20241018 Exam 2 Chapter 7-12 Student Study Guide PDF

202440.43189: BA-101-20: Introduction to Business Quizzes (Chapters 7-12) Student Study Guide MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Chapter 7 Quiz 1) Management today places more emphasis on A) individual work that can be success...

202440.43189: BA-101-20: Introduction to Business Quizzes (Chapters 7-12) Student Study Guide MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Chapter 7 Quiz 1) Management today places more emphasis on A) individual work that can be successfully measured. B) working in teams. C) striving to eliminate the control function of management. D) placing greater reliance on the government for financing. 2) Which characteristic is most useful for a modern manager? A) disciplinarian B) supervisor C) organizer D) technical skills 3) How are managers today different from managers in the past? A) Managers today are more likely to reprimand workers. B) Managers in the past would use praise and gentle suggestions. C) Managers in the past were less loyal to their employer. D) Managers today emphasize teamwork. 4) One of the four primary functions of management is A) controlling. B) marketing. C) financing. D) designing. 5) Which goal best describes today's view of the organizing function? Organizing today focuses on A) achieving unified opinions from a diversified workforce. B) designing the organization around pleasing the customer at a profit. C) simplifying the process of measuring outcomes related to performance standards. D) developing the most efficient strategic plans for the firm. Version 1 1 6) Which activity would be a part of the leading function of management? A) devising a new strategic plan to enter a new foreign market currently dominated by a competing firm B) recruiting qualified workers to join the organization and assigning them to their proper position C) examining a financial report to see whether the firm's profits are improving and taking corrective action if they are not D) training and coaching workers to help them understand their job and perform it effectively 7) As a manager, two of Samantha's greatest strengths are her ability to clearly communicate goals and her ability to guide, coach, and motivate her employees. Based on these strengths, __________ is a management function that Samantha is likely to be good at performing. A) controlling B) planning C) leading D) organizing 8) A meaningful mission statement should address topics such as the organization's A) form of ownership and methods of financing. B) self-concept and company philosophy. C) advertising strategy and distribution plan. D) tactical plans and contingency plans. 9) __________are broad, long-term accomplishments an organization wants to achieve. A) Goals B) Objectives C) Directives D) Agendas 10) A(n) __________ analysis is used to help companies evaluate their internal strengths and weaknesses, and develop an awareness of external threats and opportunities. A) WISH B) PERT C) ASSET D) SWOT Version 1 2 11) __________planning determines the major goals of an organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. A) Strategic B) Contingency C) Central D) Tactical 12) A(n) __________would be used by a department manager as a tool for making daily and weekly assignments. A) operational plan B) vision statement C) mission statement D) tactical plan 13) The first step in the rational decision-making model is to A) recruit team members to work on the problem. B) gather data. C) develop alternative responses. D) define the situation. 14) In a company in which an effective vision has been provided A) there is no need for tactical planning. B) the economic and competitive environments tend to be much more predictable. C) employees are likely to have a sense of purpose and a common set of values. D) goals and objectives are no longer needed. 15) A basic difference between goals and objectives is that goals are A) precise, while objectives are vague. B) set by tactical plans, while objectives are set by strategic plans. C) set by middle management, while objectives are set by first-line managers. D) concerned with broad, long-term accomplishments, while objectives focus on specific short-term details. 16) When a firm makes use of SWOT analysis, one of its objectives is to A) identify the best employees to fill each position within the organization. B) set specific short-term performance standards for each department. C) evaluate the desirability of issuing stocks or bonds in the current financial climate. D) identify the things it does well as an organization and the things it needs to improve. Version 1 3 17) Karleen was hired by a corporation to take over as the new CEO. Her initial impression is that the company is disorderly, primarily because the employees do not have a sense of purpose or a common set of values. Karleen's remarks suggest that she needs to provide a(n) __________ for the company. A) vision B) contingency plan C) objective function D) corporate logo 18) __________is the management function that involves allocating resources, assigning tasks, and establishing procedures for accomplishing the organizational objectives. A) Controlling B) Outsourcing C) Organizing D) Coordinating 19) Middle managers are responsible for A) establishing the vision for the organization. B) assigning specific jobs and evaluating the daily performance of workers. C) devising the organization's strategic plan. D) developing tactical plans and controlling. 20) Supervisory managers spend most of their time on A) conceptual and financial skills. B) technical and human relations skills. C) strategic planning. D) external efforts such as meeting with stockholders and other stakeholders. 21) Leadership, coaching, and morale building are all part of a manager's __________ skills. A) technical B) theoretical C) empirical D) human relations 22) Which management position is responsible for getting the right information to other managers to enable them to make better decisions? A) Chief Executive Officer (CEO) B) Chief Financial Officer (CFO) C) Chief Planning Officer (CPO) D) Chief Information Officer (CIO) Version 1 4 23) By comparing the types of skills used by managers at different levels within an organization, which statement is true? A) Top managers use mainly technical skills and middle and first-line managers use mostly conceptual skills. B) First-line managers use mainly technical and human relations skills, while top managers devote most of their time to activities involving human relations and conceptual skills. C) The types of skills used by managers do not change much from one level of management to another. D) The specific skills used at different levels of management do vary, but conceptual skills are the most important at all levels. 24) Dinah is responsible for hiring, motivating, and retaining the best employees for her organization. Dinah is in charge of A) staffing. B) orienting. C) directing. D) facilitating. 25) __________involves creating a vision for others to follow, establishing corporate values and ethics, and transforming the way an organization does business so that it is more effective and efficient. A) Organizing B) Production management C) Tactical planning D) Leadership Chapter 8 Quiz 1) Organizing a business begins with A) acquiring the necessary resources. B) choosing the best qualified employees. C) developing an efficient plan of action. D) determining the work to be done. 2) Dividing tasks into smaller jobs is called A) job enrichment. B) job specialization. C) departmentalization. D) division of authority. Version 1 5 3) The process of setting up individual units of the business to do specialized tasks is called A) departmentalization. B) division of labor. C) job specialization. D) delegation of authority. 4) How should a successful business react to changes in the market? A) go back to basic organizational principles and rebuild the firm on a solid foundation B) make minimal revisions to its business plans C) make minimal revisions to the organization's structure D) make incremental changes to avoid overcommitting to market changes that may be temporary 5) What information is provided by an organization chart? A) departmental budgets B) the function of each department C) the organization's vision D) the relationships between people 6) The concept of __________ suggests that as a firm produces more, the average cost of goods produced goes down. A) natural growth B) survival of the fittest C) cost enhancement D) economies of scale 7) Mass production refers to A) the development of ways to produce a large quantity of product efficiently. B) the development of ways to purchase raw materials in bulk. C) the decline in the cost of production due to an increase in the cottage industry. D) the era when most companies adopted very similar methods of producing goods and services, which led to standardization of organizational design. 8) Fayol's _________ principle states that each worker should report to one, and only one, boss. A) division of labor B) unity of command C) esprit de corps D) comparative advantage 9) __________believed that managers were trustworthy and companies would do well if employees simply did what they were told. A) John Keynes B) Adam Smith C) Peter Drucker D) Max Weber Version 1 6 10) The line of authority that moves from the top of a hierarchy to the lowest level is called the A) chain of logic. B) chain of command. C) organizational design. D) delegation of contingent authority. 11) One feature of a bureaucratic organization is that A) it is very responsive to the wants and needs of customers. B) there are very few layers of management. C) it encourages cooperation among different departments within the organization. D) employees know they are expected to follow the rules and regulations. 12) Economies of scale occur when A) frontline workers are empowered to make decisions. B) a firm reduces its average cost of production as it produces more. C) firms purchase supplies and raw materials in small quantities. D) production remains steady. 13) What strategy can companies use to help employees address customer needs more quickly? A) chain of command B) esprit de corps C) empowerment D) unity of command 14) Stoney, a bank financial manager, always attempts to treat each subordinate with respect and fairness. Stoney's treatment of employees is an example of Fayol's principle of A) unity of command. B) equity. C) empowerment. D) order. 15) What determines the degree of decentralization of a firm? A) the degree to which lower-level management is empowered to make decisions B) the chain of command used to follow the flow of authority from top of the hierarchy to the lowest levels C) the geographical area served by the firm's operations D) the degree of product standardization desired by the marketplace 16) In a(n) __________ authority organization, decision-making authority is concentrated at the top level of management. A) bottom-up B) decentralized C) inverted D) centralized Version 1 7 17) The optimum number of subordinates a manager can supervise is referred to as the A) manager-subordinate ratio. B) chain of command. C) employee quota. D) span of control. 