ss^≥U¿ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 I≠p-]nSn-®m¬ ASpØ XhW B eo-U¿ Bbn-cn-°pw ss^≥Udmth-≠-Xv. eoUsd I≠p-]-Sn- °p-∂-Xn\v ss^≥U¿°v ]c-am-h[n aq∂v Ah-k-c-߃ \¬Imw. Cu aq∂v Ah-c-ß-fnepw ss^≥U¿°v eoUsd Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ eoU¿°v kzbw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ss^≥U¿ BImw. F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw eoUdpw ss^≥Udpw BIm-\p≈ Ah-kcw krjvSn-°W - w. {]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2 (s]mXp N¿®) $ Cu Ifn-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v GsX√mw tijn-I-fmWv Bh-iy-am-bn- h-∂Xv? $ ss^≥U¿ Bb Ip´n-I-fn¬ Ipd-®p-t]¿°v eoUsd I≠p-]-Sn-°m≥ km[n-®p. F∂m¬ a‰p Nne¿°v aq∂p Ah-kc߃ In´n-bn´pw eoUsd Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-®n√ F¥psIm≠v? $ ÿnc-ambn CØcw Ifn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp∂Xphgn \nß-ƒ°v GsXms° tijn-hn-Im-k- ߃ t\Sm-\mhpw? (hy‡n-KX {]Xn-I-cWw ˛ Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ج) Findout the leader F∂ Ifn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\pw eoUsd Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw hnhn[ tijn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse hy‡n-Iƒ°v kaq-l-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Pohn- X-{]-iv\ß - sf ^e-{]-Za - mbn A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - n\pw CØcw PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (Life skills) Pohn-X-Ønse hyXyÿ kml-N-cy-߃/ {]iv\-߃ F∂n-hsb ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn\v Hcp hy‡n B¿÷n-t°≠ Ign-hp-I-fmWv PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]Øv PohnX ss\]p-Wn-I- fmWv CØ-c-Øn¬ temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S\ (WHO) hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. 1. kzbwAdn-bpI (Self Awareness) Ah-\-hs‚ IgnhpIfpw ]c-nan-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ign-hp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n hnI-kn-∏n-°p- hm\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ XcWw sNøm-\p-ap≈ tijn. 2. {Inbm-flI Nn¥ (Creative Thinking) ]pXp-a-bm¿∂ A\p-`-h-߃ D≠m-°p-tºmƒ hyXyÿambn Nn¥n-°m-\pap≈ Ign-hv. 149 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 1234567890 1234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 3. hna¿i-\m-fl-I Nn¥ (Critical Thinking) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Hcp kwK-Xn-bpsS KpW-h-i-ßfpw tZmj-h-i-ßfpw hy‡-ambn a\-kn-em°n A\p-tbm-Py- 234567890 234567890 234567890 amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 4. Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬ (Decision Making) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Poh-X-Øn¬ Npcp-ßnb kabw sIm≠v G‰hpw DNn-X-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m\pw DØ-c-hm- 234567890 234567890 234567890 ZnØt_m[-tØmsS AXv \S-∏m-°m-\p-ap≈ Ign-hv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 5. {]iv\]cn-l-cWtijn (Problem Solving Skill) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ k¶o¿Æ-amb {]iv\-߃ eLq-I-cn®v Ah A]-{K-Yn®v th≠ ]cn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 lmcw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ Ign-hv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 6. Bibhn\n-abtijn (Communication Skill) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Hcp hy‡n°v kz¥w Bi-b-߃ hy‡-ambn {]I-Sn-∏n-°m\pw a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv {i≤n- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 °m-\p-ap≈ Ign-hv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 7. hy‡ym¥c_‘w (Interpersonal Relationship) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hmtcm L´-Ønepw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp∂ hy‡n-I-tfmSv DNn-X-amb coXnbnep≈ 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 _‘w ÿm]n-°m\pw \ne-\n¿Øm-\p-ap≈ Ign-hv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 8. A\p-Xm]w (Empathy) as‰mcp hy‡n A\p-`-hn-°p∂ hnIm-c-߃ AtX Xo{h-X-tbmsS Dƒs°m-≠v, AXn-\\p-k- cn®v s]cp-am-dm-\p≈ Ign-hv. 9. hnIm-c-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Emotions) a\pjy klP-amb tIm]w, kt¥m-jw, \ncm-i, kvt\lw DXvIWvT XpS-ßnb hnIm-c- ߃ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah \nb-{¥n®v PohnXØn\p-]-I-cn°pw hn[w {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øm- \p-ap≈ Ign-hv. 10. am\-knI kΩ¿±-ß-fp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S¬ (Coping with Stress) Pohn-X-Øn¬ kΩ¿±-ap-≠m-°p∂ kml-N-cy-߃ ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sm\pw kΩ¿±w Pohn- XsØ _m[n-°mØ hn[w \nb-{¥n®p \n¿Øm-\p-ap≈ Ign-hv. {]h¿Ø\w 3 ({Kq∏v N¿®) {]h¿Ø\w 1 s‚ A\p`-h-Øn¬ hnhn[ Ifn-I-fnte¿s∏-SpI hgn temIm-tcm-Ky-kw-L-S\ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-´p-ff Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ Ip´n-Iƒ Fßs\ hf¿Øm-sa∂v N¿® sNøp-I. {][m\ Bi-b-߃ ˛ ss\XnI hnZym-`ymkw (Value Education) {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw ˛ PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ (Life Skills) F¥v? F¥n\v? XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w \nXy-Po-hn-X-Ønse hnhn[ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ {]iv\-ßsf ^e-{]-Z-ambn t\cn- Sp-∂-Xn\v \n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Fßs\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. (kvIn‰p-Iƒ, tdmƒtπ, kwhm-Z-߃, skan-\m-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb X{¥-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww) d^-d≥kv 1. D√m-k-]-d-h-Iƒ ˛ Std VIII, IX, X 2. Life skills Education - Prof. Bhagyashree. A Dudhade Bookman Publication (Neelkamal) 150 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 bqWn‰v ˛ 2 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ImbnI {]h¿Ø\߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 BapJw 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 Ip´nIfnse ImbnI£aX, ImbnI {]h¿Ø\߃, BtcmKyw Ch XΩnep≈ _‘amWv Cu 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 bqWn‰n¬ hnhcn°p∂Xv. Bib]cambn Cu bqWn‰n¬ tN¿Øncn°p∂ hnhc߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 BtcmKyImbnIhnZym`ymkØn\v Hcp ASnØdbpw hnebncpØepIƒ°v Hcp hymJym\hpamIpw. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ImbnI£aX ˛ \n¿Δ-N-\-߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 1. ssZ\wZn\w {]h¿Ø\߃ Du¿÷kzeXtbmSpIqSn Imcy£aambn \n¿Δln-°p∂Xn\pw 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 PohnXØnse AXymhiy kμ¿`ßfn¬ Bhiyambn hcp∂ A[nI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ 123456789 123456789 123456789 G¿s∏Sm\p≈ Du¿÷w Ahtijn°pIbpw sNøp∂ AhÿbmWv ImbnI£aX (Physi- 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 cal fitness). 