2024 AP Midterm Review PDF

Asyndeton The literary feature that omits conjunctions between a listing of words, phrases, and clauses. Asyndeton is used in the Christmas song, “Christmas on the Square”, written by Dolly Parton. Asyndeton is seen in the lines: “Christmas on the square, everybody's there/ Laughin', singin', bells a'ringin' / Snow is in the air/ Carolers singin’, gifts exchanged, / Lovers walk in pairs …” In Parton’s lines, many activities are listed with only the use of commas, allowing for no pauses among the activities listed. The activities listed one right after the other increase the excitement of the celebration. The use of asyndeton allows Parton to illustrate that Christmas will be celebrated with many activities, making people happy and full of Christmas spirit. The incorporation of asyndeton allows writers and speakers to: emphasize the gravity or drama of their topics. create immediate impact. increase energy, excitement, emphasis, importance. create an emotion of stress, anxiety, overwhelmed, etc. create a sense of accelerated or slowed rhythm, emotional distress or excitement, or emphasis on certain ideas by deleting conjunctions. A list of items or characteristics that is not slowed down or divided by the usual conjunction feels more immediate and momentous, particularly in spoken rhetoric. “Heaped up on the floor, to form a kind of throne, were turkeys, geese, game, poultry, brawn, great joints of meat, sucking-pigs, long wreaths of sausages, mince-pies, plum-puddings, barrels of oysters, red-hot chestnuts, cherry-cheeked apples, juicy oranges, luscious pears, immense twelfth-cakes, and seething bowls of punch, that made the chamber dim with their delicious steam.” ~ Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol Oxymoron An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined side by side to create an effect - typical two words but there are oxymoronic statements as well. Oxymoron was utilized by Alexander Pope in “Essays of Criticism” when he wrote, “The bookful blockhead ignorantly read,/ With loads of learned lumber in his head,/ With his own tongue still edifies his ears…” Pope’s statement of a “bookful blockhead” is an oxymoron because bookful and blockhead are opposite statements. Bookful suggests that the character reads a lot and searches out educational opportunities. However, blockhead tells the reader that the character is not very intelligent and doesn’t learn anything from the books he reads. Writers include oxymoron in their work to: add a sarcastic tone to the piece. heighten the drama within the work. cause the reader to contemplate the deeper meaning of the statement. show the duality of a situation by having two contrasting ideas. include humor and a lighthearted tone in their writing. convey complex emotions and situations to the audience in a pithy fashion. “‘There’s no pretense here. I happen to be genuinely self-absorbed and deeply shallow.’” - Fiyero from Wicked Euphemism A euphemism is a polite or mild word or expression used to refer to something embarrassing, taboo, or unpleasant. J.R. Ward utilized a euphemism in Lover Eternal when he wrote, “‘You are a manipulator.’ ‘I like to think of myself more as an outcome engineer.’” The phrase “outcome engineer” is a euphemism because it is a more tasteful way to say manipulator. The title “manipulator” has a very harsh and negative connotation. However, the idea of an outcome engineer seems much softer and almost kinder. By describing himself as an outcome engineer, the character speaking makes himself seem less evil to the audience. Euphemisms are employed by authors and speakers to: discuss sensitive topics without offending the audience. make their writing seem more conversational, as euphemisms are a natural part of human speech. give the listener a sense that the speaker understands the social cues of their environment by not explicitly discussing a topic that may be too touchy. include a humorous tone, especially when the phrase is slightly outlandish. transform a generally harsh or negative idea or thing into a more delicate, tasteful idea. unintentionally date their writing or speech by using period-specific references. “‘Now remember how I told you that Jenny never seemed to want to go home? Well, she lived in a house that was as old as Alabama. Her Momma had gone up to heaven when she was five and her daddy was some kind of farmer.’” - Forrest in Forrest Gump A sentence that presents Periodic its main clause at the END of the sentence for Sentence emphasis. Frank Herbert used a periodic sentence in Dune when he wrote, "In Periodic Sentence the week before their departure to Arrakis, when all the final scurrying about had reached a nearly unbearable frenzy, an old crone came to visit the mother of the boy, Paul." The author, Frank Herbert, incorporates the periodic sentence to put more emphasis on the last word, Paul. Herbert does this because Paul is the name of the main character in Dune and the placement of his name at the end of the sentence draws all the attention to Paul as an important character. The use of periodic sentence also relates all of the presented information in the bulk of the sentence back to Paul. 15 The use of periodic sentences allow authors to… make an idea more impactful which draws attention to it, as it may be a crucial point in the story. encourage deeper understanding by layering information, and then connecting it to the main point. keep a tone of formality, making periodic sentences useful in academic writing. create a buildup and suspense for the reveal of the main idea of the sentence. shock readers by revealing a plot twist that shows up at the very end of the sentence. achieve effective rhetoric, as periodic sentences often point the reader to specific conclusions. 16 "Unprovided with original learning, uninformed in the habits of thinking, unskilled in the arts of composition, I resolved -- to write a book." – Edward Gibbons in Memories of My Life Anecdote A very short story that is significant to the topic at hand; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the topic. SLIDESMANIA.COM 17 An anecdote is used by Daisy, the main character in The Great Gatsby , when she says: “'I'll tell you a family secret,' she whispered enthusiastically. 