Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors PDF

Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors/ Tumours By: Dr. Sama Naziyah Shaban The First & The Only Franchise in Iraq  Specific Learning Objectives a. Di...

Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors/ Tumours By: Dr. Sama Naziyah Shaban The First & The Only Franchise in Iraq  Specific Learning Objectives a. Discuss the causes of the different types of skin and soft tissue tumors. b. Discuss the pathogenesis of the different types of skin and soft tissue tumors. c. Discuss morphological changes of the different types of skin and soft tissue tumors. d. Discuss the complications of the different types of skin and soft tissue tumors. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 2  Tumor: Mass of tissue consist of cells that grow and divide in an abnormal amount, or the existing cells don’t go through apoptosis (programmed cell death) Benign -Large. - Do not spread into, or (not cancer) invade, nearby tissues. Tumors - Spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Malignant - Spread to other parts of (cancer) the body through the blood and lymph systems The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 3  Definition Benign Tumor: Non-cancerous cell growth that do not invade nearby tissues or spread to distant organs. Malignant Tumor: Cancerous cell growth that can invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to other parts of the body. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 4  Soft tissue tumors Soft tissue refers to all the supporting tissues in the body except the bones and skin linings. They include fat, muscle, nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue. Soft tissue tumors - abnormal growths of tissue. Tumor cells look like soft tissue types under the microscope. There are over 100 types of soft tissue tumors, and they can be benign (non-cancerous) / malignant (cancerous). Soft tissue tumors are cell growths / masses (lumps / bumps) that emerge anywhere in the body; tendons, muscles, ligaments, cartilage, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and other tissues. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 5  Soft tissue tumors Sarcoma-malignant tumor / cancer in the thigh Benign soft tissue tumor in the arm 6 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq  Soft tissue tumors vCells grow and multiply abnormally. Soft-tissue tumors initially remain confined to a local area, but as they grow, they may extend into other nearby areas. vThe most common benign soft tissue tumor are lipomas, which are composed of fatty tissue. vMalignant tumors of the soft tissue are called sarcomas. vIn the case of malignant tumors, the cancer cells may spread or metastasize to other areas of the body as well. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 7  Soft tissue tumors morphology/ clinical manifestation vBenign masses/ tumors of the soft tissue occurs 10 times more frequently than cancerous growths (sarcomas). The growths are usually round, but they also can be elongated like a sausage. Growths which are bigger than 5 cm have higher risk of being malignant. They can feel firm or soft. Benign masses are more likely to be painful to the touch, such as with an abscess. Benign tumors also tend to grow slowly, and many are smaller than 5 cm. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 8  Soft tissue tumors morphology/ clinical manifestation Sarcomas (cancerous growths) more often are painless. Grow rapidly / fast. Have satellite lesions (lesions within 2 cm of the primary tumor) around them. 43% of sarcomas occur in arms and legs; 34% occur in and around internal organs; 10% occur in the chest and back; and 13% occur in other locations. (According to the (NCI)) vArms and legs masses – benign / cancerous – come to clinical attention more quickly, opposite to the chest or abdomen, because less room exists in arms and legs for such masses to be mistaken for other bodily structures. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 9  Soft tissue tumors Not all soft tissue masses require surgery, and removal known benign tumor can be safely delayed. Suspected (cancerous growth) should be biopsied as soon as possible. Any newly discovered mass of unknown origin that is growing should be evaluated. Soft tissue mass often misdiagnosed as a muscle sprain, hematoma, or old trauma that will heal in time. Because the tissue masses often cause no pain, people tend to think the bumps are not harmful. Any sprain or hematoma (bruise) that lasts longer than six weeks should be suspected of sarcoma. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 10  Skin Cancers Skin cancers occur when skin cells are damaged, typically by exposure to UV radiation from the sun or solarium. Skin cancers are by far the most common type of cancer diagnosed every year. The three main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 11  Skin Cancers The main cause of all types of skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or another source (e.g. tanning machine). Repeated overexposure to UV radiation permanently damages the skin and ultimately the skin cells can transform into cancer. A small number of patients who develop melanoma also have a genetic predisposition. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 12  Basal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma, commonly known as rodent ulcer is the most common type of skin cancer accounting for 80% of all cases of skin cancer. Exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) rays among the main basal cell carcinoma risk factors, tanning beds are also an important cause. Light skin color - very little pigment protection on the skin à high risk of getting damaged by UV radiation from the sun. Symptoms include; open sore, skin growth with dented center and an elevated outline, red area, a bump / lump, or an area that looks like a scar. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 13  Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma causes are primarily due to over-exposure to UV rays of the sun. It begins at the outer epidermal layer of the skin and the mucous membranes. Symptoms include; scaly patches that appear red, or lumps with depression in the center, skin growth appear like warts, nodules / open sores. Light skin people more likely to be affected by squamous cell carcinoma due to over-exposure to UV rays of the sun. However, it is quite possible for people with darker skin to get affected by the disease especially if they carry some kind of inflammation or burn The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq injury. 14  Melanoma Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from pigment cells (melanocytes). It is one of the most serious types of skin cancer. Caused by over-exposure to the ultra-violet (UV) rays of the sun. Melanoma occurs in melanin, which is a skin pigment generated by cells known as melanocytes. Dark brown, black or multi-colored in appearance and can get crusted at the borders; prone to bleed. People at risk; light skin color as well as those who have had melanoma previously. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 15  Melanoma; is known to spread very fast and is very dangerous. Melanoma diagnosis at an early stage is important for a patient to prevent the disease from spreading to other parts of the body. Of all the types of skin cancer, melanoma is considered to be the most serious and dangerous. Risk factors for melanoma: 1. Skin type 2. Having lots of moles 3. Childhood sun-tanning/sunburn 4. UV exposure 5. Age 6. Family history of melanoma The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 16 The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 17  Causes of Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors Genetic Factors: Genes mutations / alterations in controlling cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Examples include mutations in tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53) or oncogenes (e.g., RAS-Rat sarcoma). Environmental Factors: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, ionizing radiation (e.g., Gamma rays, X-rays), chemical carcinogens, chronic inflammation, and viral infections (e.g., human papillomavirus) can increase the risk of certain skin tumors. Heredity: Inherited genetic syndromes, such as neurofibromatosis (group of genetic disorders that cause tumors to form on nerve tissue), can predispose individuals to develop specific types of skin and soft tissue tumors. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 18  Pathogenesis of Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors Dysregulated Cell Growth: Skin and soft tissue tumors arise due to dysregulated proliferation and differentiation of cells within the skin or soft tissues. In addition to that an accumulation of genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities occurs à disrupts normal cellular processes à uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 19  Morphological Changes of Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors Benign skin and soft tissue tumors: exhibit well-defined borders, uniform cell morphology, and low mitotic activity (presence of dividing (proliferating) cells). They may resemble normal tissue elements and typically lack features of malignancy such as invasion or metastasis. Malignant skin and soft tissue tumors: display features of cellular atypia (not typical / abnormal), increased mitotic activity, tissue invasion, and metastasis potential. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 20  Complications of Skin and Soft Tissue cancers Invasion / local invasion: Malignant skin and soft tissue tumors can invade surrounding tissues and structures, leading to functional impairment. Metastasis: Advanced-stage malignant tumors have the potential to metastasize to distant organs via lymph node or blood spread, resulting in systemic complications and poorer prognosis. Psychological Impact: especially those affecting cosmetically sensitive areas, can have a significant psychological impact on patients, affecting self-esteem and quality of life. The First & The Only Franchise in the Iraq 21  Thank you The First & The Only Franchise in Iraq