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 2. ""BtcmKy{]iv\߃ Ipd™Xpw GXpXcw ImbnI {]h¿Ø\ßfnte¿s∏Sm\p≈ IcpØv 123456789 123456789 123456789 ssIs°m≠pw D≈ Hcp t£amhÿbmWv ImbnI£aX'' (luen B‚ v {^m¶vkv ˛ 1997) 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 3. ""ImbnI {]h¿Ø\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ign-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v Bfp-Iƒ B¿Pn-°p∂ 123456789 123456789 Hcp Iq´w hntij KpW-߃'' (bp.F-kv.U - n-∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v sl¬Øv B‚ v lqa≥ k¿hokv 1996). ImbnI£aX c≠pXcØnep≠v 1. BtcmKykw_‘amb ImbnI£aX 2. {]IS\kw_‘amb ImbnI£aX 1. BtcmKykw_-‘-amb ImbnI£aX (Health Related Physical Fitness) hymbm-a-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ImbnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw Hcp hy‡nsb BtcmKy]c-amb D∂- Xn-bn-te-s°-Øn-°p∂ £a-X-bmWv BtcmKy kw_-‘-amb ImbnI£a-X. CXv Hcp hy‡n- bpsS lrZb izmk-tIm-i-£-a-X-bpw, t]in-I-fpsS _ehpw hg-°hpw ÿnc-X-bp-sam° sa®-s∏- Sp-Øp-Ibpw \√ icoc A\p-]mXw (Body Composition) \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - n\v klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. 2. {]I-S\ kw_-‘-amb Imbn-I-£-aX (Performance Related Physical Fitness) ImbnI Imbn-tI-Xc {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS {]I-S-\hpw ss\]p-Wnbpw sa®-s∏-Sp- Øp-∂-Xn\pw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-h-iy-amb £a-X-bmWv {]I-S\ kw_-‘-amb ImbnI£a- X-sb∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv. thK-w (Speed), Npdp-Np-dp-°v (Agility), k¥p-e-\w (Balance), GtIm-]\w (Cordination) i‡n (Power) {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ kabw (Reaction Time) XpS-ßnbh CXns‚ LS- I-ß-fm-Wv. BtcmKykw_‘amb ImbnI£aXm LSI߃ lrZb˛izk\£aX (Cardio-Respiratory Endurance) IqSp-X¬ kabw \o≠p \n¬°p∂ ImbnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ HmIvknP≥ e`n°p∂Xn\v lrZbØns‚bpw izmk-tIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw Ign-hp- ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv Cu £a-X. Abhv (Flexibility) k‘nIfnse Ne\ kzmX{¥yØns‚ tXmXmWv Abhv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. 151 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 1234567890 1234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 t]ioÿncX (Muscular Endurance) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 £oWn°msX XpS¿®bmbn {]IS\w \SØm\p≈ t]inIfpsS IgnhmWnXv. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 t]io_ew (Muscular Strength) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 t]inIfpsS IcpØv {]ISn∏n°m\p≈ Ignhpambn _‘s∏´ ImbnI£aXbpsS LSIamWv 234567890 234567890 234567890 t]io_ew. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 icocA\p-]mXw (Body Composition) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb Af-hn¬ t]in, sImgp-∏v, Aÿn, Pew F∂nh a\pjy ico-co-Øn¬ D≠m- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 tI≠ Ah-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-XmWv icoc kwc-N-\. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 {]IS\kw_‘amb ImbnI£aXmLSI߃ 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 kv t ]m¿Sv k nepw Ne\sshZKv [ yØnepw h¿≤n® {]IS\w \SØp∂Xpambn _‘s∏´ 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 ImbnI£aXm LSIamWnXv 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 NpdpNpdp°v (Agility) 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 thKXtbmsSbpw IrXyXtbmsSbpw Hcp ÿeØp\n∂pw as‰mcp ÿetØbv°v amdm\p≈ 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 icocØns‚ IgnhmWnXv. k¥pe\w (Balance) Nen°ptºmtgm, \n›eambncn°ptºmtgm k¥pe\mhÿ \ne\n¿Øp∂Xpambn _‘s∏´XmWv Cu LSIw. GtIm]\w (Cordination) ico-c-Øns‚ Ne-\-ßsf ^e-{]-Z-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv. IcpØv (Power) i‡nbpsSbpw thKØns‚bpw ka\zbamWv IcpØv. thKw (Speed) Npcpßnb kabw sIm≠v Hcp Ne\w km[yamIm\p≈ IgnhmWv thKw F∂p]dbp∂Xv. hmanMv˛A∏v, hmwUu¨˛BhiyIX hmanMv˛A∏v ITn\amb ImbnI {]h¿Ø\߃°v icocsØ k÷am°p∂Xn\v th≠n sNøp∂ eLphymbmaapdIfmWv hmanMv ˛ A∏v F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv. ImbnI {]IS\w sa®s∏Sp∂Xn\pw ]cn°pIƒ hcmXncn°p∂Xn\pw £oWw Ipdbv°p∂Xn\pw hmanMv˛A∏v klmbn°p∂p. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb XbmsdSp∏mWv hmanMv˛A∏neqsS e£yanSp∂Xv. hmanMv˛A∏v s]mXpsh c≠mbn XcwXncn®ncn°p∂p. 1. P\d¬ hmanMv˛A∏v (s]mXp hmanßv A∏v) 2. kvs]kn^nIv hmanMv˛A∏v (\n¿ZnjvS hmanßv A∏v) P\d¬ hmanMv˛A∏v P\d¬ hmanMv˛A∏n¬ icocØn\v samØØn\v {]tbmP\w In´p∂ hymbmaapdIƒ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. \SØw, tPmKnMv, Bwkv sdmt´j≥, ln∏v sdmt´j≥, B¶nƒ sdmt´j≥, kvs{S®nMv XpSßnbh CXn¬s∏Sp∂p. 152 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 kvs]kn^nIv hmanMv˛A∏v 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ImbnI{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ IqSpXembp]tbmKn°p∂ icoct]inIƒ°v \¬Ip∂ {]tXyI 123456789 123456789 123456789 hymbmaapdbmWv kvs]kn^nIv hmanMv˛A∏v. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 "t{Xm' C\ßfn¬ ]cnioen°p∂h¿°v \¬Ip∂ kvs]kn^nIv hmanMv˛A∏v 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 FIvk¿sskkpIfmWv ]pjv˛A]vkv, ]pƒ˛A]vkv XpSßnbh. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 P\d¬ hmanMv˛A∏n\p tijamWv kvs]kn^nIv hmanMv˛A]v Bcw`n°p∂Xv. CXv Hmtcm 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ImbnI C\Øn\pw hyXykvXambncn°pw. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 hmw˛Uu¨ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ITn\amb ImbnI {]h¿Ø\߃°ptijw icocsØ ]q¿ΔÿnXnbnte°v sIm≠phcp∂ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 coXnbmWv hmw˛Uu¨. ITn\amb ImbnI {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS D≠mIphm\nSbp≈ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 t]inIfpsS £oWhpw, ImTn\yhpw ]cn°pIfpw Hcp ]cn[nhsc Ipdbv°p∂Xn\v hmw Uu¨ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 FIvk¿sskkpIƒ klmbn°p∂p. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ssa\¿ sKbnapIƒ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 GXp kmlNcyØnepw Ifn°mhp∂Xpw enJnX \nbamhenItfm \nb{¥Wßtfm C√mØXpw, 123456789 123456789 123456789 efnXambn Bkq{XWw sNbv X v , AXymhiyw th≠ \n¿tZi߃ ]men®psIm≠v G¿s∏Sp∂Xpamb IfnIfmWv ssa\¿ sKbnapIƒ. CØcw IfnIƒ°v efnXamb D]IcWßfpw ]cnanXamb ÿekuIcyßfpw am{XamWv Bhiyap≈Xv. {]mbt`Zsat\y F√mhn`mKw BfpIƒ°pw CØcw {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xn\v km[n°p∂p. kμ¿`Øn\-\pkcn®v Bhiyamb t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ hcpØn Ifnsb BI¿j-I-am-°p-hm≥ Ifn \nb- {¥n-°p-∂-h¿°v sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hnt\m-Z-Øn\pw hn⁄m-\-Øn-\p-a-∏pdw Imbn-I-£-aX ssIh- cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw CØcw ssa\¿ sKbn-ap-I-fn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. \ap°v Nne ssa\¿sK-bn-ap-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-SpIbpw ]cnioen°pIbpw sNømw. 1. F{X-t]¿..........-F-{X-t]¿ Ip´n-Iƒ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ tPmKv (hfsc kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ HmSp-∂p) sNøp-∂p. Ifn \nb-{¥n-°p- ∂-bmƒ HmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-tfmSv F{X-t]¿....F{X-t]¿ F∂v tNmZn-°p-∂p. HmSp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-bq...