2.-Psychological-Perspective.pdf

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE of the Self  Difference Between Philosophy and Psychology. Philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Psychology deals with the study of the human mi...

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE of the Self  Difference Between Philosophy and Psychology. Philosophy is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Psychology deals with the study of the human mind and its behaviour in a given social context.  2 CARL ROGERS’ SELF THEORY: Real and Ideal Self SELF CONCEPT o refers to the image of oneself. o SELF – flexible and changing perception of personal identity. - center of experience. o Suggests that the self develops from interactions with others and awareness of one’s own characteristics and level of functioning. 4  According to Rogers, human beings are always striving for self-fulfilment, or self- actualization. Central to achieving self- actualization is the development of self-concept. 5 2 components of self-concept: ❑ REAL SELF - Consists of all the ideas, including the self-awareness of “what I am” and “what I can do” ❑ IDEAL SELF - The person’s conception of what one should be or wanted to be that includes one’s goals and ambitions in life.; “I should…” 6 IDEALIZED SELF REAL SELF NORMAL IDEALIZED SELF REAL SELF NEUROTIC 7  “We need to achieve consistency between the real self and ideal self”  CONGRUENCE INCONGRUENCE consistency between the real inconsistency between the real and ideal self. and ideal self. leads to a sense of self-worth leads to distress and anxiety and a productive life ❑ According to Carl Rogers, parents can help their children achieve congruence by showing them unconditional positive regard or unconditional love. ❑ People who receive unconditional positive regard are those who receive love without conditions. These people have the opportunity to achieve self- actualization. 10 People who receive conditional positive regard are those who receive love with certain conditions and they create an ideal self based on these conditions. This contributes to incongruence between the real self and ideal self. 11 THE ROLE OF ERIK 7 ERIKSON’S THEORY IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF To achieve INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY, one must create a vision of the self that is authentic, that is, a sense of having hold of one’s destiny in an effort to reach goals that are personally meaningful. 13 1. TRUST VERSUS MISTRUST Infancy ( 0 - 1 year ) If the infants’ pattern of accepting things corresponds with their culture’s way of giving things, then infants learn basic trust. In contrast, they learn basic mistrust if they have no correspondence between their needs and their environment. 14 2. AUTONOMY VERSUS SHAME AND DOUBT Early Childhood ( 1 - 3 years ) if parents allow their children to explore, the children will become more confident and secure in their own abilities. If not, children may become overly dependent and feel a sense of shame or doubt. 15 3. INITIATIVE VERSUS GUILT Play Age (3 – 5 years) A child who made to feel irresponsible might develop guilt feelings. 16 4. INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY School Age ( 5 - 12 years ) As children learn to do things well, they develop a sense of industry. Especially when children are encouraged in their efforts. But if children receive little or no encouragement from parents or teachers, they acquire a sense of inferiority. 17 5. IDENTITY VERSUS IDENTITY CONFUSION Adolescence ( 12 - 18 years ) Adolescence is an adaptive phase of personality development, a period of trial and error. They are confronted with many roles and responsibilities 18 6. INTIMACY VERSUS ISOLATION Early Adulthood ( 18 - 40 years ) Erikson believed that it is vital for people to develop intimate relationship with others. Those who are successful at this stage will form relationships that are stable and successful. If not, mistrust and isolation may develop. 19 7. GENERATIVITY VERSUS STAGNATION Adulthood ( 40 - 65 years ) The time when people begin to take their place in society and assume responsibility for whatever society produces. Those who fail to attain generativity will feel worthless. 20 8. INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR Old Age ( 65 – above ) HOW HAVE I DONE? At this stage, individuals reflect on the important events of their lives. If they are satisfied and feel proud of their accomplishments, they will feel a sense of integrity. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience regrets and despair. 21  Stage Psychosocial Basic Strength Crisis Infancy Basic Trust vs. Hope Mistrust Early Childhood Autonomy vs. Will Shame and Doubt Play Age Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose School Age Industry vs. Competence Inferiority Adolescence Identity vs. Identity Fidelity Confusion Early Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Adulthood Generativity vs. Care Stagnation Old Age Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom 22  4 THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC ALBERT BANDURA  4 ❑ How do you feel when you face a challenging situation? ❑ Do you feel confident and believe you have whatever it takes to succeed ❑ or do you doubt your skills or aptitude to be able to tackle the task ahead of you? For Albert Bandura… ❖ Humans have the ability to act and make things happen. ❖ In his theory of the self, people are viewed as proactive agents of experiences. ❖ The core features of agency enable people to play a part in their self-development, adaptation, and self-renewal with changing times. 