18) How does information technology impact a manager's span of control? A) Information technology provides managers with tools that increase efficiency, so the span of control narrows. B) Information technology decreases standardization of tasks, so span of control narrows. C) Information technology allows managers to handle more information, so span of control widens. D) Information technology hinders clear communication, so span of control widens. 19) Due to more emphasis on empowerment and more talented and better-educated non-management employees, span of control in organizations has A) increased. B) decreased. C) become an obsolete term in organization design. D) led to tall organizations. 20) The __________an organization's structure, the __________Blank the span of control. A) flatter; wider B) flatter; narrower C) taller; wider D) taller; flatter 21) The trend today is for large organizations to empower employees with authority and responsibility to make decisions, allowing the organization to A) create specific rules for everyone to follow. B) respond quickly to customer demands. C) restructure into a bureaucratic organization. D) reduce the span of control for managers. 22) __________refers to the process of dividing organizations into separate units. A) Coordination B) Decentralization C) Empowerment D) Departmentalization 23) The traditional technique used to departmentalize an organization is by A) function. B) customer group. C) geographic area. D) production process. Version 1 8 24) A __________Blank organization is characterized by direct two-way lines of responsibility, authority, and communication running from the top to the bottom of the organization, with all people reporting to only one supervisor. A) matrix B) cross-functional C) line D) line-and-staff 25) Line-and-staff organizations work well in organizations with A) operations in high-growth industries. B) stiff competition. C) short product life cycles. D) a relatively unchanging environment. Chapter Quiz 9 1) In recent years, the service sector of the U.S. economy has A) grown much more rapidly than the manufacturing sector. B) become the low-wage sector of the U.S. economy. C) declined significantly in productivity levels. D) focused less on quality and more on reducing costs of production. 2) Manufacturing output in the United States continues to increase. The dropping employment rate of people working in the manufacturing sector A) is the result of untrained laborers. B) is strictly a factor of U.S. manufacturing companies outsourcing the majority of their work. C) is due to the increased efficiencies created by technology. D) can be attributed to manufacturing going green. 3) In terms of industry and employment in the United States, it can be said that A) American industry employs more people today that it did a few decades ago. B) American industry will likely never employ as many people as it did in the 1950s. C) in today's market, more people are employed in manufacturing jobs than service jobs. D) the manufacturing industry appears to be returning to employment gains seen during the Industrial Revolution. 4) To remain competitive globally, American manufacturing must A) lower the wages of unskilled workers. B) keep up with the latest international production techniques. C) support students in high school and college interested in studying the arts. D) cut the amount of benefits offered to skilled workers. Version 1 9 5) Production management is the term historically used to describe all the activities managers do to help their firms create A) resources. B) goods. C) goodwill. D) equities. 6) The U.S. economy is now driven by A) farming. B) manufacturing. C) services. D) trade. 7) Operations management in the service sector is focused on creating A) good experiences for those who use the service. B) jobs for the local community. C) additional customer expectations. D) inexpensive ways to get things done. 8) When it comes to artificial intelligence (AI), businesses in the service industry A) have yet to begin using AI in significant ways. B) typically only use AI if the business also provides goods. C) have significantly increased their use of AI in their operations. D) tend to use AI exclusively in sales and marketing 9) For most service businesses the quality standard has become A) providing prompt and predictable service. B) providing a competitive level of service at the lowest cost. C) pleasing customers by anticipating their needs. D) less important than it is for manufacturing businesses. 10) A luxury hotel chain offers restaurants with the finest service, elevators that run smoothly, and a front desk that checks people in quickly. Often, fresh-cut flowers are in the lobbies and dishes of fruit are in each room. __________Blank is responsible for implementing these customer benefits. A) Human resources management B) Direct sales management C) Operations management D) Production management Version 1 10 11) Production activities that add value create A) time utility. B) possession utility. C) form utility. D) marginal utility. 