-]-d-bq... F∂v]d-bp-∂p. CXv ]e-X-hW Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ifn \nb-{¥n- °p-∂-bmƒ Hcp kwJy ]d-bp-Ibpw Ip´n-Iƒ AX-\p-k-cn®v {Kq∏m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. {Kq∏n¬s∏- SmsX t]mIp-∂-h¿ Ifn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øm-hp-∂p. 2. tUmUvPv t_mƒ Ip´n-Isf A, B F∂n-ßs\ c≠v {Kq∏m-°p-∂p. {Kq∏nse Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-a-\p-k-cn®v F√m- h¿°pw \n¬°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-hn-[-ap≈ hrØ-Øns‚ D≈n¬ A group Dw B group hrØ-Øns‚ shfn-bnepw \n¬°p-∂p. shfn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Ifn-°m¿ t_mƒ Im¬ap-´n\v Xmsg-sb-dn™v D≈n-ep-≈-hsc Ifn-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. hrØ-Øn\v shfn-bn¬ \n∂ Ifn- °m¿ hrØ-Øn-\p-≈nepw D≈n¬ \n∂-h¿ hrØ-Øn\v shfn-bn-ep-ambn Ifn XpS-cp-∂p. \n›n- X-k-abw \¬In-s°m≠v G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Ifn-°msc ]pd-Øm-°p∂ Soans\ hnP-bn-bmbn {]Jym- ]n-°p-∂p. \mS≥ Ifn-Iƒ ({]mtZ-inI Ifn-Iƒ) {]mtZ-inI Xe-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-ßfpw \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw A\p-k-cn®v Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv \S- ∏m-°p∂ Ifn-I-fmWv \mS≥ Ifn-Iƒ. {]tXyI ÿe-ß-fn¬/\mSp-I-fn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Nne 153 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 1234567890 1234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Ifn-Iƒ A\p-h¿Øn®p hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. kam-\-amb coXn-bn¬ Ifn-°p∂ CØcw Ifn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Iƒ Hmtcm ÿeØpw Hmtcm t]cp-I-fn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. CØcw Ifn-Iƒ Imbn-I-]-c- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 amb tijn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. Nne-\m-S≥ Ifn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 Infn-Ø-´p-Ifn 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 ]{¥≠v I≈n-I-fp≈ Hcp Zo¿L-N-Xpcw Ifn-ÿ-eØv hc®v AXns‚ hc-bn-eqsS Hcp Ip´n Infn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 bmbn HmSpw. hne-ß-s\-bp≈ Hmtcm hcbpw X´v F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. FXn¿ kwL-Øn¬ 234567890 234567890 234567890 \mtem, At©m t]¿ X´p-Iƒ IS∂v adp-h-i-sØ-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. Infn-bpsS Soan-ep-≈-h¿ 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 FXn¿So-an-ep≈ hsc XS-bp-hm≥ Hmtcm X´nepw ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-®n-´p-≠m-hpw. Ahsc I_-fn-∏n-®p- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 thWw X´v IS-°p-hm≥. X´v IS-°p-∂X - n-\n-Sb - n¬ Infn sXmSp-Ibpw sNø-cp-Xv. adp-hi - s - Ø-Øn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 bm¬ t]mbn‚ v e`n-°pw. CXv "D∏v' F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂X - v. IqSp-X¬ D∏v e`n-°p∂ Sow hnP-bn-°pw. 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 taP¿ sKbnwkv 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 enJnX \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®psIm≠v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Ifn-I-sf-bmWv taP¿ sKbnwkv 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 F∂p-]d - b - p-∂X - v. CØcw sKbn-ap-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂X - n\v \n›nX \ne-hm-cØ - nepw \njv°¿jn- 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 234567890 ®n-´p≈ Af-hn-ep-ap≈ Ifn-°-f-ßfpw AXym-h-iy-amWv. ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Ifn-°m-cpsS FÆ-Ønepw 234567890 234567890 234567890 a’-c-ssZ¿Ly-Ønepw hy‡-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃ ]men-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CØcw am¿§-\n¿tZ-i-߃ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xpw Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-∂Xpw hnhn[ A¥¿tZ-iob Imbn-I-kw- L-S\/Atkm-kn-tb-j-\p-I-fm-Wv. ^pSvt_mƒ, thmfnt_mƒ, _mUvan‚¨, I_Un F∂o taP¿ sKbnapIƒ \ap°v ]cnNbs∏Smw. ^pSvt_mƒ temI-Ønse G‰hpw P\-{]n-bhpw {]Nm-c-hp-ap-≈-Xp-amb Ifn-bmWv ^pSvt_mƒ. Cu Ifn-bpsS D¤-hsØ°pdn®v hy‡-amb hnh-c-߃ e`y-a-√. F¶nepw {Koknepw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnepw ^pSvt_mƒ Ifn-bpsS {]mKvcq-]-߃ {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ B[p-\nI ^pSvt_m-fns‚ Cu‰n- √-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂Xv Cw -≠m-Wv. 1904˛¬ cq]w sIm≠ "^n^' (s^U-td-j≥ C‚¿ \mj-W¬ Un ^pSvt_mƒ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥˛FIFA) BWv C∂v ^pSvt_mƒ Ifnsb temIØv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xv. thmfn-t_mƒ Hcp \q‰m-≠n\v apºv I≠p-]n-Sn®v Ifn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂ thmfn-t_mƒ sKbn-an¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXy- kvX-amWv C∂sØ thmfn-t_mƒ sKbnw. 1895˛¬ hneyw Po tam¿K≥ F∂ Ata-cn-°-°m-c- \mWv thmfn-t_mƒ Ifn°v cq]w \¬In-b-Xv. ant‚ms\‰v F∂ t]cn-emWv BZy-Im-eØv Cu Ifn Adn-bs- ∏-´n-cp-∂X - v. 1896˛¬ s{]m^.-F.-Sn.-lm¬ÃUv Cu Ifn°v thmfn-t_mƒ F∂v t]cn-´p. s^U-td-j≥ C‚¿\m-jW - ¬ Un thmfn-t_mƒ-˛FIVB) BWv Cu sKbn-ans\ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂X - v. _mUvan‚≥ Cw -≠nse mk-sÿsj-b¿ _mUvan‚¨ FtÃ-‰n¬ Ifn-®n-cp∂ Ifn-sb∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv Cu Ifn°v _mUvan‚≥ F∂ t]cp-e-`n-®-Xv. CsXmcp C≥tUm¿ sKbn-am-bmWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- sX-¶nepw Xpd∂ ÿe-ß-fnepw Ifn-°m-dp≠v. 1934˛¬ C‚¿\m-j-W¬ _mUvan‚≥ s^U-td- j≥-˛IBF (sF._n.-F-^v) cq]o-I-cn-®p. I_Un \mem-bn-c-tØmfw h¿jsØ Ncn-{X-ap≈ I_Un C¥ybn-ep-S-\ofw ]e t]cp-I-fnepw Ifn-®n- cp-∂p. hfsc sNdnb Ifn-ÿew am{Xta Cu Ifn°v Bh-iy-ap-≈q. 1973˛¬ Aa-Nz¿ I_Un 154 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678 89 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 s^U-td-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®p. C‚¿\mj-W¬ I_Un s^U-td-j≥-˛IKF (sF.sI.-F-^v) F∂ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 A¥m-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bv°mWv I_UnIfn-bpsS \nb-{¥-Ww. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 AXve-‰nIvkv 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 a’cw F∂ A¿∞w hcp∂ "AXvtem¨' F∂ {Ko°v hm°n¬ \n∂mWv "AXve-‰nIvkv' F∂ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 ]Zw D≠m-b-Xv. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 kzm`m-hnI Ne-\-ß-fmb Hm´w, Nm´w, Gdv apX-emb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Hcp ka-\z-b-amWv 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 AXve‰nIvkv sIm≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 AXve-‰nIvkv a’-c-bn-\-ßsf {][m-\-ambpw Bdv taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 1. {Sm°v C\-߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 2. ^o¬Uv C\-߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 3. Iwss_≥Uv C\-߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 4. amc-tØm¨ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 5. t{ImkvI¨{Sn a’-c-߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 6. \SØ a’cw 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 {Sm°v C\-߃ 123456789 123456789 123456789 100 ao‰¿ apX¬ 10,000 ao‰¿ hsc-bp≈ hnhn[ a’-c-߃ Hcp sNdnb ÿeØv kwL-Sn-∏n-°p- hm≥ ]mI-Øn-\mWv {Sm°v cq] Iev]\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. c≠v I¿hpw (Curve) c≠v

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser