Intech 2100 Multimedia Element - Video PDF

WEB DESIGN AND MULTIMEDIA INTECH 2100 Types of Multimedia Video Video It is a visual multimedia application that combines a sequence of images to form moving pictures and sound. Videos allow the audience to view actual events instead of just reading about...

WEB DESIGN AND MULTIMEDIA INTECH 2100 Types of Multimedia Video Video It is a visual multimedia application that combines a sequence of images to form moving pictures and sound. Videos allow the audience to view actual events instead of just reading about or listening to them. A video is composed of a series of pictures/images. 3 Video Expressed in frames per second (FPS). 4 Frames Per Second (FPS) Why is it important to consider frame rate in shooting or rendering footages / videos, It addresses what? 5 Frames Per Second (FPS) The frame rate of a video greatly impacts the look and feel of a video, which in turn determines how realistic the video appears. This concept is tied directly to how we naturally see the world. 6 Frames Per Second (FPS) 24fps standard for movies and TV shows (determined to be the minimum speed needed to capture video while still maintaining realistic motion). Even if a film is shot at a higher frame rate, it’s often produced and displayed at 24fps. Most feature films and TV shows are shot and viewed at 24 fps. 7 Frames Per Second (FPS) 30fps This has been the standard for television since the early days, and is still widely used despite producers moving toward a more cinematic 24fps. Videos with a lot of motion, such as sports, will often benefit from the extra frames per second. 8 Frames Per Second (FPS) 60fps Anything higher than 30fps is mainly used to create slow-motion video or to record video game footage. 9 Frames Per Second (FPS) 60fps Anything higher than 30fps is mainly used to create slow-motion video or to record video game footage. If you have a lot of motion in your video, you’ll probably want to capture at a higher frame rate. 10 60 FPS A frame rate of 60 frames per second (60 FPS) is commonly associated with high-quality video playback, particularly in contexts where smooth and fluid motion is crucial. Here are some scenarios where 60 FPS is appropriate: Video Games Sports Broadcasts High-Action Movies or Scenes Virtual Reality (VR) Content 11 120 FPS 12 120 FPS 120 FPS is often associated with high- performance displays, gaming monitors, or specialized camera systems. It's favored by gamers and video enthusiasts who prioritize ultra-smooth motion and responsiveness. 13 Slow Motion Effect 240 fps: things that are starting to happen too quickly for the eye to see, fast sports, things splashing, water moving. 14 Slow Motion Effect 480 fps: the speed of a GroPro Hero 4 Great for fast moving sports, golf swings, skateboard tricks, skiing. 15 Slow Motion Effect 960 fps: balloons popping, things breaking. The Hurt Locker explosion scenes were shot with a Phandom HD at 16 1000 fps Frames Per Second (FPS) 17 FRAMES PER SECOND (FPS) 1. 24 FPS (Film Standard): - Most traditional movies and TV shows are filmed and displayed at 24 frames per second. Think of your favorite Hollywood movies or popular TV series. When you watch them, you're typically seeing 24 images flashing by every second, creating that cinematic look and feel. 2. 30 FPS (Standard Video): - Many online videos, live streams, and television broadcasts are displayed at 30 frames per second. When you're watching a YouTube video or a TV show on cable, it's likely running at this frame rate. 3. 60 FPS (Common in Gaming): - Many modern video games aim to run at 60 frames per second for smooth and responsive gameplay. When you're playing popular titles like "Fortnite," "Call of Duty," 18 or "FIFA," the game updates the screen with 60 new images every second, making the action feel more lifelike and responsive. FRAMES PER SECOND (FPS) 4. 120 FPS (High-Performance Gaming): - High-performance gaming monitors and graphics cards can handle frame rates up to 120 frames per second or even higher. Games like "Counter-Strike: Global Offensive" or "Overwatch" can be played at this frame rate on capable hardware, providing incredibly smooth and fluid motion. 5. 240 FPS (Ultra-Smooth Gaming): - Some advanced gaming setups and high-end monitors support frame rates up to 240 frames per second. Gamers who demand the utmost smoothness and responsiveness might opt for these setups, especially in competitive gaming where every millisecond counts. 6. 360 FPS (High-Speed Cameras): - High-speed cameras used in scientific research, sports analysis, or industrial applications can capture motion at incredibly high frame rates, sometimes up to 360 frames per second or more. These cameras are used to study fast-moving 19 phenomena, analyze athletic performances, or troubleshoot high-speed machinery. Sample Videos ▪ 60fps vs 24fps ▪ 24fps x 30fps x 60fps ▪ 60fps vs 120fps 20 Slow Motion Effect What FPS is good for slow-motion footage? 21 Types of Video Analog video Digital video 22 Signal type: Continuous Discrete Analog Video ▪ Analog video is a video signal transferred by an analog signal. ▪ The original video recording method that stores continuous waves of red, green and blue intensities. 23 Analog Video One disadvantage of analog video is the degradation of video quality after several tape dubbing. Video tape is difficult to store and easily damaged by dust and humidity. Since video tape is linear, we must fast-forward or rewind it to get to the video segment we are interested in viewing or digitizing. 