Biol 2010 Exam 4 Fall 2024 Study Guide PDF

Biol 2010 Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, & 15) Study Guide Chapter 12: The CNS - Know the following terms: - Central nervous system - Cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, cerebrum - Gyrus, sulcus, fissure - Motor, sensory, and association areas - Precentral gyrus, postce...

Biol 2010 Exam 4 (Ch 12, 13, & 15) Study Guide Chapter 12: The CNS - Know the following terms: - Central nervous system - Cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex, cerebrum - Gyrus, sulcus, fissure - Motor, sensory, and association areas - Precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex - Broca's area - Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, infundibulum, pituitary gland) - Brain stem (pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata) - Cerebellum (arbor vitae) - Grey matter, white matter, myelinated, fiber tracts, corpus callosum - Ventricles, ependymal cells, cerebrospinal fluid - Epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, pia mater - Cardiovascular center, respiratory center - Reticular activating system - Traumatic brain injury, concussion, contusion, laceration, hemorrhage, stroke - Alzheimer's, Parkinson's - Dorsal, ventral, sensory, motor, ganglia, root, somatic, visceral - Know the major subdivisions of the brain and their component structures (ie the diencephalon is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus). - Know what grey and white matter are, and where you would (and would not) find each type. - Know the divisions of the cerebral lobes and the sulci/fissures that separate them. - For the functional areas of the cerebral cortex, know the highlighted information in the slides. Remember, questions are just as likely to ask what is NOT true of a structure, or which statement is MOST accurate. Keep the big picture in mind and don't just memorize the sentences on the slides. - Know the organization of the grey matter of the spine. Remember: information comes "in the back, and out the front"! Sensory information is dorsal, motor information is ventral. - Refer to the highlighted slides for other points to remember as you study -- just remember to study all of the information about the referenced structures so that you can answer questions. I am not interested in whether you can memorize random facts. I am interested in whether you can THINK about the body and use what you have LEARNED. Chapter 13 -- Peripheral nervous system: - Know the following terms: - Stimulation, transduction, impulse generation, conduction, integration - Mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, chemoreceptor, nociceptor, photoreceptor - Exteroreceptor, interoreceptor, proprioceptor - Sensory/afferent, motor/efferent, mixed nerves - Cranial nerve, spinal nerve - Dermatome (map) - Somatic reflex, visceral reflex - Reflex arc: Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, integration center/association neuron/interneuron, motor neuron, effector - Monosynaptic, polysynaptic, ipsilateral, contralateral - Spinal reflex, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, stretch reflex, Golgi tendon reflex - Flexor reflex, crossed extensor reflex - Knowing the terms above and studying the information in the slides should be sufficient for this chapter. - Remember that receptors must transduce the type of stimulus that they are receiving into action potentials that the CNS can understand, and that the only way to communicate the strength of the stimulus is by increasing the frequency of the action potentials -- like calling someone over and over when something is really important. - Do not forget that you must be very familiar with the 12 paired cranial nerves. Understand the role of each nerve so that you can answer questions phrased clinically, such as, "A patient is unable to taste their food. Which of these cranial nerves may be damaged?" Chapter 15 -- The Special Senses: - Know the following terms: - Gustation - Papillae: fungiform, circumvallate, filiform, foliate - Taste bud, gustatory cell, gustatory hair - The 5 tastes and what chemicals create them - Olfaction - Olfactory neuron, bipolar, olfactory epithelium, olfactory cilia, regenerate - Extrinsic eye muscles: superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus; inferior and superior oblique - Tunics of the eye: fibrous (sclera, cornea), vascular (choroid), sensory (retina) - Internal anatomy of the eye: cornea, anterior segment, iris, pupil, lens, ciliary body, suspensory ligament (and functions of each) - Aqueous humor, ciliary process, scleral venous sinus - Autonomic regulation of iris: parasympathetic, sphincter pupillae, sympathetic, dilator pupillae - Neural layer of retina: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, rods, cones (and function of each) - External anatomy of ear from pinna/auricle to tympanic membrane - Inner ear: oval window, cochlea, scala tympani, scala vestibuli, scala media, spiral organ of Corti, tectorial membrane, hair cells, basilar membrane - Macula, otoliths, perilymph, static equilibrium - Semicircular canals, endolymph, ampulla, cupula, dynamic equilibrium - Taste: Which papillae contain taste buds, anatomy of the taste receptors, what types of chemicals create each of the 5 tastes - Smell: Anatomy of the olfactory epithelium, why we can detect so many odors when we only have 1000 or so distinct odor receptors - Vision: the extrinsic eye muscles (don't memorize, know how they move the eyeball when each one contracts); internal anatomy of the eye from the cornea to the retina -- in order, as a beam of light would travel; functions of the components of the eye (ie the iris, pupil, lens, etc); how nutrients are provided to areas that have no blood supply; how the divisions of the ANS affect the iris; how rods and cones are related to color vision and dim-light vision; what forms the optic nerve - Hearing: external anatomy of the ear; internal anatomy of the ear; where different sound frequencies are perceived along the cochlear duct - Equilibrium: How static and dynamic equilibrium are perceived by the macula and semicircular canals.