'It’s about the butler’s nose. Do you want to hear about the butler’s nose?... Well, he wasn’t always a butler; he used to be the silver polisher for some people in New York that had a silver service for two hundred people. He had to polish it from morning till night, until finally it began to affect his nose --' 'Things went from bad to worse,' suggested Miss Baker. 'Yes. Things went Throughout from bad to worse the until story,finally he hadoftothe the story givefamily’s up his position.'” butler is remained as a secret. The significance of this anecdote lies in the symbolic reference on the physical and moral costs of social mobility. It also reflects the critique of the American Dream, revealing that the pursuit of wealth can SLIDESMANIA.COM lead to unintended consequences. Overall, the author uses SLIDESMANIA.COM this anecdote has a humorous story to underscore the 18 emptiness of the wealthy world Daisy is entering in. The incorporation of anecdote enhances the author’s writing by: - offering concrete examples to support abstract arguments, helping to understand complex ideas or concepts. - creating emotional bonds that inspire the reader to feel more personally investing in the text. - adding richness and complexity by weaving in a narrative that strengthens the overall story. - allowing readers to reflect on their own experiences. - utilizing various writing styles to maintain the reader’s interest and avoid a monotonous tone. SLIDESMANIA.COM - grabbing the audience's attention with a narrative that invites connection and engagement. “ “Once, in his twenties, a poet he had been talking with extinguished her cigarette in a potted plant and said, ‘You’re like a person without skin.’A poet had said this. One who made her living flaying herself a live in public had said that he, tall and young and hopeful Arthur Less, was without skin. But it was true.” SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM ― Andrew Greer, Less Antimetabol e A literary and rhetorical device in which a phrase or sentence is repeated, but in reverse order. SLIDESMANIA.COM 21 Antimetabole is used in Malcolm X’s 1964 Speech at the Ballroom when he states, “We didn’t land at Plymouth Rock. The rock landed on us.” Malcolm X employs antimetabole to assert that American history is not as it appears. He initially refers to the story of colonialism (that white Europeans found America) before flipping the word arrangement to present his perspective: that the entry of the Europeans into Americans, along with the combined effects of slavery and colonialism that accompanied them, caused devastating harm to entire races of people. SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM 22 Authors/speakers use antimetabole in their writing/speeches to: - emphasize a change in perspective by shifting between various viewpoints or arguments. - introduce a dramatic element to emphasize a crucial point. - establish a balanced framework in the writing to simplify intricate concepts. - express paradox and irony while illustrating the connection between two ideas. - surprise the audience with the unusual structure of the sentence. - allow the reader to easily remember through the inverted repetition of SLIDESMANIA.COM the phrase. “ “Now, women forget all those things they don’t want to remember and remember everything they don’t want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly." SLIDESMANIA.COM SLIDESMANIA.COM ― Zora Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God Parataxis The placing of clauses or phrases one after another, without words to indicate coordination or subordination. In the novel The Sun Also Rises written by Ernest Hemingway, parataxis is seen in the lines : ”The steer was down now, his neck stretched out, his head twisted, he lay the way he had fallen. Suddenly the bull left off and made for the other steer which had been standing at the far end, his head swinging, watching it all.” Within these lines, multiple clauses are placed one after the other without words connecting them to each other. Each of the four clauses are equal and can all stand alone. The use of parataxis allows Hemingway to add more emphasis on how the steer fell, inviting readers visualize the actions taking place. The use of parataxis allows writers and speakers to: break the text into choppy rhythmic sections. let the reader feel in-the-moment within the story. encourage the reader to dig deeper into the text in order to have a better understanding. give the reader a chance to visualize the actions taking place. add emphasis to each of the clauses to make them more speciﬁc to the reader. Let the reader come up with his/her own meaning of the activities taking place. “Twenty-two years old, weak, hot, frightened, not daring to acknowledge the fact that he didn’t know who or what he was … with no past, no language, no tribe, no source, no address book, no comb, no pencil, no clock, no pocket handkerchief, no rug, no bed, no can opener, no faded postcard, no soap, no key, no tobacco pouch, no soiled underwear and nothing nothing nothing to do … he was sure of one thing only: the unchecked monstrosity of his hands…” ~ Tommy Morrison, Sula Anaphora One of the devices of repetition in which the same word or words is/are repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences. When announcing the death of Martin In Kennedy’s famous speech, he uses Luther King Jr. in 1968, former U.S anaphora by repeating the phrase “What we president Robert F. Kennedy used need in the United States is not” to highlight anaphora in his speech in the lines, the tragedy of Martin Luther King Jr.'s death. “What we need in the United States is This repetition emphasizes the important not division; what we need in the United role King played in American society and the States is not hatred; what we need in the civil rights movement. Through this, United States is not violence or Kennedy delivers a powerful message: the lawlessness, but love and wisdom, and U.S. needs love and wisdom, not hate or compassion toward one another, and a negativity, regardless of a person's