2 Electrification of Automotive Powertrains_240816_170026.pdf

Energy Sources and Powertrain Electrification  Electrification of Automotive Powertrains ©pManifold EV Academy 2 Changing DNA of Automobiles Significant Evolution But Same New DNA that will completely change DNA for Nearly 100 Years...

Energy Sources and Powertrain Electrification  Electrification of Automotive Powertrains ©pManifold EV Academy 2 Changing DNA of Automobiles Significant Evolution But Same New DNA that will completely change DNA for Nearly 100 Years the way Auto Industry does business Internal Combustion Engine Rotating Electrical Machines Oil Based Energy Diverse Energy Vehicle as a Product Transportation as a Service General Purpose Vehicles Tailored Vehicles Designed for Drivers Designed for Riders & Goods Optimized Vehicle Cost Optimized Cost Per Mile Human Operated Autonomous Technology Disrupting Automotive World Similar To The Way Nuclear Bombs Disrupted Whole World ©pManifold EV Academy 3 Four Major Focus Areas (ACES) of Automotive Industry Connected Vehicles Electric Vehicles ACES Autonomous Driving Shared Mobility ©pManifold EV Academy 4 Autonomous Driving Occupant-less Low Speed Vehicles Connected Electric Passenger Vehicle Conditional Driving Vehicles Vehicles Automation Passenger Vehicle Automated Driving Systems Automated Trucking ACES Operations Low Speed Passenger Shuttle Shared Mobility Autonomous Driving ©pManifold EV Academy 5 Connected Vehicles Connected Vehicles Electric Vehicles ACES Autonomous Shared Driving Mobility ©pManifold EV Academy 6 Electric Vehicles EV Electric Vehicles Component Suppliers Fleet Auto OEM’s Very Operators Elaborate Connected Eco-system Vehicles Grid Charging Integration Infrastructure ACES Autonomous Shared Driving Mobility ©pManifold EV Academy 7 Shared Mobility Connected Electric Vehicles Vehicles 1. Real Time, Dynamic & ACES Actionable Information 2. Dynamic Carpooling Applications 3. Multimodal Trip Planners Autonomous 4. Real Time Public & Private Driving Transportation Options Shared Mobility ©pManifold EV Academy 8 Top challenges of mankind today… Connection to Mobility Health Tailpipe emissions → CO - toxic, particulate & NOx-acid rain, etc. Environment Tailpipe emissions → GHG like CO2 cause global warming Sustainability Fossil Fuels → Non-renewable and getting costlier Energy Sufficiency Energy Source → Diversity in sources aids self-sufficiency ©pManifold EV Academy 9 Tailpipe Toxic Emissions of IC Engines ICE Vehicle Emission Norms ICE technology costs to meet emission regulations Image Source: ICCT Emission norms are successively getting so stringent norms ICE vehicles will soon become impractical ©pManifold EV Academy 10 Tailpipe Toxic Emissions: Regulations Evolution in India Year 2000 BS I 2001 BS II … 2005 BS III … 2010 BS IV … BS V Skipped … 2020 BS VI … 2025 BS VII? Data Source: ARAI Emissions Handbook ©pManifold EV Academy 11 Tailpipe GHG Emissions of IC Engines Every fossil fuel and even most of the bio fuels are hydrocarbons. Combustion chemical reaction of any hydrocarbon fuel is given by the following generic equation… CmHn + (m + n/4)O2 = mCO2 + n/2H2O Emission of carbon dioxide is inevitable part of IC engines (except for hydrogen IC engine) Carbon dioxide in atmosphere reflects back the heat radiated by earth, consequently trapping it in the atmosphere and causing global warming At higher ambient temperatures, the solubility of carbon dioxide in seawater is also high, turning the oceans more and more acidic, thereby endangering aquatic life Aquatic life is one of the primary source of atmospheric oxygen ©pManifold EV Academy 12 Tailpipe GHG Emissions: Regulations Evolution Each manufacturer has its individual annual target, calculated based on the number of vehicles sold in the region to which regulation applies. The following formula prescribed to calculate the CO2 targets… Specific emissions of CO2 = E0 + a x (M – M0) E0 is reference mass vehicle max CO2 emissions = 95 g/km M is the average mass of the manufacturer’s fleet (kg) M0 is the reference mass = 1379.88 kg a is 0.0457 Corporate average CO2 targets will soon become unrealistic to meet without electric vehicles in the portfolio ©pManifold EV Academy 13