PYB100 Week 9 Personality PDF

Personality PYB100 Week 9 Jessica Carroll [email protected] *special thanks to Liv Miller for sharing some slides Overview What is personality? Theories of personality Psychodynamic Cognitive-social Trait Humanistic Nature vs. Nurture Does personality change?  A...

Personality PYB100 Week 9 Jessica Carroll [email protected] *special thanks to Liv Miller for sharing some slides Overview What is personality? Theories of personality Psychodynamic Cognitive-social Trait Humanistic Nature vs. Nurture Does personality change?  Activity Discuss with someone seated near you what words you would use to describe your own personality. How about some words to describe your partner or closest friend? What is personality? Personality refers to enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances Personality is a cluster or group of consistent yet distinct characteristics The aim of personality research is to Construct general theories that describe the structure of personality Assess individual differences in personality Theories of personality Cognitive- social Trait theories theories Psychodynam ic theory Humanistic Personali theories ty Psychodynamic theories Began with Freud Based on in-depth observation of patients and their behaviour; intensive case studies Motives (including fears, wishes, intentions) as the main determinants of personality Source: http://neoneocon.com Freud’s topographic model 3 types of mental processes: Conscious – rational, goal-directed Preconscious – can become conscious Unconscious – irrational, associative, repressed Unconscious processes can influence thoughts, behaviour, mood Conflict occurs between the different aspects of consciousness (opposing motives) Successful resolution of conflict requires compromise formation Freud’s drive (instinct) model Suggested human behaviour is motivated by two drives (or instincts) Aggressive Drive Aggression refers to passive aggressive reactions, as well as physical and verbal aggression Sexual (Libido) Drive Libido refers to pleasure-seeking, sensuality and love, as well as desire for intercourse Took the libidinal drive to the next level and proposed the developmental model Source: www.mobypicture.com Freud’s developmental model Libido follows a developmental course during childhood Stages of psychosexual development Fixed progression of change from stage to stage Notion of fixation at a particular libidinal stage Reflects the child’s evolving quest for pleasure and growing realisation of the social limitations on this quest Freud’s structural model Conflict viewed as occurring between three ‘forces’: Id: reservoir of sexual and aggressive energy, unconscious and driven by impulses; follows pleasure principle Superego: counterbalance to id, source of conscience and ideals; seeks ego ideal Ego: must balance id and superego, obeys reality principle Conflict among various forces leads to a compromise forged by the ego Source: https://witcritic.com Freud’s structural model Let’s work on another example…. Scenario: Your co-worker is repeatedly talking over you in a meeting with your boss present, which isn’t allowing you to put forward the ideas you’ve been working really hard on in the recent week. What might your Id, Superego and Ego be saying in your mind as a result of this scenario? ?? ?? ?? Defence mechanisms Defence mechanisms are unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting us from unpleasant emotions. Maladaptive ways to attempt to resolve an inner conflict (not successfully) Self-protection function There are a lot of defence mechanisms, but people tend to fall back on a couple Use of defence mechanisms is not always within our awareness but can become more aware of them with reflection Defence mechanisms Source: http://blog.lib.umn.edu Assessing unconscious patterns Life History Methods: Understand the person in the context of life experiences Projective Tests: Persons presented with ambiguous stimulus will ‘project’ their own impulses and desires into a description of the stimulus Rorschach inkblot test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Psychodynamic theories: Evaluation Contributions Emphasis on unconscious processes Identification of conflict and compromise Importance of childhood experiences in shaping adult personality Limitations Not solidly based on scientific observation Emphasis on drives (sex and aggression) Gender bias Cognitive-social personality theory Cognitive–social personality theory places emphasis on learned aspects of personality as well as expectations and beliefs of the person Person must encode the situation as relevant Situation must have personal meaning Person must believe in their ability to carry out a behaviour Personal constructs are mental representations of significant people, places and things Central idea: our personality is shaped by learning from experiences as well as the thoughts that surrounded that experience Cognitive-social model of behaviour Cognitive-social theories Whether people carry out an action depends on Source: freelancecoach.com expectancies and competencies: Behaviour-outcome expectancies: belief that a behaviour will lead to an outcome Self-efficacy expectancies: belief that the person can perform the behaviour Competencies: skills used for problem-solving Self-regulation: setting goals, evaluating performance and responding to feedback Personality reflects a constant interplay between environmental demands and the way the individual processes information about the self, others and the world Cognitive-social theories: Evaluation Contributions Provided emphasis on the role of thought and memory in personality Limitations Overemphasis of rational side of personality Avoidance of explanations of unconscious processes in personality  Revision questions 1)John decides to leave work an 2) According to cognitive-social hour early on Friday without theory, the process in which a getting his boss’s permission person evaluates their confidence first. His coworkers were telling to perform a behaviour is called: him over lunch they always a) Behaviour outcome expectancy sneak out early on Fridays b) Competency expectancy because it’s deserved. John’s c) Self-efficacy expectancy behaviour represents: d) Self-regulation expectancy a) Regression b) Displacement c) Rationalisation d) Repression  Revision questions 1)John decides to leave work an 2) According to cognitive-social hour early on Friday without theory, the process in which a getting his boss’s permission person evaluates their confidence first. His coworkers were telling to perform a behaviour is called: him over lunch they always a) Behaviour outcome expectancy sneak out early on Fridays b) Competency expectancy because it’s deserved. John’s c) Self-efficacy expectancy