feeling of justice towards those who still appearance. suffer within our country, whether they be white or whether they be black. Authors implement emphasize a topic or idea to show its importance. anaphora into their spark emotion into the reader to appeal to writing to: their pathos. help gain the reader's attention so they can better remember the message being delivered. sound more inspiring in order to persuade listeners to take a call to action. clearly link two ideas for better understanding. create structure in their writing so that it may become appealing to a reader. Practice Quote It rained on his lousy tombstone, and it rained on the grass on his stomach. It rained all over the place. - JD Salinger, The Catcher In the Eye Parenthesis is a rhetorical strategy used by an author to whisper a witty aside to the slidesmania.com reader or embed additional information. Parentheses are used within this strategy. slidesmania.com Parenthesis is demonstrated in the In this quote, Cummings utilizes parenthesis to help further novel I Carry Your Heart With Me, clarify the true meaning of his writing. In the second and which is written by E. E. third lines, Cummings writes that he fears no fate and wants Cummings and is seen in the no world. This at ﬁrst glance seems confusing to readers. subsequent lines: “i fear/ no fate Still, since Cummings included additional information (for you are my fate, my sweet) i through the use of parentheses, it clariﬁes the subject so that want/ no world (for beautiful you readers can understand what is trying to be communicated are my world, my true)/ and it’s through the passage. The line “I fear no fate” makes it clear you are whatever a moon…” that the writer does not fear his fate because his love is his fate, and therefore he is not afraid. The use of parenthesis allows Cummings to clarify to readers that he was unafraid slidesmania.com of his fate by including additional information in parentheses to communicate the meaning of his writing. The employment of parenthesis allows authors add extra information to: that helps the audience understand their writing. help the audience understand why the author has a certain opinion or viewpoint by further explaining it. include compelling ideas that are not necessary but make their writing more entertaining. smoothly connect ideas even though it creates a tiny, but brief, interruption. incorporate comedy into their writing through a short phrase. add credibility and persuasiveness to their writing by giving extra information to readers. slidesmania.com slidesmania.com “And will you succeed? Yes! You will indeed! (98 and ¾ percent guaranteed) KID YOU’LL MOVE MOUNTAINS!” ~Dr. Suess, Oh, The Places You’ll Go! slidesmania.com Rhetorical question is a question used by an author that does not expect an explicit answer and is slidesmania.com used to pose an idea to be considered by the audience. slidesmania.com Rhetorical question is used in the play The In this quote, Shakespeare uses rhetorical question to force Merchant of Venice, written by William his audience to think about their pre-set opinions about Shakespeare, in the following lines: “I am a Jew. how people are automatically diﬀerent because of their Hath/ not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, diﬀering religions on a deeper level, by indirectly stating organs,/ dimensions, senses, aﬀections, passions? that Jews and Christians are not that diﬀerent. In the line fed with the same food, hurt with/ the same “Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, weapons, subject/ to the same diseases, healed by aﬀections, passions?”, Shakespeare forces readers to think the same means,/ warmed and cooled by the about the audience’s opinions of how Jews and Christians same winter and summer, as/ a Christian is? If are diﬀerent and challenges those thoughts by posing a you prick us, do we not bleed?/ if you tickle us, question that is more like a statement. By asking questions do we not laugh? if you poison/ us, do we not die? that compare Jews and Christians, but ultimately prove that they are not so diﬀerent, these questions also show Shakespeare's audience that his knowledge of the topic at slidesmania.com hand is great and therefore, becomes a more persuasive statement. The usage of rhetorical question allows writers to: add a sense of motivation to the audience, which is almost like an indirect call to action. incorporate humorous remarks into their writing. create a gap in the audience’s thinking because there is no answer to the question. cause readers think about their own opinions and how they would answer the question. align their audience to their point of view, by creating a very persuasive statement. place emphasis on a certain idea by giving reader time to think of the obvious answer. slidesmania.com slidesmania.com "It really is time to ask ourselves, 'How can we allow the rich and powerful, not only to rip off people as consumers, but to continue to rip them off as taxpayers?'" ~Ralph Nader, 2000 NAACP Convention Address slidesmania.com Antithesis Antithesis literally means the opposite - it is usually the opposite of a statement, concept, or idea. (AB+AB=Antithesis) A statement is presented at the beginning of a sentence with its contradiction presented immediately after. SLIDESMANIA.COM Anthesis is used in this line by Dr. King to discuss the severity of the civil rights movement. He used the term to express that they will never be given rights unless they protest. By using the opposite words he is able to highlight Antithesis was used by Martin Luther the stark difference between the two King Jr. in his Letter from Birmingham sides- the oppressor and oppressed. Jail, in the line “We know through Martin Luther King Jr. was also able to painful experience that freedom is inﬂuence the people to do something never voluntarily given by the about the oppression they faced, by SLIDESMANIA.COM oppressor; it must be demanded by the showing they would never achieve the oppressed. freedom unless the do it themselves. W Hen writers and speakers include antithesis in their writing it allows them to: ❄ produce a rhythmic statement that will linger in the reader’s mind because of the parallel structure. ❄ make the writing more easily comprehensible and help audiences understand complex ideas. ❄ enhance their writing by delivering its stark differences. ❄ strengthen the main point by deliberately putting two opposing ideas together. ❄ make the writing more persuasive, by opposing the better idea. SLIDESMANIA.COM ❄ create tension between the two opposing ideas. “I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low” SLIDESMANIA.COM Isocolon A rhetorical device that involves a succession of sentences, phrases and clauses of grammatically equal length. SLIDESMANIA.COM Isocolon William Shakespeare used isocolon his is play, Richard II, in the lines: “I’ll give my jewels for a set of beads, My gorgeous palace for a hermitage, My gay apparel for an almsman’s gown, My figured goblets for a dish of wood, My scepter for a palmer’s walking-staff…” In these clauses, William Shakespeare maintained a structure that is grammatically equal in length and flow. The equal length illustrates the valuable and lavish items he will trade for its simpler and humble counterpart. The speaker, King Richard II, expressed a new sense and desire towards humble items. The lines illustrate the idea of giving up luxuries for a life of simplicity. The isocolon backs up this idea by creating a rhythm that contrasts wealth and humility. The parallelism draws attention to the shift of an idea that makes this decision feel more deliberate because of the isocolon’s repetitive nature. The balance created ensures that the audience notices the transition and change to amplify the significance of events and how the speaker feels. SLIDESMANIA.COM Isocolon allows writers to: establish a rhythmic flow that makes writing more engaging to the audience. reinforce certain ideas through the repetition of balanced phrases, clauses, or sentences. clarify the relationship between ideas through parallel structure and make writing easier for readers to understand. make writing more memorable by reinforcing key points through a repetitive structure that comprises rhythmic and musical qualities. make arguments impactful through consistency in writing that presents balanced ideas. highlight the similarities and differences between ideas and coherently connect them. SLIDESMANIA.COM Practice Quote Fear leads to anger; anger leads to hatred; hatred leads to conflict; conflict leads to suffering. ~ Yoda, Star Wars Episode I SLIDESMANIA.COM Paradox A contradictory concept that reveals a hidden and/or unexpected truth. A false statement becomes true. Paradox is used in Shakespeareʼs play, Merchant of Venice. Paradox is seen in the 50 following lines: “To the last hour of act, and then ʼtis thought Thouʼlt show thy mercy and remorse more strange Than is thy strange apparent cruelty.” In Shakespeareʼs lines, the last two lines suggest that Shylock, one of the characters from the play, will show mercy and remorse that is even stranger than his cruelty. The paradox gives the idea that if Shylock, who has been cruel the entire time, shows mercy and remorse, then it would be considered unexpected to the audience. Since Shylock has been plotting to do something evil to Antonio, the protagonist of the play, this would show a very strange sudden change to Shylockʼs behavior, creating the paradox. At first when you read this, the statement doesnʼt make much sense but once you understand the actions of Shylock, the lines make sense as they are conveying his wicked ways. 51 The use of paradox allows authors to: get the reader to think deeply about the ideas in the writing by embedding a hidden truth or concept that allows the audience to only understand the ideas with deep consideration. engage the audience by confusing them with the hidden idea that makes them curious about the meaning. emphasize themes by highlighting the contradictions of the authorʼs message that allows the theme to be seen from different perspectives. add a creative style of writing by expressing ideas in a unique way by adding a hidden idea or concept. create a memorable statement by adding a hidden meaning to the text that makes it stand out to the audience. illustrate conflict that makes the writing compelling to the reader. 52 “I do repent: but heaven hath pleased it so, To punish me with this and this with me, That I must be their scourge and minister. I will bestow him, and will answer well The death I gave him. So, again, good night. I must be cruel, only to be kind: Thus bad begins and worse remains behind. One word more, good lady.” -William Shakespeare, Hamlet Anadiplosis The literary feature that is represented by repetition of the last word of a preceding clause. The word is used at the end of a sentence and then again at the beginning of the next sentence. Anadiplosis is used in movie, The Phantom Menace. Anadiplosis is seen in the quote in which Yoda cautions Anakin Skywalker: “Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.” Anadiplosis is used in the quote through the repetition of the word “anger” at the end of an independent clause and the beginning of the following sentence. The immediate repetition creates a rhythm and emphasizes the speakers passion towards the repeated word or phrase. The use of anadiplosis allows the reader to comprehend the steps that lead to hate, which anadiplosis aids this process by enabling a pattern or sense of steps. The importance of anadiplosis creating a rhythm was to add a suspenseful element to the quote. The incorporation of anadiplosis allows writers and speakers to: create a sequence or emphasize a set of steps during clauses. elevate the drama of a work. link concepts together; connect common themes. reinforce ideas while introducing another. make a term more memorable by repetition toward the overall theme or main idea. give a phrase or set of phrases a cadence, a rhythm that enables the group of phrases to sound much more naturalistic. “...[I] am enjoined By holy Lawrence to fall prostrate here. I beg your pardon. Pardon, I beseech you!” -Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Act 4, scene ii Commoratio The literary feature that is represented by dwelling on a point by repeating it several times in different words. The novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory uses commoratio to depict the common view of Mr. Willy Wonka through the quote: “'He’s gone off his rocker …' / 'He’s crazy!' they shouted. 'He’s balmy!'/ 'He’s nutty!'/ 'He’s screwy!'/ 'He’s batty!'/ 'He’s dippy!'/ 'He’s dotty!'/ 'He’s daffy!'/ 'He’s goofy!'/ 'He’s beany!'/ 'He’s buggy!'/ 'He’s wacky!'/ 'He’s loony!'/ 'No, he is not!' said Grandpa Joe." The purpose of Roald Dahl implementing commoratio into his story indicates the exaggeration of the phrase, “He’s gone off his rocker,” was placed into the story to provide the reader with perspective on a character, in this story being the character Willy Wonka. Using euphemisms to rephrase the main idea of this quote, Dahl communicates the undermining and negative views that other characters have towards Willy Wonka’s purpose. The incorporation of commoratio allows writers and speakers to: create a rhythm that emphasizes the main idea of a work. use repetition to make the work more memorable. deliberately repeating a phrase similarly to create comedic effect reinforce ideas by strengthening an argument with repetition. make a term or phrase more impactful by repetition persuade an audience through the deliberate restating of the same argument or perspective. “Brave Sir Robin ran away, bravely ran away, away. When danger reared its ugly head, he bravely turned his tail and ﬂed. Yes, Brave Sir Robin turned about, undoubtedly he chickened out. Bravely taking to his feet, he beat a very brave retreat. Bravest of the brave! Sir Robin!” — Monty Python, Monty Python and the Holy Grail Diacope A rhetorical term meaning repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words. It derives from the greek word meaning “cut in two”. Kat Atha In the song, “America the Beautiful”, written by Katharine Lee Bates, the use of the rhetorical strategy diacope is employed in the lyrics: “America! America!/ God shed His grace on thee, / And crown thy good with brotherhood/ From sea to shining sea!” Bates utilizes the rhetorical strategy diacope in the line “from sea to shining sea” from America the Beautiful. By repeating “sea,” with an adjective “shining” inserted to enhance its meaning. This repetition emphasizes the vastness of America’s landscape, stretching across the continent from the Atlantic to the Paciﬁc. Bates uses this device to amplify the beauty of the American landscape and evoke feelings of patriotism and pride. Writer’s incorporate the use of diacope in their writing to: - draw attention to an important phrase or subject. - create rhythm in a sentence. - make the writing more memorable for the reader. - add emphasis to a claim. - create anticipation. - empress strong emotion from the reader. Diacope example “Scut Farkus! What a rotten name! There he stood, between us and the alley. Scut Farkus staring out at us with his yellow eyes. He had yellow eyes! So, help me, God! Yellow eyes!” ~ Ralphie Parker, A Christmas Story, 1983 AP Lang Polyptoton A stylistic device that is a rhetorical repetition of Jayce Stengel the same root word, however each time, the word is repeated in a different way. Kathy Fagan, in her poem “Perpendicular”, incorporates polyptoton in the lines: “It was beautiful there but I’d seen beauty and its opposite so often that when warmth broke over my skin I remembered winter, the way fresh grief undoes you the moment you’re fully awake.” In Fagans lines, the root word “beauty” is repeated in different forms developing a contrast between positive and negative experiences. The multiple forms of the word beauty deepens the conflicting emotions shaped by past experiences. The incorporation of polyptoton allows Fagan to construct a layered understanding of the emotional setting and landscape. 66 highlight important themes or lessons in the text. introduce an ironic or contradictory element. enhance imagery by producing a vivid image in The incorporation of the reader's head. polyptoton allows build tension or underline a conflict by the writer to: repeating words in different forms. encourage the reader to think deeply on the meaning of the words. set a particular mood or tone in the writing. 67 “To imagine the unimaginable is the highest use of the imagination” Practice Quote ~ Cynthia Ozick, The Paris Review 68 Epanalepsis A rhetorical device in which a word is repeated at the beginning and end of the same sentence or clause. 70 Example Explanation Presentation Title Slide Title Through repetition of the word history at the beginning and end of ¨They have strength and will be the same sentence, he employed able to dominate us, but social epanalepsis. Allende used processes can be arrested epanalepsis to add to the finality of neither by crime nor force. his speech, because he knew it History is ours, and people was his last before being make history.¨ overthrown. It was meant to bring closure and drama to his final -Salvador Allende's 1973 goodbye. Speech 71 Presentation Title Slide Title Within writing epanalepsis may be used by an author to: make their point more convince readers of a memorable, bringing the perspective. phrase a sense of finality. emphasize important ideas add a theatrical speaking in a concept. affect. draw the audience's give their phrase musicality attention. with rhythm or flow. Find the Epanalepsis “Rejoice in the Lord always: and again I say, rejoice. Let your moderation be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand. Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God.” ~ The Holy Bible, King James Version. Oxford University Press, 1769. Philippians 4:4-6. Ad Hominem Ad hominem, in Latin meaning “against the man,” is a response to an argument by attacking an opponent’s character rather than logic or content of the argument. Quote Explanation At the Alfred E. Smith Memorial This statement made by Donald Trump Foundation Dinner in Manhattan, Donald attacks Kamala Harris’ intelligence Trump performed a comedy roast in which rather than argue her policies that she he included ad hominem. Donald Trump advocates. The use of ad hominem gives stated, “‘The fact is, we need new Trump the opportunity to shift the debate leadership in the country right now. We of political values to Kamala as an have someone in the White House who can individual, undermining her ability to barely talk, barely put together two lead the country. Trump’s end goal by coherent sentences, who seems to have using ad hominem is to influence and mental faculties of a child. This is a person shift the ideas of the audience for his own that has nothing going, no intelligence political gain, while raising question to whatsoever. But enough about Kamala Kamala’s capability to lead America Harris.’” through attacks of her intelligence. 