12) __________utility is the value added by the creation of finished goods and services using raw materials, components, and other inputs. A) Manufacturing B) Marginal C) Consumption D) Form 13) In __________ materials are physically or chemically changed to produce a product. A) process manufacturing B) assembly processes C) utilitarian production D) diffusive manufacturing 14) In the past, the idea behind mass production was to A) produce goods of the highest possible quality. B) give producers the maximum flexibility to respond to customer preferences. C) make large quantities of a limited variety of products at very low cost. D) give workers more control over their work environment. 15) Expensive software that enables computer-aided design machines to communicate with computer-aided manufacturing machines is called A) a flexible system. B) a computer-based feedback control system. C) computer-integrated manufacturing. D) heuristic manufacturing integration. 16) In __________, machines are designed to do multiple tasks so that they can produce a variety of products. A) systems engineering B) microdesign C) modular construction D) flexible manufacturing Version 1 11 17) The goal of lean manufacturing is to A) keep inventories of finished goods as high as possible. B) produce goods and services with less of everything that goes into the process. C) produce a very limited variety of goods. D) become more self-sufficient by producing major components rather than buying them. 18) Although robotic technology may take over certain roles, human contributions are still valuable because A) humans can think and act creatively. B) are more precise than robots. C) are more adaptable to change than robots. D) are a cheaper resource than robots. 19) A basic characteristic of flexible manufacturing is that it A) relies heavily on labor, since humans are more adaptable than machines. B) uses machines designed to perform multiple tasks so they can be used to produce a variety of products. C) achieves its flexibility at the cost of much slower rates of production than mass production techniques. D) is only possible when using mass-production processes. 20) A company becomes lean by __________Blank its capacity to produce high-quality goods while __________Blank its need for resources. A) investigating; planning B) increasing; decreasing C) decreasing; increasing D) planning; investigating 21) The use of __________has increased productivity along the assembly line and within service-based businesses while simultaneously causing a reduction in jobs for people. A) robots B) generic products C) quality standards D) 3D printers 22) __________ is the process of selecting a geographic location for a company's operations. A) Facility location B) Facility layout C) FRP D) Geographic requirements planning Version 1 12 23) What is a likely reason that a company would move its facility from one location to another? A) availability of expensive labor B) higher quotas on competing goods C) access to various modes of transportation D) availability of a retired workforce 24) Firms that have a goal of _________ tend to locate facilities with access to major highways, ports, railways, and airports. A) reducing time to market B) using ERP techniques C) replacing labor with machinery D) switching to a more service-oriented product mix 25) Modular facilities layouts consist of A) teams of workers who work together on a complex assembly. B) lines of workers who do a small series of tasks and then pass along the product through the line to the next worker. C) virtual companies and their supplier relationships. D) workers who have a model in front of them that they try to replicate several times. Chapter 10 Quiz 1) he personal satisfaction people feel when they have done a job well is a(n) _________ reward. A) cognitive B) extrinsic C) physiological D) intrinsic 2) __________ is considered the "father" of scientific management. A) Elton Mayo B) Frank Gilbreth C) Henry Gantt D) Frederick Taylor 3) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed the principle of __________Blank, which said that every job could be broken down into a therblig. A) motion economy B) marginal productivity C) division of labor D) self-actualization Version 1 13 4) Which statement is the best description of how scientific management viewed employees? A) Employees are like machines that must be properly programmed. B) Most employees are creative and intelligent individuals who should be given a great deal of freedom and flexibility in how they perform their jobs. C) Employees will only exert their maximum effort if they believe that their goals are attainable. D) Employees are individuals who respond more positively to intrinsic awards. 5) The original goal of the Hawthorne studies was to determine A) the average IQ of production employees. B) whether employees could work effectively in unsupervised teams. C) the level of illumination that was associated with optimum productivity. D) how to stimulate employees to be more creative. 6) The concept that a hierarchy of human needs could be used to explain motivation was developed by A) Abraham Maslow. B) Frederick Taylor. C) Douglas McGregor. D) Frederick Herzberg. 