Cell Organelles and Other Specialized Cell Structures PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1  CELL ORGANELLES & OTHER SPECIALIZED CELL STRUCTURES Learning Objectives To pinpoint the organelle parts of a cell in both plants and animals To compare/contrast the similarities/differences between plant and animal cell organelles To identify the...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1  CELL ORGANELLES & OTHER SPECIALIZED CELL STRUCTURES Learning Objectives To pinpoint the organelle parts of a cell in both plants and animals To compare/contrast the similarities/differences between plant and animal cell organelles To identify the specific roles and functions of cell organelles  What Are Cell Cell organelles (little Organelles? organs) are separated membranous compartments inside the cells of the organs of living organisms. Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote#/media/File:Cell_animal.jpg  Functions of Cell Organelles Maintain the shape and structure of cells Act as storage of nutrients Manufacture proteins Harvest energy Repair cell parts Digest substances  Cell Organelles 1.Cell membrane surrounds the cell to selectively screen the kinds of substances that go in and out of the Image credit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote#/media/File:Cell_animal.jpg cell.  2. Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance made from dissolved proteins and liquid encasing the cell and Image credit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote#/media/File:Cell_animal.jpg giving it a fluid  3.Nucleus (only found in eukaryotic cells) stores the cell’s hereditary DNA and controls cellular activities like growth, metabolism, protein synthesis and Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png reproduction.  a.Nucleolus is a sub organelle of the nucleus composed of proteins and ribonucleic acids Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png (RNA) whose role is to assemble rRNA codes for protein  b.Nuclear envelope is a double membrane lipid layer enclosing the nucleus to Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png protect the DNA  c. Nuclear pores are permeable barriers that limit the entry of proteins and RNA but allow the free passage of water, Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blausen_0212_CellNucleus.png ATP, ions and  d. Nucleoplasm is a gelatinous liquid inside the nucleus containing the enzymes and nucleotides. Image credit: from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoplasm#/media/File:Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg  e. Chromatin are cellular bundles made up of complex macromolecules of DNA, RNA and Image credit: from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoplasm#/media/File:Diagram_human_cell_nucleus.svg protein.  4. Mitochondrion is the site of cellular respiration and the production of ATP energy molecules which gave it the title Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_mitochondrion_diagram_en_(edit).svg “powerhouse of  5.Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is the network of membranous tubules that transport the materials needed by the cell (nutrients, enzymes, hormones, Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum#/media/File:Blausen_0350_EndoplasmicReticulum.png etc.). a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The grainy rough structure comes from its attached ribosomes and is in charge of the manufacture of b. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The absence of ribosomes makes it smooth while taking charge of the metabolism/synthesis of carbohydrates, lipid,  6. Golgi bodies consist of stacks of flattened sacs called cisternae that receive proteins and fats from the rough ER for processing/packing into sealed droplets called vesicles that would then be stored and Image Credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus#/media/File:Blausen_0435_GolgiApparatus.png distributed to the other  7. Vacuole is a membrane- enclosed sac for storing essential materials while disposing off poisonous or harmful wastes. It is larger in plants, where it is known as tonoplast/central vacuole that can flexibly Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole#/media/File:Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg expand to absorb water.  8. Lysosome, is an organelle found only in animal cells that is responsible for intracellular digestion with the help of hydrolytic enzymes stored in its membranes Image credit: http://images.protopage.com/view/721661/d2xcwgacndd83n36ri3820g14.jpg that are powerful enough to break down 9. Chloroplast is found exclusively in plant cells and contains the green chlorophyll pigments which, together with the action of sunlight and H2O in the process called photosynthesis, manufactures food for  a.Thylakoid is a membranous compartment of flattened sacs that in turn are made up of several stacks called grana. This is the site of Image credit: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/wp-content/uploads/sites/96/2015/08/Figure_03_03_09- e14271309071452.jpg storage/distribution for the manufactured plant food.  b. Stroma is a highly concentrated fluid composed of enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes where with/without sunlight, photosynthesis occurs and carbon dioxide is converted to glucose. It is found in the Image credit: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/wp-content/uploads/sites/96/2015/08/Figure_03_03_09- e14271309071452.jpg external spaces of the thylakoid. Other Special Cell Structures 1. Cytoskeleton, from the name itself, is the structure which gives the cell its shape and form, as well as the part that keeps the organelles intact in their proper places. 2. Cilia are microscopic hair-like structures in eukaryotic cells that can be motile or non-motile.  a.Non-motile cilia antenna like role in receiving sensory messages to be transmitted to other cells. (shown on image are nasal Image credit: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis_Palaoro3/publication/239077807/figure/fig4/ AS:203011105267715@1425413027479/Transmission-electron-micrograph-of-cross-section-of-cilia-from- nasal-ciliary-epithelium.png ciliary epithelium cells of the nose)  b. Motile cilia are surrounded by mucus or fluid substances to help move the cell or transfer/dispose off materials. Sperm cells have motile tails to move egg cells, those in the kidneys bend when people urinate, and Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium#/media/File:Bronchiolar_epithelium_3_-_SEM.jpg those in the lungs sweep  3. Microvilli are non- moving membrane enclosed projections that increase secretion, absorption, and binding/adhesion properties of cells. Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villus#/media/File:Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg 4. Root hairs are hairy membrane enclosed projections in plant cells that increase absorption and surface area for osmosis. 5.Flagella are tail-like projections in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that enable the locomotion of these