74 Writers use ad hominem in their writing to: emphasize any outside factors influencing the arguer to discredit the argument all together. persuade an audience by evoking an emotional response from them. shift attention from the main topic to the opponents personality while subtly undermining the argument at hand. engage readers by creating controversy or dramatic reactions within the argument. provoke thought within the audience by raising question to the opponents credibility. simplify the complex issues within an argument by making it easier for the audience to understand. 75 “‘I can’t believe what I’m hearing.’ ‘Then you better turn up your hearing aid pops!’ ‘Pops? I’m only two years older than you.’ ‘Do we want old man Patterson here with his finger on the button?’’ -Homer Simpson, The Simpsons 76 Conduplicatio Conduplicatio is the repetition of a keyword from clause to clause or phrase to phrase. Placement is not a requirement. Quote Explanation In the lines sung by Keshi he is Conduplicatio is used in the song repeating the word “dream,” “Dream”, written by Keshi. emphasizing that he views his current Conduplicatio is seen in the lines: partner as a dream. Keshi repeats this “She’s a dream, the best thing specific word to prove to his listeners that he is in a perfect relationship and to happen to me that it is everything he could have She’s a dream, all that I believed it to be. The use of thought it could be conduplicatio illustrates that Keshi is She’s a dream come true attempting to appreciate the relationship he has, but also But I have nightmares, it reminiscing on his past relationship should’ve been you.” and what could’ve been. 78 Authors incorporate conduplicatio in their writing to: draw attention to the main ideas that are being discussed, ensuring that they resonate with the audience. signal a transition or reinforce a central idea by placing the word at the beginning of new paragraphs or clauses. make their argument more compelling by evoking emotion through the emphasis of a keyword. create a link between successive clauses to strengthen their argument. add poetic or dramatic effect to the writing, increasing its rhetorical appeal. build intensity in the delivery of their writing by adding emotional weight to their message. 79 “I am filled with a profound and abiding gratitude to the American people. Gratitude is a word I cherish. Gratitude is what defines humanity of the human being.’” -Elie Wiesel, “The Perils of Indifference” 80 Symploce definition Repetition (placement) A ﬁgure of repetition in which the ﬁrst and last word or words in one phrase, clause, or sentence are repeated in one or more successive phrases, clauses, or sentences; repetition of the ﬁrst and last words in a clause over successive clauses. 81 Symploce example Symploce is used in the book The White Album by Joan Didion when she writes, "In the years after World War I my mother had put pennies for Grace [Cathedral] in her mite box but Grace would never be ﬁnished. In the years after World War II I would put pennies for Grace in my mite box but Grace would never be ﬁnished." 82 Symploce explanation This quote illustrates the literary term symploce because the beginning of the ﬁrst sentence, “In the years after World War” is repeated in the beginning of the second sentence, and the end of the ﬁrst sentence, “mite box but Grace would never be ﬁnished.” are repeated in the end of the second sentence. The use of symploce in this quote helps to emphasize the idea that the effects of the two World Wars showed an economic hardship on both the people and projects. The repetition at the beginning of both sentences is important because it illustrates how World War 1 and 2 had caused a delay on the construction of the Cathedral and the repetition at the end of the sentences shows how even after time had passed between the two World Wars the same delay on the construction of the Cathedral was seen through the economic hardship. 83 Author’s and speaker’s use symploce in their work to: point out the similarities or differences between two ideas. create a sense of balance between two sentences. add a rhythm to what a writer or speaker is saying. draw emphasis on the important idea trying to be presented. make a reader think in a speciﬁc way about what the writer is presenting. evoke emotions based on the certain words or phrases being repeated. 84 Symploce class example In the poem “I Sing the Body Electric” by Walt Whitman, the literary term symploce is seen in the lines, “And if the body does not do fully as much as the soul? And if the body were not the soul, what is the soul?” 85 86 Litotes A literary feature in which a positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions By: Allie Chase 87 “No, 'tis not so deep as a well nor so wide as a church-door, but 'tis enough, 'twill serve.” This quote from Shakespeareʼs Romeo and Juliet represents litotes by referring to a wound Mercutio received from Tybalt and referring to them as “not so deep” and “nor so wide as a church-door.” These phrases add to the understating of the severity of his injury. Shakespeare also uses the rhetorical strategy to create a comedic effect within his play. 88 The incorporation of litotes lets speakers and writers: - create a comedic effect within their writing. - understate their phrases to create a more deeper meaning. - effectively convey a main idea thoroughly with a play on words. - sway their audience to understand their chosen proclamation better. - create an ironic statement that lets readers obtain what is being said. - use a negative statement and express the opposite within the same phrase. 