7) A social worker explained to a group of foster parents that all children want to feel accepted and loved. Which of the needs in Maslow's hierarchy does this describe? A) self-actualization B) esteem C) physiological D) social 8) Herzberg's research identified several __________Blank factors that were related to the job environment. They did not necessarily motivate employees if they were increased, but they could cause employees to become dissatisfied if they were missing or inadequate. A) retroactive B) inferior C) hygiene D) negative Version 1 14 9) __________Blank used the terms Theory X and Theory Y to describe different attitudes managers have about employees. A) Robert Colby B) Elton Mayo C) Douglas McGregor D) Victor Vroom 10) __________is based on the notion that setting ambitious but attainable goals will improve motivation and performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions. A) Theory J B) Goal-setting theory C) Scientific management D) The principle of performance feedback 11) The purpose of management by objectives is to A) enable top management to set goals for the entire organization. B) simplify the jobs of middle management by providing them with predetermined goals and objectives. C) help employees motivate themselves with a goal-setting model that involves discussion, review, and evaluation by management and employees. D) allow employees to set their own goals without consulting with management. 12) __________is a system of goal setting and implementation that involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle managers, supervisors, and employees. A) Extrinsic reward B) Management by objectives C) The three-step planning system D) Hierarchy of needs 13) Management by objectives is most effective in organizations that A) are relatively stable. B) are faced with rapidly changing conditions. C) rely heavily on the principles of scientific management. D) are subject to extensive government regulation. 14) In the work environment, __________ means to work with an employee, doing part of the work if necessary. A) coaching B) guiding C) helping D) teaching Version 1 15 15) According to expectancy theory, the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their A) expectations of the outcome. B) manager's level of cooperation. C) perception of the importance of the task. D) level of needs that are not yet satisfied. Chapter 11 Quiz 1) __________ is the process of determining human resource needs and then recruiting, selecting, developing, motivating, evaluating, compensating, and scheduling employees to achieve organizational goals. A) Staffing B) Performance grouping C) Human resource management D) Job analysis 2) The ultimate resource of a firm is its A) business plan. B) marketing mix. C) capital budget. D) employees 3) One of the key functions of human resource management is A) marketing. B) recruiting. C) budgeting. D) controlling. 4) Today, human resource management is considered a function which is A) increasing in importance as a means of achieving organizational goals. B) considered mostly routine and clerical in nature. C) unnecessary in emerging service and high-tech manufacturing industries. D) decreasing in significance due to an excess of qualified workers. 5) Today, the ability to compete in global markets depends most on A) the labor force. B) networking relationships. C) financial regulations. D) consumer behavior. Version 1 16 6) In coming years, high-tech growth areas such as computer technology, biotechnology, and robotics are likely to experience a A) surplus of labor. B) significant decline in market demand. C) shortage of skilled labor. D) stable equilibrium in the labor market. 7) One aspect of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is that it A) gives all citizens over the age of 18 the right to vote regardless of race, religion, sex, or creed. B) prohibits firms from using employment testing as a means of selecting employees and determining which employees should be promoted. C) requires all firms with over 100 employees to establish an affirmative action plan. D) prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, sex, creed, or national origin in matters such as hiring, firing, training, and compensation. 8) The Family and Medical Leave Act provides A) paid leave for women who choose to stay home with newborn infants. B) unpaid leave of up to 12 weeks for men and women for the birth or adoption of infants, or to care for an immediate family member who may be ill. C) unlimited unpaid leave for workers (male or female) who have a new baby. D) extended re-employment training to parents after maternity leave is completed. 9) An important U.S. government organization charged with setting human resource management guidelines is A) the EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). B) the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). C) the WPA (Works Progress Administration). D) the GSA (General Services Administration). 10) According to U.S. business law, accommodation means A) treating all employees fairly. B) ensuring that all employees receive identical considerations in tasks and work environment. C) careful consideration before firing someone and hiring two younger persons to replace them. D) providing services for employees according to their specific needs. 