25 For Albert Bandura… people are self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective and self-organizing and that they have the power to influence their own actions to produce desired consequences 26 Psychological Perspective of the Self Social Cognitive Theory One of the assumptions of this theory takes an agentic perspective. This means that human beings have the ability to exercise control over the nature and quality of their lives. Human Agency is the ALBERT essence of being human.  Observational learning- learning can occur by watching others and then modeling what they do or say. This is known as observational learning. There are specific steps in the process of modeling that must be followed if learning is to be successful. These steps include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. 28 Main agentic features of human agency: 1. Intentionality 2. Forethought 3. Self-reactiveness 4. Self-reflectiveness 29 1. Intentionality ❑ refers to acts done intentionally. Intentions center on plans of action. ❑ It would require omniscience (state of knowing everything) to anticipate every outcome. 30 Psychological Perspective of the Self Core Features of Human Agency: 1. Intentionality - This refers to acts a person performs intentionally - It includes planning, but it also involves actions - It is not simply an expectation but a proactive commitment to bringing them about. Social Cognitive Theory 2. Forethought a.k.a Visualized Futures ❑ enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions. ❑ and to select behaviors that will produce desired outcomes and avoid undesirable ones. 32 3. Self-reactiveness ❑ involves making choices and choosing appropriate courses of action as well as motivating and regulating their execution. 33  4. Self-reflectiveness ❑ gives the person the ability to reflect upon oneself and the adequacy of one’s thoughts and actions. - this refers to us being the examiners of our own functioning. - the ability to reflect upon oneself and the adequacy of one’s thoughts and actions. 34 Psychological Perspective of the Self Core Features of Human Agency: 4. Self- Reflectiveness ▪ Self-Efficacy - the most crucial ALBERT self-reflective mechanismSocial Cognitive Theory Psychological Perspective of the Self I can’t do this! ▪ Self-Efficacy I can do this! - an individual’s belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals Social Cognitive Theory Psychological Perspective of the Self ▪ What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? 1. Mastery Experiences 2. Social Modeling 3. Social Persuasion 4. Physical and Emotional States Social Cognitive Theory Psychological Perspective of the Self ▪ What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? 1. Mastery Experiences - past performances Psychological Perspective of the Self ▪ What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? 2. Social Modeling - witnessing demonstrations of competence by people who are similar to us Psychological Perspective of the Self ▪ What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? 3. Social Persuasion You can - when a person is do it! told that they have what it takes to succeed, they are more likely to achieve success. Psychological Perspective of the Self ▪ What Contributes to Self-Efficacy? 4. Physical & Emotional States - according to Bandura, it is harder to feel assured of our ability to succeed when we feel weariness and a low mood Psychological Perspective of the Self Core Features of Human Agency: 4. Self-Reflectiveness ▪ Self-Regulation - refers to people’s ability to control and monitor their own behavior - the ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others for ALBERT help Social Cognitive Theory Psychological Perspective of the Self Overall, a person’s self-efficacy impacts the level of goal they set for themselves, the amount of effort they put forth, and their persistence in the face of difficulties. ❑ Low Self Efficacy: shy away from difficult tasks, low aspirations, weak commitment ❑ High Self-Efficacy: approach difficult tasks as a challenge, set challenging goals, stay committed, high effort Social Cognitive Theory Self-efficacy refers to the individual’s belief that he or she is capable to perform a task. it influences whether people think pessimistically or optimistically and in ways that are self- enhancing or self-hindering. 44 Self-efficacy Your feelings and beliefs influence the outcomes of a situation Examples: Your mantra “If I work hard, I will succeed” or “ Even if I work hard, I cannot make it” 45 Self-regulation The ability to control one’s behavior without having to rely on others for help. 46 Thank you! Any questions? 47