89 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot: “But though I have wept and fasted, wept and prayed, Questions? Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter, I am no prophet – and hereʼs no great matter” Juxtaposition The rhetorical strategy that is the placement of two or more objects, ideas, things side by side in order to bring out their differences. Dickens uses many examples of juxtaposition Juxtaposition can be found in throughout this starting paragraph in his novel Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two A Tale of Two Cities, specifically for the intent of highlighting the the difference between CIties: “It was the best of times, it “the best” and “the worst,” or between “light” was the worst of times, it was the and “darkness.” In a greater context, Charles age of wisdom, it was the age of Dickens uses juxtaposition to highlight the foolishness, it was the epoch of differences between the French and British societies before and during the French belief, it was the epoch of Revolution; for some, it was grand, great, “the incredulity, it was the season of best,” but for other, it was going very poorly, it Light, it was the season of Darkness was “the worst.” The use of this rhetorical [...] – in short, the period was so far strategy helped to exaggerate and bring out like the present period, that some of the negative and positive emotions the people had in their differing socioeconomic classes, its noisiest authorities insisted on its which helped Dickens’ show his readers how being received, for good or for evil, drastic the differences in society were at the in the superlative degree of time. comparison only.” Juxtaposition is used by authors in order to in order to: highlight contrasts to emphasize differences between characters, settings, or ideas by placing them adjacent. create tension or conflict that drives the narrative forward with drastic differences. deepen the reader’s understanding of a theme by presenting opposing concepts side by side. evoke emotional responses by placing starkly different imagery, thoughts, or events together. add complexity to characters by showing their internal or external conflicts by comparison of dissimilar events near each other. enhance symbolic meaning by pairing opposing symbols or motifs. Quote #2 “April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. Winter kept us warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow, feeding A little life with dried tubers.” ~ T.S. Elliot, ”The Waste Land” Tricolon A rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses. Tricolon quote and explanation. Tricolon was used in L. Frank Baum’s “The Wizard of Oz” when he wrote, “You are talking to a man who has laughed in the face of death, sneered at doom, and chuckled at catastrophe.” The author used tricolon so that the ideas could work together by placing them back to back. In the lines the three clauses placed back to back all built on the idea that the character speaking was not scared, allowing the author to emphasis the main point that the character was fearless in just a few lines. Tricolon commentary The incorporation of tricolon allows writers and speakers to: build momentum by stating three things back to back increasing the speed of the writing. persuade the audience by stating parallel ideas or points back to back. capture the audience's attention allowing for easier understanding of ideas for the audience. establish a predictable rhythm the further engages the audience. create work more interesting and memorable for the audience. add emphasis to a main idea by repeating three words, phrases, or clauses relevant to the point being made in succession. Tricolon practice quote “Gently they go, the beautiful, the tender, the kind;Quietly they go, the intelligent, the witty, the brave.” ~ Edna St. Vincent Millay, “Dirge Without Music” Polysyndeton: A literary feature that uses conjunctions between EACH word, phrase, or clause – structurally opposite of asyndeton. QUOTE Polysyndeton is used in Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou uses polysyndeton in the following quote,“If there be cords, or knives, or poison, or fire, or suffocating streams, I’ll not endure it.”,. Polysyndeton is evident Maya Angelou’s use of when Angelou lists off several polysyndeton creates an items. Angelou uses the emphasis on each item of her conjunction or in between list. The use of the conjunction each item in the list, which “or”, isolates each item of the makes this example list, therefore highlighting each congruent with the definition item in the list. of polysyndeton Explanation Polysyndeton is used to: -emphasize magnitude. The constant use of conjunctions between items in a list makes each item in the list equally important. -create cadence or rhythm. The use of conjunctions in-between each item of a list can create a pleasing rhythm, further engaging readers. -add emotional intensity. The use of conjunctions in-betwee each item in a list can slow down the pace of a sentence, which can heighten emotion. -reflect natural speech patterns. Polysyndeton can be used t dialogue to mimic natural speech patterns, as constant conjunctions reflect our natural speech patterns. -build suspense. The use of conjunctions in-between each item in a list can create tension and anticipation among the audience. -demonstrate disorganization. The use of conjunctions in-between can demonstrate an author’s distorted state of mind or chaos in certain situations, as constant conjunctions do not conform to common rules of english. “There were frowzy fields, and cow-houses, and dunghills, and dust heaps, and ditches, and gardens, and summer-houses, and carpet-beating grounds, at the very door of the Railway.” -Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son Aphorism The rhetorical strategy, aphorism, is a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral, and literary principles. Aphorism is seen in the movie, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, when the narrator states: “Maybe Christmas (he thought) doesn’t come from a store. Maybe Christmas perhaps means a little bit