2. DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION.pdf

SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 DISASTER DISASTER CYCLE - originated from the word “des” 1. MITIGATION meaning "bad and "aster” meaning star. - This phase...

SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 DISASTER DISASTER CYCLE - originated from the word “des” 1. MITIGATION meaning "bad and "aster” meaning star. - This phase focuses on actions - EVIL STAR taken to prevent or reduce the impact of disasters before they - In ancient times, people often believed occur. that celestial events such as the position of stars, planets have influence on 2. PREPAREDNESS human affairs. - In this phase, communities and organizations develop plans, MEANINGS OF DISASTER procedures, and resources to respond effectively once a 1. Section 3 RA 10121 (Philippine disaster strike. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010) 3. RESPONSE - A severe disruption of a community’s - This phase involves the activation society’s day today functioning that of emergency plans and involves extensive physical, financial, deploying resources to address material or ecological losses. immediate effects from the disaster. 2. World Health Organization - An incident unsettling the customary 4. RECOVERY situation of subsistence and resulting in - This phase focuses on restoring a point of distress that goes beyond the affected communities to their capacity of adaptation of the affected pre-disaster state or better. community. CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISASTER 3. JOHN HOPKINS (Bloomberg School of Public Health) NATURAL MAN-MADE - Sudden overwhelming and unforeseen events in different levels of household, These are Disasters that community, and provincial. disasters that arise from human results from actions be it natural processes intentional or and phenomena unintentional. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 8. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE 1. LOSS OF LIFE DISRUPTION - Results of the disaster that takes - Disruption in essential services like human lives and causes injuries. water, electricity, and communication systems 2. PHYSICAL DAMAGE & DESTRUCTION 9. LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENTAL - Extensive damages to infrastructures, SETBACKS buildings, and other facilities. - Hindrance of long-term developmental efforts that delays progress in affected 3. DISPLACEMENT AND MIGRATION areas. - forced migration where people flee their homes temporarily or permanently. 10. COMMUNITY RESILIENCE - Prompts the community to develop 4. ECONOMIC IMPACT greater resilience resulting in improved - Business disruptions/destructions disaster preparedness and response. leading to job losses and decreased economic activity. DISASTER RISK: HAZARD, EXPOSURE, 5. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION CAPACITY, & VULNERABILITY - Post-disaster effects causing landslides 1. RISK due to erosion, deforestation and - The measure of expected losses due to habitat destruction. a hazardous event occurring in a given area over a specified period of time. 6. HEALTH ISSUES - Disasters lead to public health 2. DISASTER RISK concerns due to contaminated water, - A disaster made possible. lack of access to medical care and spread of diseases. 7. PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT - Toll on one’s mental health and 3. HAZARD well-being. Survivors may experience - a situation, condition, individuals, or trauma, stress, and grief. items that are predisposed to danger. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 4. EXPOSURE b. Infrastructure - It is the situation of people, - Public and Gov. facilities, infrastructure and tangible human Transportation, and Power assets located in hazard prone areas. It Resources is the presence that makes disaster a possibility. c. Population - Population by authority, 5. CAPACITY allocation of inhabitants within an - The combination of all strengths, area. attributes, and resources available in a community to manage and reduce 2. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY disaster risks to strengthen resilience. - refers to inability of an individual or even group of people to to withstand or 6. VULNERABILITY tolerate the impacts of disaster. - the possibility or susceptibility to I.e ( Minorities, The Poor, Immigrants, acquire consequences of disaster. PWDs, and Aged Citizens) FACTORS THAT AFFECT 3. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY VULNERABILITY - Is determined by individuals, communities, and the nation's economic - Age - Flexibility of the Environment stability through financial sustainability. - Race - Technology - Gender 4.ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY - Social Status - A concept related to the tendency of - Educational Level the environment and natural resources - Employment of the Populace to suffer damage or loss. TYPES OF VULNERABILITY DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSURE AND 1. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY VULNERABILITY (E&V) - pertains to physical profile of a subject 1. SOCIAL DIMENSION OF E&V which are divided into 3 classifications: - This dimension of exposure and vulnerability covers a wide range of a. Geography concerns including migration, social - Land area, plant life, water groups, culture and institutions wherein reservoirs demography is the most important aspect. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 2. ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF E&V 3. TRANSPORTATION LIFELINES - This dimension includes economic - Pertains to bridges, railways, tracks effects such as business interruptions, and tunnels and other facilities used for loss of jobs and tax problems that transportation significantly affect the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 4. UTILITY LIFELINES - Facilities that provides utility support 3. ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION OF like: EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY Portable water facilities - The physical aspects of exposure and Electric power facilities vulnerability that refers to location and Communication Facilities built structures. HAZARD LIST OF PHYSICAL ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS 1. HAZARD - refers to the potential sources of harm 1. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES or danger that leads to adverse - facilities that provide service for consequences. day-to-day life. Educational Facilities CLASSIFICATIONS OF HAZARD Medical/Healthcare facilities Government offices NATURAL MAN-MADE Places of Worship Naturally Hazards caused Financial and Shopping Centers occurring hazards by human activity. (Intentional or 2. INDUSTRIAL AND HIGH Unintentional) POTENTIAL LOSS FACILITIES & FACILITIES CONTAINING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS - physical locations such as: Dams and ponds Fuel Reservoirs, pipelines Food Processing Facilities Hydropower plants by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 NATURAL HAZARDS 4. DROUGHTS - Prolonged period of abnormally low GEOLOGICAL precipitation leading to water shortages. 1. EARTHQUAKE - sudden shaking of HYDROLOGICAL the earth’s surface due to tectonic plate movements. 1. FLASH FLOODS - Rapid onset of flooding in low-lying 2. VOLCANIC ERUPTION areas. -Explosive release of magma, ash, and gasses from volcanoes. 2. RIVERINE FLOODS - Flooding along rivers and streams. 3. TSUNAMIS - Large ocean waves generated by 3. LANDSLIDES underwater seismic activity, volcanic - Mass movement of soil and rock is eruptions or landslides. often triggered by heavy rainfall. 4. LANDSLIDES AND AVALANCHES - Mass downslope movement of soil, rock BIOLOGICAL or snow. 1. EPIDEMICS & PANDEMICS METEOROLOGICAL - Widespread outbreak of infectious diseases such as influenza and 1. HURRICANES, CYCLONES, & COVID-19. TYPHOONS - Powerful tropical storms with strong 2. VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES winds and heavy rainfall. - Diseases transmitted by vectors (like mosquitoes) to humans (e.g. Malaria, 2. TORNADOES Zika Virus) - Violent rotating columns of air extending from thunderstorms to the 3. FAMINE ground. - Severe food shortages leading to malnutrition and starvation. 3. FLOODS - Overflow of water onto normally dry land often caused by heavy rainfall by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 MAN-MADE HAZARDS 2. CIVIL UNREST AND CONFLICTS - Social and political instability leading TECHNOLOGICAL to violence and displacement 1. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS 3. CYBERSECURITY THREATS - Chemical spills, explosions and nuclear - Attacks on computer systems and accidents. networks, including data breaches and cybercrime. 2. HAZARDOUS MATERIAL INCIDENTS INFRASTRUCTURE - Incidents involving toxic substances or hazardous chemicals. 1. BUILDING COLLAPSES - Failures in construction or structural 3. NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL integrity in buildings. HAZARDS - Radiation leaks from nuclear facilities. 2. BRIDGE FAILURES - Structural failures of bridges and other ENVIRONMENTAl infrastructures. 1. POLLUTION 3. POWER OUTAGES - Contamination of air, water, or soil by - Disruptions in the electrical grids pollutants TRANSPORTATION 2. DEFORESTATION - The removal of forest leading to soil 1. TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS erosion and loss of biodiversity - Vehicle collisions leading to injuries and fatalities. 3. DESERTIFICATION - The spread of deserts due to land 2. AIRPLANE CRASHES degradation. - Accidents involving commercial or private aircraft. SOCIETAL 3. MARITIME ACCIDENTS 1. TERRORISM - Shipwrecks and accidents at sea. - Deliberate acts of violence aimed at causing fear, harm or disruption. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 IMPORTANT NOTE: MAGNITUDE - amount of energy released by an earthquake which is A HAZARD may lead to a disaster only calculated by a seismograph when it interacts with a vulnerable INTENSITY - strength of an population. earthquake as perceived and felt. This also refers to the earthquake’s damage EARTHQUAKES to an area. An Earthquake is an unexpected 3. FAULT discharge of energy in the earth’s crust - Fractures and cracks on the earth's causing movements along a fault or a surfaceE direct cause of volcanic activity that produces seismic waves. TYPES OF FAULTS PARTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE 1. DIP-SLIP FAULT - Occurs when ground breaks with a movement of vertical (up and down) motion CLASSIFICATION OF DIP-SLIP FAULT a. NORMAL DIP-SLIP FAULT - Happens when the hanging wall slowly moves downward to the footwall. b. REVERSE DIP-SLIP FAULT - Occurs when the hanging wall moves 1. FOCUS (HYPOCENTER) up and above the footwall. - The underground source of energy from the earthquake. It is placed in the rock structure where movement usually 2. STRIKE DIP-SLIP FAULT occurs along the faults. - Occurs when the ground breaks’ movement is in a horizontal (right and 2. EPICENTER left) motion. - A point on the ground directly above the focus. This is the location of the earthquake. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 CLASSIFICATION OF STRIKE BODY WAVES DIP-SLIP FAULT P wave (Compressional Wave) a. LEFT LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT - Produced when one block moves - A seismic wave that shakes the ground gradually to the left. back and forth in the same and opposite direction it is moving. b. RIGHT LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT - Produced when one block moves gradually to the right. 3. OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULT - Combination of movements causing both dip-slip and strike-slip faults to form. ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY S wave (Shear Wave) - Refers to the gradual accumulation - A seismic body wave that shakes the and the release of stress and strain ground back and forth perpendicular to which shows how energy is spread the direction of its movement. during earthquakes. SEISMIC WAVES SEISMIC WAVES are an elastic wave generated by an impulse such as an earthquake that travels along the earth’s surface (Surface Waves) OR the earth’s interior (Body Waves). - P waves travel the fastest and are first to arrive from the earthquake while S waves oscillate perpendicular to the wave’s propagation. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 CLASSIFICATIONS OF AN SURFACE WAVES EARTHQUAKE Rayleigh Waves NATURAL MAN-MADE - A type of surface wave that includes Naturally Caused by both longitudinal and transverse motions occurring explosions that decrease exponentially in amplitude earthquakes detonated by along planes man. as distance from the surface increases. (fault-lines) CLASSIFICATION (BASED ON CAUSE) Tectonic Earthquake Tectonic Plates - are movable fragments of lands on the earth’s crust. Love Waves (Q Wave) a. Convergent (Towards each other) b. Divergent (Moves away from - Q waves from the word: Quer – a each other) German word meaning “lateral” are c. Transform (Glides past each surface waves that cause horizontal other) shifting. - It was predicted by Augustus Eward Volcanic Eruption Hough Love in 1911. - Produces tremors that occur before or after an explosion. Collapse Earthquake - Underground mining could produce tremors that can be felt on the earth’s surface. Explosion Earthquake - Earthquakes caused by nuclear detonations. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer  SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS 3. LATERAL SPREADS - Triggered by earthquake and affects 1. GROUND SHAKING gentle slopes and loses cohesion due to - Disruptive up and down and sideways shaking. movement experienced during an earthquake. 4. SLIDES - Involves large blocks of bedrock that 2. GROUND RUPTURE break free and slide down along a planar - Displacement on the ground due to or curved surface. movement of faults. 5. FLOWS 3. TSUNAMI - Involves the downslope motion of fine - Enormous sea waves reaching 15-039 grained clay, silt, and fine sand. These meters due to the disturbance of the flows include mudflows and earthflows ocean floor. which are common during the rainy seasons. 4. LIQUEFACTION - Process that transforms the soil and 6. COMPLEX SLIDES makes it behave like a liquid when - Combination of two or more types of subjected to extreme shaking. movements. 5. EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDES - Failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an earthquake. IMAGE REFERENCES: PARTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE TYPES OF LANDSLIDES S WAVES & P WAVES 1. TOPPLES RAYLEIGH & LOVE WAVES - Occurs suddenly when a massive part of very steep slopes break loose and rotate forward. 2. ROCK FALLS - Involves chunks of detached rock that falls freely. by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer SUBJECT CODE: DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION 1st Semester │AY: 2024 - 2025 by: John Brix Bulan STEM Society Communications Officer