24 Analog Video Examples of analog formats: ▪ VHS: the most common video format ▪ S-VHS: the quality is better than that of VHS ▪ Hi-8: the quality is better than that of S- VHS ▪ Betacam SP: a high-quality, analog video format used in professional video editing 25 Digital Video ▪ Digital video is audio/visual content in a binary format (1 and 0), with information is presented as a sequence of digital data. ▪ digital video can be Signal type: Discrete recognized and edited by a Digital signals are discrete. computer, which is also a digital device. 26 Digital Video ▪ Video captured using a DV camera can be transferred to the computer by using USB or FireWire. ▪ USB stands for Universal Serial Bus ▪ is used for connecting external peripherals to a computer ▪ USB 1.1 has a maximum data rate at 12 Mbps (Mbps – megabits per second) ▪ USB 2.0 has a data rate at 480 Mbps ▪ USB 3.0 has a data rate up to 4.8 Gbps 27 (Gbps – gigabits per second) Digital Video ▪ FireWire is also known as IEEE 1394 or iLink is well suited to demanding activities such as uploading video to computer. It is a high-speed computer data- transfer interface that was used to connect personal computers, audio and video devices, and other professional and consumer electronics. 28 Digital Video ▪ DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) Can be used to store computer data, digital audio and digital video Capacity: 4.7 GB (single layer, single side) 9.4 GB (single layer, double sides) 8.5 GB (double layers, single side) 17 GB (double layers, double sides) 29 Can store up to hours of digital video Digital Video ▪ Blu-ray Disc (BD) Developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Can be used to store computer data, digital audio and digital video Capacity: 25 GB (single layer) 30 50 GB (dual layer) Analog vs Digital Video Representation of Information Analog Video: Analog video represents information as continuous, varying signals. In analog video, visual information is captured and stored as a continuously changing electrical signal, often represented by fluctuations in voltage or amplitude. Analog signals are susceptible to degradation and noise over time. Digital Video: Digital video represents information as discrete numerical values. Visual information in digital video is converted into binary code consisting of ones and zeros. Digital video is more resistant to degradation and noise, as it can be transmitted and 31 stored without losing quality. Analog vs Digital Video Capture and Storage Analog Video: Analog video cameras capture images by directly converting light into electrical signals. They are typically recorded onto magnetic tapes or transmitted via analog signals, such as those used in older television broadcasts. Digital Video: Digital video cameras capture images using digital sensors that convert light into digital data. Digital video is recorded onto digital storage media, such as memory cards or hard drives, and can be easily transferred, edited, and duplicated without losing quality. 32 Analog vs Digital Video Quality and Resolution Analog Video: Analog video quality is limited by the resolution and bandwidth of the analog signal. Analog formats like VHS or Betamax typically have lower resolution and image quality than digital formats. Digital Video: Digital video offers higher resolution and image quality than analog video. Digital formats, such as DVD, Blu-ray, or digital video files, can support high-definition (HD) and even ultra- high-definition (UHD) resolutions with greater detail and clarity. 33 Analog vs Digital Video Editing and Processing Analog Video: Editing analog video requires specialized equipment and often involves making physical cuts or edits to the recorded tape. Analog video editing is more cumbersome and time-consuming compared to digital editing. Digital Video: Digital video editing can be done using computer-based software, allowing for precise editing, effects, and enhancements. It is more flexible and efficient than analog editing, with the ability to undo changes and experiment with different edits without altering the original footage. 34 Analog vs Digital Video Distribution and Transmission Analog Video: Analog video signals degrade over distance and are susceptible to interference and noise. Distribution often requires dedicated cables or broadcast frequencies. Digital Video: Digital video signals can be transmitted over long distances without significant degradation, and they can be easily distributed using digital networks, the internet, or wireless technologies. Digital video distribution offers greater reliability and flexibility compared to analog distribution methods. 35 Analog vs Digital Video Analog Video: Digital Video: Like drawing a picture on a piece of paper. Like taking a picture with a digital Uses continuous signals, like a wavy line, camera. to represent images. It uses numbers to represent images, Recorded using older methods like VHS like pixels on a computer screen. tapes. Recorded onto memory cards or hard Quality can degrade over time, like an old drives. photograph getting blurry. Quality stays the same no matter how It is like making copies of a computer file. many times you copy So, analog is older and uses continuous signals, while digital is newer, uses numbers, and has better quality and flexibility. 