behaviour represents: d) Self-regulation expectancy a) Regression b) Displacement c) Rationalisation d) Repression BREAK Trait theories of personality Trait: refers to emotional, cognitive and behavioural tendencies that constitute underlying personality dimensions on which individuals can vary Traits can be measured by asking the self or another to rate the self How many traits are required? Allport noted some 18,000 traits Cattell argued for 16 distinct traits  3 super Eyesenck’s theory traits Extroversion/- Introversion Neuroticism/ emotional stability Psychoticism/impuls e control The Five Factor Model You have a go … Neither Agree Disagree Disagre agree Agree I see myself as someone strongl strongly e a little nor a little who… y disagree 1 …has an active imagination 1 2 3 4 5 2 …does a thorough job 1 2 3 4 5 3 …is outgoing, sociable 1 2 3 4 5 4 …is generally trusting 1 2 3 4 5 5 …gets nervous easily 1 2 3 4 5 6 …has few artistic interests 5 4 3 2 1 7 …tends to be lazy 5 4 3 2 1 8 …is reserved 5 4 3 2 1 …tends to find fault with 9 5 4 3 2 1 others …is relaxed, handles stress 10 5 4 3 2 1 well Score your results Your score Key: Openness: Add items 1 & 6 2 is very low 6 is moderate Conscientiousness: Add items 2 & 7 10 is very high Extraversion: Add items 3 & 8 Agreeableness: Add items 4 & 9 Neuroticism: Add items 5 & 10  Six factor HEXACO Agreeableness (A) Facets: Forgivingness, Gentleness, Flexibility, Honesty-Humility (H) Facets: Sincerity, Fairness, Greed Avoidance, Modesty Patience Adjectives: Sincere, honest, faithful, loyal, Adjectives: patient, tolerant, peaceful, mild, modest/unassuming versus sly, deceitful, greedy, agreeable, lenient, gentle versus ill-tempered, pretentious, hypocritical, boastful quarrelsome, stubborn, choleric Emotionality (E) Conscientiousness (C) Facets: Fearfulness, Anxiety, Dependence, Facets: Organization, Diligence, Perfectionism, Sentimentality Prudence Adjectives: Emotional, oversensitive, sentimental, Adjectives: organized, disciplined, diligent, careful, fearful, anxious, vulnerable versus brave, tough, independent, self-assured thorough, precise versus sloppy, negligent, reckless, lazy, irresponsible, Extraversion (X) Facets: Social Self-Esteem, Social Boldness, Openness to Experience (O) Sociability, Liveliness Facets: Aesthetic Appreciation, Inquisitiveness, Adjectives: Outgoing, lively, extraverted, sociable, Creativity, Unconventionality talkative, cheerful, active versus shy, passive, Adjectives: intellectual, creative, unconventional, withdrawn, introverted, quiet Ashton et al., 2004 innovative, ironic versus shallow, unimaginative, conventional The Dark Triad Trait theories: Evaluation Contributions Traits can be empirically measured Assume individual differences in traits Limitations Depend on self-report Statistical analyses may govern outcomes Do not explain how and why traits emerge Traits may have different cultural meanings Humanistic theories Humanistic personality theorists reject the behaviourist and psychodynamic notions of personality Humanists emphasise the notion that each person has a potential for creative growth The intent is to assist people in developing to their maximal potential Rogers’ person-centred approach Human beings are good by nature but personality becomes distorted by interpersonal experiences Phenomenal experience – the way people conceive of reality Source: www.psychologytoday.com and experience themselves and their world Each person has multiple selves: True-self: the core aspect of being, untainted False-self: the self that is created by distortions from interpersonal experiences, conditions of worth Ideal-self: what the person would like to be Self or self-concept as an organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself, which can diverge from ideal self Humanistic theories: Evaluation Contributions Focus on how humans strive to determine the meaning of life Limitations Humanistic approach is not a complete theoretical account of personality The approach has not generated a body of testable hypotheses and research Nature vs Nurture  Does personality change? Debate over the extent to which personality is stable led to recognition of the importance of person-by-situation interactions. Context dependence Personality: enduring patterns of thought, feeling, motivation and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances One interpretation is that personality should predict our behaviour in all situations e.g., an extrovert should always want to socialise But they don’t sometimes extroverts want to be alone people who seem extroverted can feel like introverts Context dependence Situations are more important than traits for explaining behaviour Where situations are stable, behaviour is predictable Need to observe people in context “Traits” are situation-specific: when in situation is X, trait Y is likely to be expressed Context dependence Resolution 1: Interactionism Traits and situations interact We need to understand both to understand a person Resolution 2: Aggregation Traits are poor predictors of single behaviours Better at predicting how people are likely to behave in aggregate  Summary Personality refers to enduring patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour that are expressed in different circumstances. Psychodynamic, Cognitive-Social, Trait and Humanistic theories all attempt to explain and predict determinants of personality (i.e., motives, emotions, problem solving, ways of interacting with others, ways of thinking about ourselves, others, the world). Personality is the way our motives, emotions and ways of thinking about ourselves, others and the world interact in particular situations to produce ways of responding that are characteristically ‘ours’.  Revision questions 3) What traits are included in the 4) Which of the following part five factor model? of Roger’s person-centred a) Openness, humility, narcissism, approach to personality is emotionality, agreeableness b) Extraversion, openness, based on interpersonal conscientiousness, honesty, distortions? agreeableness a) False self c) Conscientiousness, neuroticism, b) Ideal self extroversion, agreeableness, openness c) True self d) Narcissism, humility, d) Pretend self psychopathy, emotionality, agreeableness  Revision questions 3) What traits are included in the 4) Which of the following part five factor model? of Roger’s person-centred a) Openness, humility, narcissism, approach to personality is emotionality, agreeableness b) Extraversion, openness, based on interpersonal conscientiousness, honesty, distortions? agreeableness a) False self c) Conscientiousness, neuroticism, b) Ideal self extroversion, agreeableness, openness c) True self d) Narcissism, humility, d) Pretend self psychopathy, emotionality, agreeableness Thank you!