11) The first step in the human resources planning process is to A) prepare a forecast of human resource needs. B) assess future labor demand. C) prepare job specifications for each position within the organization. D) prepare a human resource inventory. Version 1 17 12) The last step of the human resource planning system is to A) publish a human resource inventory listing the names, ages, job titles, skills, and other pertinent information for all employees in the organization. B) develop an affirmative action statement to explain how the company will meet federal government guidelines on hiring and promotions. C) hold a general meeting to explain the impact of the plan to employees. D) establish a strategic plan for recruiting, selecting, training, appraising, compensating, and scheduling the labor force 13) A __________ explains what an employee would actually do at various jobs. A) job analysis B) performance appraisal C) job assessment D) job specification 14) The __________ which is developed based on the previous four steps of the human resource planning process, addresses how the firm will accomplish a wide array of human resource functions such as recruiting, selecting, training and developing, appraising, compensating, and scheduling its employees. A) strategic plan B) tactical plan C) human resource inventory D) labor forecast 15) GlassDoor and Indeed are examples of A) web browsers. B) career interest surveys. C) websites that firms can use to recruit employees. D) magazines that list job opportunities by geographic location. Chapter Quiz 12 1) A(n) __________ is an employee organization that represents workers in employee- management bargaining over job-related issues. A) trades guild B) union C) ESOP D) cross-functional team Version 1 18 2) The presence of formal labor organizations in the United States dates back to the A) late 1700s. B) Civil War. C) late 1800s. D) depression years of the 1930s. 3) The first national labor organization in the United States was the A) Knights of Labor. B) Congress of Industrial Organizations. C) American Federation of Labor. D) United Farm Workers Union. 4) In a(n) _________, all the members are skilled specialists in a particular trade. A) credit union B) craft union C) industrial union D) trade federation 5) The two major influences on the growth of unions in the United States were A) population growth and the agrarian economy. B) the agrarian economy and the Taft-Hartley Act. C) the Landrum-Gri-ffin Act and support of management. D) laws that supported unionizing and public opinion. 6) __________is the process by which representatives of a union meet with representatives of management to negotiate a contract for workers. A) Mediation B) Arbitration C) Cooling off D) Collective bargaining 7) The first federal minimum wage was established in 1938 by the A) Fair Labor Standards Act. B) Wagner Act. C) Labor–Management Relations Act. D) Pay Equity Act. 8) The objectives of labor unions have A) remain focused solely on increasing wages. B) shifted with social and economic conditions. C) shifted to concerns about overseas workers. D) favored craft unions. Version 1 19 9) Under a(n) __________Blank shop agreement, workers must belong to the union before they are hired. A) open B) union C) agency D) closed 10) __________ is the use of a third party to encourage labor and management to continue negotiating in an effort to settle a labor dispute or achieve a mutually acceptable labor-management agreement. A) Arbitration B) Mediation C) Reconciliation D) Intercession 11) Historically, the most potent union tactic when collective bargaining efforts break down has been the A) strike. B) lockout. C) court injunction. D) primary boycott. 12) __________B are workers a company hires to replace workers who are out on strike. A) Yellow dogs B) Fringe workers C) Stewards D) Strikebreakers 13) A comparison of compensation of CEOs in the United States with compensation of top executives in Europe shows that A) U.S. CEOs are working for much lower compensation. B) pay for CEOs at major corporations is about the same in every country. C) executives in the U.S. are compensated at a much higher rate. D) U.S. executives are paid better than Europeans when their firms are successful, but worse when their firms struggle. 14) __________Blank is the demand for equal pay for jobs requiring similar levels of education, training, and skill. A) Affirmative action B) Compensation by objectives C) Shift differential D) Comparable worth Version 1 20 15) In the U.S. today, women earn close to __________Blank of what men earn, though the disparity varies considerably by profession, experience, and level of education. A) 24 percent B) 54 percent C) 84 percent D) 94 percent SHORT ANSWERS Chapter 7 1) What was name of the leadership speaker from the TED talk we watched in class and name his theory and the three areas of the theory? 2) What are the four functions of management? 3) What does SWOT mean and identify which areas are internal and external to the organization? 4) What are the four types of planning? Chapter 9 1) What was the name of the company in the video we watched in class regarding operations management in action and share three methods and features of this company. 2) What are the four types of facility layout options in operations management planning shared in the classroom slides? Chapter 10 1) Give two examples of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards discussed in class 2) Name four of the six counterproductive behaviors discussed in the group session of class 3) Name four of the five stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs 4) What does MBO stand for and name three of the five areas shared in the classroom slides. Version 1 21