36 Video Resolution Video resolution refers to the number of pixels displayed on the screen horizontally and vertically, determining the clarity and detail of the image. It's typically expressed as the total number of pixels, such as "1920x1080" for Full HD, where 1920 pixels represent the width and 1080 pixels represent the height. Higher resolutions, such as 4K or 8K, offer more pixels and thus sharper, more detailed images, while lower resolutions may appear more pixelated or less detailed. 37 Video resolution is measured in pixels per inch (PPI). Aspect ratio It describes the proportional relationship between the width and height of a video frame. Common aspect ratios include 4:3, the standard for older televisions, and 16:9, now the standard for most high-definition content. A 4:3 aspect ratio means that for every 4 units of width, there are 3 units of height, while a 16:9 aspect ratio means that for every 16 units of width, there are 9 units of height. Aspect ratio affects how content is displayed on different screens and devices, with wider aspect ratios offering a more panoramic view and 38 narrower aspect ratios better suited for square screens. Aspect ratio 39 Frame size It refers to the dimensions of each individual frame in a video, typically measured in pixels. For example, a video with a frame size of 1920x1080 has a width of 1920 pixels and a height of 1080 pixels. The frame size determines the physical dimensions of the video when displayed on a screen or printed, with larger frame sizes offering higher resolution and sharper images. Frame size is closely related to video resolution but specifically refers to the dimensions of individual frames within the video. 40 Frame size 41 Bit depth Bit depth, or color depth, represents the number of bits used to represent each pixel in a video frame. It determines the range of colors that can be displayed and the level of detail in each color. Common bit depths include 8-bit, 10-bit, and 12-bit, with higher bit depths offering a wider range of 42 colors and greater color accuracy. Data Transfer Rate ▪ Data transfer rate is the amount of video data transferred per second from the processor for display on the monitor. ▪ A data transfer rate tells you how much digital data will travel from one place to another—from a hard drive to a USB flash drive ▪ If the data transfer rate is too low, the video will be choppy. 43 Video Display/Scan Progressive scan: captures, stores, transmits, and displays an image in which all the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence - line by line, top to bottom. A progressive video is listed with the letter "p", such as 480p, 720p or 1080p. Interlaced scan: The first displays the first and all odd numbered lines, from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. The second pass displays the second and all even numbered lines, filling in the gaps in the first scan. An interlaced video is listed with the letter "i", such as 480i or 44 1080i. Progressive vs Interlaced 45 Progressive vs Interlaced 46 Types of Media - Comparison Of Data Transfer Rates 47 Video File Formats ▪ AVI ▪ MPEG ▪ MOV ▪ WMV ▪ RM ▪ ASF ▪ FLV ▪ MKV ▪ MP4 48 AVI AVI (Audio Video Interleave) ▪ Windows format, plays in Windows Media Player ▪ Very good quality, even at smaller resolutions ▪ Large file size – not recommended for delivering video over the Internet. ▪ Popular format for videos stored on a computer. 49 MOV MOV (Movie) ▪ Apple format, plays in the QuickTime Player ▪ Very good quality ▪ Popular format for videos downloaded from the Internet 50 MPEG MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) ▪ The standard for compression and storage of audio and motion video for use on the World Wide Web. ▪ Creates video small file sizes. ▪ Popular format for videos downloaded from the Internet. ▪ Its biggest advantage is that it will play in many different media players. 51 RM RM (RealMedia) ▪ Plays in the RealPlayer player. ▪ Typically contains a movie clip. ▪ Popular format for streaming video viewed over the Internet. ▪ Real Player is generally supported by many different computers and operating systems. 52 WMV WMV (Windows Media Video) ▪ Proprietary video format developed by Microsoft. ▪ Plays in Windows Media Player. ▪ Popular format for streaming video viewed over the Internet. 53 FLV FLV (Flash Video) ▪ New file format widely used on the Internet. ▪ Plays in Adobe Flash Player. ▪ Very small file size. ▪ Popular format for streaming video viewed over the Internet 54 MKV Matroska Video files also known as MKV videos, are container files that support unlimited picture, audio, and subtitle tracks. They're similar to MOV and AVI files, except they have a much larger amount of storage. They're an all-in-one video format. 55 MP4 MPEG-4 Part 14 or MP4 Is a digital multimedia container format most commonly used to store video and audio, but it can also be used to store other data such as subtitles and still images. Like most modern container formats, it allows streaming over the Internet 56 ASF ASF (Advanced Systems Format) ▪ Formerly known as Advanced Streaming Format ▪ Mircosoft’s proprietary format for streaming ▪ Stores audio and video information ▪ Specially designed to run on networks ▪ Content is delivered to users as continuous flow of data; little 57 waiting time will be experienced before playback begins Video for Web Design The most applicable video type for web design depends on several factors, including: 1. Content: Short clips: Consider using in-line videos if your video content is short (under 30 seconds). These videos play directly within the web page, providing a seamless user experience. Longer videos: It’s often better to use a video player or embed a video from a video hosting platform like YouTube or Vimeo. This allows users to pause, rewind, and control the video playback. 58 Video for Web Design The most applicable video type for web design depends on several factors, including: 2. Technical considerations: File format: MP4 is a widely supported video format that works well for both in-line videos and embedded videos. Video size and quality: Optimize your video for web delivery by compressing it without sacrificing too much quality. Use a tool like HandBrake or Adobe Media Encoder to compress your videos. Bandwidth: Consider the bandwidth limitations of your target audience. If your audience will likely have slower internet connections, you may need to offer lower- quality video options or use adaptive streaming technology. 59 Adaptive Streaming Technology A method of delivering video content over the internet that automatically adjusts the quality of the video based on the viewer's network conditions. This ensures a smooth and uninterrupted viewing experience, even in situations where bandwidth or network connectivity may be limited. How does it work? 1. Multiple bitrate versions: The video content is encoded into multiple versions with different bitrates (quality levels). 2. Real-time assessment: The streaming server continuously monitors the viewer's network conditions, such as bandwidth and latency. 3. Dynamic switching: Based on the network assessment, the server dynamically switches between the different bitrate versions of the video to deliver the highest quality possible without buffering or interruptions. 4. Continuous optimization: The server monitors and adjusts the bitrate 60 throughout the viewing session to ensure the best possible playback Adaptive Streaming Technology Benefits of adaptive streaming: Improved viewing experience: Adaptive streaming eliminates buffering and ensures smooth playback, even on slower networks. Better quality: By dynamically adjusting the bitrate, viewers can enjoy the highest possible video quality based on their network capabilities. Reduced data usage: Adaptive streaming can help reduce data usage by delivering lower-quality video when necessary, which is especially beneficial for mobile users. Increased accessibility: Adaptive streaming makes video content more accessible to users with varying network conditions, including those in rural areas or with limited internet connectivity. 61 Adaptive Streaming Technology Examples of adaptive streaming technologies: HTTP Live Streaming (HLS): A widely used adaptive streaming technology developed by Apple. Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH): An open- source adaptive streaming technology supported by various platforms and devices. Smooth Streaming: A Microsoft-developed adaptive streaming technology primarily used with Windows Media Player. 62 Video for Web Design The most applicable video type for web design depends on several factors, including: 3. User experience: Autoplay: Be cautious with autoplay videos, as they can be intrusive and annoy users. Consider providing a play button that users need to click to start the video. Video controls: Ensure that your video player has essential controls like play/pause, rewind, fast forward, and volume. Captions and subtitles: For accessibility and international audiences, provide captions or subtitles for your videos. 63 Video for Web Design Examples of video types for web design: Hero videos: Large, full-screen videos that are used to create a strong visual impact and set the tone for the website. Product demo videos: Videos that showcase the features and benefits of a product or service. Testimonial videos: Videos featuring customer testimonials that can help build trust and credibility. How-to videos: Videos that provide step-by-step instructions on how to use a product or service. Background videos: Videos that play in the background of a web page, adding a dynamic element to the design. 64 Bitrate It measures the data transfer rate of a digital signal, typically expressed in bits per second (bps). In the context of video, bitrate determines the quality of the video. Higher bitrate: Lower bitrate: Better quality: More data is transmitted per Lower quality: Less data is transmitted second, resulting in a sharper, clearer, and per second, resulting in a less sharp, less more detailed image. clear, and less detailed image. Larger file size: Higher bitrate videos require Smaller file size: Lower bitrate videos more storage space and take longer to require less storage space and download download. faster. Increased bandwidth requirements: Reduced bandwidth requirements: Streaming higher bitrate videos requires a Streaming lower bitrate videos requires a faster internet connection. slower internet connection. 65 Bitrate Factors affecting bitrate: ▪ Video resolution: Higher resolution videos require higher bitrates to maintain the same quality. ▪ Frame rate: Higher frame rates (more frames per second) require higher bitrates. ▪ Compression: Video compression algorithms can reduce the file size without significantly affecting quality, allowing for lower bitrates. In summary: Bitrate is a crucial factor in determining the quality and bandwidth requirements of video content. Understanding bitrate allows you to choose the appropriate quality level for 66 your specific needs and ensure a smooth viewing experience.