2024 Lecture 3: Agriculture & Food PDF

MIMM211 Mycology - Fungi in agriculture and food industry François Le Mauff, PhD (he/his) 1  Please download and install the...

MIMM211 Mycology - Fungi in agriculture and food industry François Le Mauff, PhD (he/his) 1  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Join at slido.com #1961517 ⓘ Start presenting to display the joining instructions on this slide. From environmental issue to the food industry White Nose Syndrome Pathogen: Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Ascomycota) Host: Bats Mortality: 5 millions / year (70 - 100% of infected hibernaculum) Intriguing facts: No mass mortality in Europe! A mycovirus uniquely found in the North American Pd isolate! 3  From environmental issue to the food industry More than 300 fruit trees depend on bat for pollinisation: Mangos Bananas Guavas … So far, no report of infection of the bats pollinating agave flowers. Insect population control issue 4  From environmental issue to the food industry … and to human health Economic importance of bats in agriculture. Boyles et al, 2011 5  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which crop did we lose to fungal infection? ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Monoculture and fungal infections Herbs producing fruit without the need for fertilization. No sexual reproduction – no genetic diversity! 7 Monoculture and fungal infections Propagation from South Asia plants to Martinique by French colon in the early 1800’s Tasty bananas conquer the entire world 1874 – Australia: Banana farm decimated by a fungal disease! Variety « Gros Michel » (Big Mike) 8  Monoculture and fungal infections The fusarium wilt spread across the world DOI: (10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7092) Fusarium wilt and its agent: Fusarium oxysporum TR1 (Ascomycota – Sardoriomycete) 9  Monoculture and fungal infections Gros Michel goes commercially extinct in 1965 10 Sources: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58378-9 / https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.628611  Monoculture and fungal infections Gros Michel is dead, Vive Cavendish! … The History repeats itself with Fusarium oxysporum TR4 11 10.1371/journal.ppat.101076  Monoculture and fungal infections Wheat rust provoked by Over the rest of the year, Puccinia graminis (Basidiomycota) Infection of barberry plants were sexual reproduction occurs Over summer, asexual reproduction of P. graminis in wheat 12 Monoculture and fungal infections In the UK, wheat rust nearly disappeared for 60 years! (in association with breeding new wheat and antifungals) 13  Monoculture and fungal infections Barberry Carpet (Pareulype berberata) In association with climate change, wheat stem rust is coming back in UK! Insect relies on barberry plants for its survival. Conservationists replanted more than 4000 barberry bushes in the UK. 14 Credit: James Lowen & Wayne Clinch https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/barberry-carpet  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Not all fungi are bad! According to you, what good does fungi do? ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  The mycorrhizal fungi Mycorrhizae: Symbiotic relationship between plants & fungi Symbiosis old of 450 million years! No mycorrhizae With mycorrhizae Plants: 80% of all plants Fungi: Mainly Glomeromycotina (Zygomycetous) 4 types of mycorrizhal interactions: Arbuscular Ectomycorrhizae Orchid Ericoid Source: https://www.usemyke.com/en-ca/ 16  The mycorrhizal fungi - interactions 2 main groups: Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) Ectomycorrhizae Coat Root Hypha e Zone of exchange between the plant and the fungus: Fungi improve water and mineral assimilation (N, P, …) Plants provide the C to the fungi (Carbohydrates, Lipids) 17 Source: https://www.usemyke.com/en-ca/  The mycorrhizal fungi – soil quality Fungal secretion of glomalin (a hydrophobic glycoprotein) Improve: Soil structure Carbon sequestration Water flow and availabilty Biodiversity Heavy metal adsorption … Source: https://www.coversandco.ca/blog/soil-compaction 18 Source: https://www.usemyke.com/en-ca/  The mycorrhizal fungi – immunity Pathogen presence prevention Stimulation of the plant general health / metabolic activity Stimulation of the plant defences (ISR – Induced Systemic Resistance) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1044896 * Do not learn the content of the illustration 19 Source: https://www.usemyke.com/en-ca/ Harnessing the power of mycorrhizal fungi would lead to a more sustainable agriculture 20 Harvest also need to be protected 21  Botrytis cinerea – the grey mold (Ascomycota - Leotiomycetes) The bad side of The good side of Botrytis: Botrytis: $10 BILLIONS Yearly crop loss 22 Source: Rasbak, Pancrat, www.canna.ca, https://www.vinovest.co/  Botrytis cinerea – the noble rot (Ascomycota - Leotiomycetes) Before After 23 B. cinerea https://www.secretsdevignesetdechais.fr/details-le+miracle+du+sauternes+botrytis+cinerea-136.html B. cinerea 24  The secret behind Sauternes, Botrytis cinerea Appressorium 3 grape varieties : Semillion – main grapes used with thin skin grapes Sauvignon blanc – bring acidity to the wine Muscadelle – grapes with floral note easily infected by fungus The Botrytis cinerea: Infection weakens the skin of the grapes allowing for water evaporation and sugar concentration 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.024  The secret behind Sauternes, Botrytis cinerea 3 grape varieties : Semillion – main grapes used with thin skin grapes Sauvignon blanc – bring acidity to the wine Muscadelle – grapes with floral note easily infected by fungus The Botrytis cinerea: Infection weakens the skin of the grapes allowing for water evaporation and sugar concentration The savoir-faire: Hand pick harvest of the grape with noble rot (not any rot) with the correct maturation degree 26 https://www.secretsdevignesetdechais.fr/details-le+miracle+du+sauternes+botrytis+cinerea-136.html  Cheese and fungi Blue cheese - Roquefort Penicillium roqueforti (Ascomycota – Eurotiomycetes) Critical for cheese maturation: Proteolysis of dairy protein and lipids Secretion of flavorful secondary metabolites 27 Credit: Thesupermat & Encyclopædia Britannica  Sexual cycle in Penicillium Italy In 2014, discovery of the conditions required Phylogenetic trees of the France for sexual reproduction observation Penicillium roqueforti Cleistothecia Unted Kingdom 28 Credit: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217943110 & Myconeos  Sexual cycle in Penicillium Flavor Texture Unique technology used to breed Penicillium strains to create new cheeses. 2023 International Cheese and Dairy Awards: Fermentation Aroma Blue cheese - Cow blue Color Bioremediation Hard 29 Credit: Myconeos cheese  Thank you fungi for your contribution to our food industry … 30 Credit: Moyashimon: Tales of Agriculture Next class: Medical mycology 31