more.” In these lines of the movie, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, the narrator uses an aphorism to tell a truth about the meaning of Christmas in a brief statement. The narrator suggests that the true meaning of Christmas goes beyond material gifts and commercialism. The use of aphorism allows for the statement to be more memorable and inﬂuence to be made on the audience. The use of aphorism allows for writers and speakers to: have a powerful impact on the reader. teach the audience a moral lesson by connecting ideas to personal experiences. enable the audience to easily understand the message being told by shortening ideas into a brief statement. encourage readers to reﬂect on the statement being told. reveal a character’s personality by showing the character’s motivations. reveal a truth in a more humorous manner. “Happiness can be found in the darkest of times, if one only remembers to turn on the light.” - J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Epistrophe Definition: Figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is repeated one or more times at the end of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases. Epistrophe Epistrophe is used in the play The Merchant of Venice, written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote, “If you had known the virtue of the ring,/ Or half her worthiness that gave the ring,/ If you did know for whom I gave the ring/ And would conceive for what I gave the ring/ And how unwillingly I left the ring/ When nought would be accepted but the ring/ You would abate the strength of your displeasure.” In this scene, the main character, Portia, had disguised herself as a man to fool her fiance, Bassanio, into giving her the ring he promised that he would never give up. Shakespeare used the repetition of “the ring” at the end of the lines to emphasize on how important Bassanio’s lack of commitment was to Portia. Shakespeare also used epistrophe in this scene to create rhythm within the writing to focus the audience’s attention and to communicate the extent of Portia’s anger and distress by repeating the same word across multiple clauses. Epistrophe The use of epistrophe aids writers to: highlight the central idea of the text by reiterating the same point across multiple clauses. make their writing more memorable to the reader by ending each thought with the same idea. connect the reader to the writing in an emotional way. captivate the reader with a pleasant tempo and pace throughout the writing. create a long lasting impression on the reader that leaves them dwelling on the topic. write in an intense and serious way that fully focuses the reader. Epistrophe “The moth and the fish-eggs are in their place,/ The bright suns I see and the dark suns I cannot see are in their place,/ The palpable is in its place and the impalpable is in its place.” ~ Walt Whitman, Song of Myself Hypophora The rhetorical strategy where an author raises one or more questions and proceeds to answer them. Hypophora is illustrated in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech in the sentences, “...There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be satisﬁed?” We can never be satisﬁed as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality.” The use of hypophora in King’s speech enables him to ask an important question and immediately answer the question to showcase how hard civil rights activists are ﬁghting for civil rights for African Americans. King also uses hypophora to provide the audience with a direct answer. It was important for King to answer the question himself because he was a civil rights activist as well as an African American. The answer provided was dear to him and allowed him to prove to the audience that African Americans would never be satisﬁed until they were treated with respect and dignity. The utilization of hypophora permits the writer or speaker to: provide emphasis on certain points. anticipate questions the audience may have and provide an answer. prompt the audience into a different way of thinking. issue a smooth transition from one topic to another. catch the audience’s attention and allow more engagement. suggest different answers to a question. 0 5 Thirty-one cakes, dampened with whiskey, bask on window sills and shelves. Who are they for? Friends. Not necessarily neighbor friends: indeed, the larger share is intended for persons we’ve met maybe once, perhaps not at all. People who’ve struck our fancy. Like President Roosevelt. - A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote Conceit This literary term is a figure of speech that is similar to a metaphor, however, conceit compares two very unlike, odd, or far-fetched things together. It also stretches across a work. SLIDESMANIA.COM In the poem, “Hope’ is the thing with feathers”, by Emily Dickinson, conceit is shown in the lines: “”Hope” is the thing with feathers/ That perches in the soul/ And sings the tune without the words/ And never stops - at all.” Emily Dickinson’s poem showed conceit by her usage of an extended metaphor that compared hope to a bird. She compared them by saying hope is “the thing with feathers” that “perches in the soul” and “sings the tune without the words,”. By doing this she created an imaginative comparison between two things that are odd together. SLIDESMANIA.COM Writers incorporate conceit in their writing to: add humor by comparing absurd things. highlight the differences between things even when comparing them. allow readers to connect their lives with abstract ideals. surprise readers and create a more memorable work of literature. unveil historical or cultural context by comparing everyday things to things connected to a certain time. encourage the reader to have their own interpretations of a comparison. SLIDESMANIA.COM “I could not stop for Death – / He kindly stopped for me – / The Carriage held but just Ourselves – / And Immortality. / We slowly drove – He knew no haste / And I had put away / My labor and my leisure too, / For His Civility.” SLIDESMANIA.COM ― Emily Dickinson, “Because I could not stop for Death”

2024 AP Midterm Review PDF

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